diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index b154d3b56..d34e545b9 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -101,3 +101,4 @@ dmypy.json
 .editorconfig
 .scratch
 .worktrees/
+new_pr_desc.md
diff --git a/libs/checkpoint-postgres/tests/test_async.py b/libs/checkpoint-postgres/tests/test_async.py
index 1097757e9..fd42146cf 100644
--- a/libs/checkpoint-postgres/tests/test_async.py
+++ b/libs/checkpoint-postgres/tests/test_async.py
@@ -385,11 +385,11 @@ async def test_delta_channel_chain_reconstruction(saver_name: str) -> None:
     from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage
     from langgraph.channels.delta import DeltaChannel
     from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
     from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 
     class State(TypedDict):
-        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)]
+        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer)]
 
     def respond(state: State) -> dict:
         n = len(state["messages"])
diff --git a/libs/langgraph/langgraph/channels/delta.py b/libs/langgraph/langgraph/channels/delta.py
index f109e32c2..2ca944e55 100644
--- a/libs/langgraph/langgraph/channels/delta.py
+++ b/libs/langgraph/langgraph/channels/delta.py
@@ -23,38 +23,43 @@ __all__ = ("DeltaChannel",)
 
 
 class DeltaChannel(Generic[Value], BaseChannel[Any, Any, Any]):
-    """Fold-reducer channel with configurable snapshot cadence.
+    """Reducer channel that stores only a sentinel in checkpoint blobs and
+    reconstructs state by replaying ancestor writes through the reducer.
 
-    `snapshot_frequency=None` (default): pure delta — stores only
-    `DELTA_SENTINEL` in checkpoint blobs; reads replay all ancestor writes.
+    The reducer receives the current accumulated value and the full list of
+    new writes for that step in one call:
+    ``reducer(state, [write1, write2, ...]) -> new_state``.
 
-    `snapshot_frequency=N`: pregel's `create_checkpoint` writes a full
-    `_DeltaSnapshot` blob every N steps (eagerly, even if the channel had
-    no write that step). Reads walk at most N ancestor checkpoints before
-    hitting the snapshot, bounding replay depth to N regardless of thread
-    length.
+    ``snapshot_frequency=None`` (default): pure delta — stores only
+    ``DELTA_SENTINEL`` in checkpoint blobs; reads replay all ancestor writes.
+
+    ``snapshot_frequency=N``: ``create_checkpoint`` writes a full
+    ``_DeltaSnapshot`` blob every N steps, bounding replay depth to N.
 
     Parameters:
-        typ: The value type (e.g. `list`, `dict`).
-        operator: Binary reducer `(Value, Value) -> Value`.
+        reducer: ``(state, list[writes]) -> new_state``. Receives the current
+            accumulated value and the list of all writes for this step.
+        typ: The value type (e.g. ``list``, ``dict``). Inferred automatically
+            from the outer type when used inside ``Annotated[T, DeltaChannel(...)]``.
         snapshot_frequency: Every Nth pregel step writes a snapshot blob.
-            `None` (default) = pure delta, never snapshot.
+            ``None`` (default) = pure delta, never snapshot.
     """
 
-    __slots__ = ("value", "operator", "snapshot_frequency")
+    __slots__ = ("value", "reducer", "snapshot_frequency")
     value: Value | Any
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        typ: type[Value],
-        operator: Callable[[Any, Any], Any],
+        reducer: Callable[[Any, Sequence[Any]], Any],
+        typ: type[Value] | None = None,
         *,
         snapshot_frequency: int | None = None,
     ) -> None:
+        if typ is None:
+            typ = list  # type: ignore[assignment]  # placeholder; overridden by _is_field_channel
         super().__init__(typ)
-        self.operator = operator
+        self.reducer = reducer
         self.snapshot_frequency = snapshot_frequency
-        # Normalize abstract / parameterized types to their concrete counterparts.
         typ = _strip_extras(typ)
         if typ in (collections.abc.Sequence, collections.abc.MutableSequence):
             typ = list
@@ -70,7 +75,7 @@ class DeltaChannel(Generic[Value], BaseChannel[Any, Any, Any]):
             return False
         if self.snapshot_frequency != other.snapshot_frequency:
             return False
-        return _operators_equal(self.operator, other.operator)
+        return _operators_equal(self.reducer, other.reducer)
 
     @property
     def ValueType(self) -> Any:
@@ -90,33 +95,22 @@ class DeltaChannel(Generic[Value], BaseChannel[Any, Any, Any]):
 
     def copy(self) -> Self:
         new = self.__class__(
-            self.typ, self.operator, snapshot_frequency=self.snapshot_frequency
+            self.reducer, self.typ, snapshot_frequency=self.snapshot_frequency
         )
         new.key = self.key
         new.value = self.value if self.value is MISSING else _copy.copy(self.value)
         return new
 
-    def _apply_write(self, value: Any, write: Any) -> Any:
-        is_overwrite, overwrite_value = _get_overwrite(write)
-        if is_overwrite:
-            return (
-                _copy.copy(overwrite_value)
-                if overwrite_value is not None
-                else self.typ()
-            )
-        base = self.typ() if value is MISSING else value
-        return self.operator(base, write)
-
     def from_checkpoint(self, checkpoint: Any) -> Self:
         """Initialize from a stored blob or sentinel.
 
         Blob types (dispatched via serde ext code, not dict key inspection):
-          * `DELTA_SENTINEL` / `MISSING`: start empty; caller replays writes.
-          * `_DeltaSnapshot(value)`: restore value directly from snapshot.
+          * ``DELTA_SENTINEL`` / ``MISSING``: start empty; caller replays writes.
+          * ``_DeltaSnapshot(value)``: restore value directly from snapshot.
           * plain value (migration from old BinOp blobs): use directly.
         """
         new = self.__class__(
-            self.typ, self.operator, snapshot_frequency=self.snapshot_frequency
+            self.reducer, self.typ, snapshot_frequency=self.snapshot_frequency
         )
         new.key = self.key
         if checkpoint is MISSING or checkpoint is DELTA_SENTINEL:
@@ -128,9 +122,24 @@ class DeltaChannel(Generic[Value], BaseChannel[Any, Any, Any]):
         return new
 
     def replay_writes(self, writes: Sequence[PendingWrite]) -> None:
-        """Fold ancestor writes oldest→newest into current value."""
-        for _, _, value in writes:
-            self.value = self._apply_write(self.value, value)
+        """Apply ancestor writes oldest→newest via a single reducer call.
+
+        If any write is an Overwrite, the last one in the sequence acts as
+        the reset point: its value becomes the new base and only writes
+        after it are passed to the reducer.
+        """
+        values = [v for _, _, v in writes]
+        if not values:
+            return
+        base = self.value
+        start = 0
+        for i, v in enumerate(values):
+            is_ow, ow_value = _get_overwrite(v)
+            if is_ow:
+                base = _copy.copy(ow_value) if ow_value is not None else self.typ()
+                start = i + 1
+        remaining = values[start:]
+        self.value = self.reducer(base, remaining) if remaining else base
 
     def update(self, values: Sequence[Any]) -> bool:
         if not values:
@@ -147,10 +156,17 @@ class DeltaChannel(Generic[Value], BaseChannel[Any, Any, Any]):
                     raise InvalidUpdateError(msg)
                 overwrite_idx = i
         if overwrite_idx is not None:
-            self.value = self._apply_write(self.value, values[overwrite_idx])
+            _, overwrite_value = _get_overwrite(values[overwrite_idx])
+            base = (
+                _copy.copy(overwrite_value)
+                if overwrite_value is not None
+                else self.typ()
+            )
+            remaining = [v for i, v in enumerate(values) if i != overwrite_idx]
+            self.value = self.reducer(base, remaining) if remaining else base
             return True
-        for value in values:
-            self.value = self._apply_write(self.value, value)
+        base = self.typ() if self.value is MISSING else self.value
+        self.value = self.reducer(base, list(values))
         return True
 
     def get(self) -> Any:
@@ -162,10 +178,10 @@ class DeltaChannel(Generic[Value], BaseChannel[Any, Any, Any]):
         return self.value is not MISSING
 
     def checkpoint(self) -> Any:
-        """Return stored representation: always `DELTA_SENTINEL`.
+        """Return stored representation: always ``DELTA_SENTINEL``.
 
-        Snapshot decisions are made by `create_checkpoint` in pregel (which
-        has the step number) via `is_snapshot_step`. `checkpoint()` is only
+        Snapshot decisions are made by ``create_checkpoint`` in pregel (which
+        has the step number) via ``is_snapshot_step``. ``checkpoint()`` is only
         called for non-snapshot steps or when no checkpointer is available.
         """
         if self.value is MISSING:
diff --git a/libs/langgraph/langgraph/graph/message.py b/libs/langgraph/langgraph/graph/message.py
index 18c96d436..53388b812 100644
--- a/libs/langgraph/langgraph/graph/message.py
+++ b/libs/langgraph/langgraph/graph/message.py
@@ -244,6 +244,49 @@ def add_messages(
     return merged
 
 
+def _messages_delta_reducer(
+    state: list[AnyMessage], writes: list[list[AnyMessage]]
+) -> list[AnyMessage]:
+    """**Experimental.** Batch reducer for use with ``DeltaChannel``.
+
+    Processes all writes for a step in one pass — dedup by ID, ``RemoveMessage``
+    tombstoning — without calling ``add_messages``. Assumes writes contain
+    already-typed ``BaseMessage`` objects (no raw-dict coercion).
+
+    Use ``add_messages`` as the reducer for ``BinaryOperatorAggregate`` or
+    anywhere raw message dicts / strings need to be coerced first.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from typing import Annotated
+        from langgraph.channels.delta import DeltaChannel
+        from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
+
+        class State(TypedDict):
+            messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer)]
+    """
+    from itertools import chain
+
+    index: dict[str, int] = {m.id: i for i, m in enumerate(state) if m.id is not None}
+    result: list[AnyMessage | None] = list(state)
+    for msg in chain.from_iterable(
+        [w] if isinstance(w, BaseMessage) else w for w in writes
+    ):
+        mid = msg.id
+        if mid is None:
+            result.append(msg)
+        elif isinstance(msg, RemoveMessage):
+            if mid in index:
+                result[index[mid]] = None
+                del index[mid]
+        elif mid in index:
+            result[index[mid]] = msg
+        else:
+            index[mid] = len(result)
+            result.append(msg)
+    return [m for m in result if m is not None]
+
+
 @deprecated(
     "MessageGraph is deprecated in langgraph 1.0.0, to be removed in 2.0.0. Please use StateGraph with a `messages` key instead.",
     category=None,
diff --git a/libs/langgraph/langgraph/graph/state.py b/libs/langgraph/langgraph/graph/state.py
index 4f49210e1..d2ee7527a 100644
--- a/libs/langgraph/langgraph/graph/state.py
+++ b/libs/langgraph/langgraph/graph/state.py
@@ -1688,8 +1688,8 @@ def _is_field_channel(typ: type[Any]) -> BaseChannel | None:
                     ):
                         origin = origin.__args__[0]
                     item = item.__class__(
+                        item.reducer,
                         origin,
-                        item.operator,
                         snapshot_frequency=item.snapshot_frequency,
                     )
                 return item
diff --git a/libs/langgraph/langgraph/pregel/_loop.py b/libs/langgraph/langgraph/pregel/_loop.py
index cfeacda15..2a5aa5446 100644
--- a/libs/langgraph/langgraph/pregel/_loop.py
+++ b/libs/langgraph/langgraph/pregel/_loop.py
@@ -1312,6 +1312,8 @@ class SyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractContextManager):
 
 
 class AsyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractAsyncContextManager):
+    _delta_write_futs: list[asyncio.Future[Any]]
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         input: Any | None,
@@ -1490,7 +1492,7 @@ class AsyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractAsyncContextManager):
             if saved.pending_writes is not None
             else []
         )
-        self._delta_write_futs: list[asyncio.Future[Any]] = []
+        self._delta_write_futs = []
         self.submit = await self.stack.enter_async_context(
             AsyncBackgroundExecutor(self.config)
         )
diff --git a/libs/langgraph/tests/test_channels.py b/libs/langgraph/tests/test_channels.py
index 562a45001..2f1cf6d15 100644
--- a/libs/langgraph/tests/test_channels.py
+++ b/libs/langgraph/tests/test_channels.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from langgraph.channels.last_value import LastValue
 from langgraph.channels.topic import Topic
 from langgraph.channels.untracked_value import UntrackedValue
 from langgraph.errors import EmptyChannelError, InvalidUpdateError
-from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
 pytestmark = pytest.mark.anyio
 
@@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ def test_delta_channel_basic_two_steps() -> None:
     from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage
     from langgraph.checkpoint.base import DELTA_SENTINEL
 
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
-    ch = DeltaChannel(list, add_messages).from_checkpoint(MISSING)
+    ch = DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, list).from_checkpoint(MISSING)
 
     # Step 1: one message added
     ch.update([HumanMessage(content="hi", id="h1")])
@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ def test_delta_channel_from_checkpoint_writes_list() -> None:
     """replay_writes on a fresh channel replays through the operator."""
     from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage
 
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
-    spec = DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)
+    spec = DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, list)
     ch = spec.from_checkpoint(DELTA_SENTINEL)
     ch.replay_writes(
         [
@@ -172,10 +172,10 @@ def test_delta_channel_from_checkpoint_writes_list() -> None:
 def test_delta_channel_from_checkpoint_backwards_compat() -> None:
     from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage
 
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
     # Old BinaryOperatorAggregate checkpoint: plain list treated as backward compat
-    spec = DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)
+    spec = DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, list)
     old_value = [HumanMessage(content="old", id="h1")]
     ch = spec.from_checkpoint(old_value)
     assert ch.get() == old_value
@@ -185,10 +185,10 @@ def test_delta_channel_overwrite() -> None:
     from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage
     from langgraph.checkpoint.base import DELTA_SENTINEL
 
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
     from langgraph.types import Overwrite
 
-    ch = DeltaChannel(list, add_messages).from_checkpoint(MISSING)
+    ch = DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, list).from_checkpoint(MISSING)
     ch.update([HumanMessage(content="old", id="h1")])
 
     ch.update([Overwrite([HumanMessage(content="new", id="h2")])])
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ def test_delta_channel_remove_message_and_replay() -> None:
     """RemoveMessage must round-trip correctly when writes are replayed."""
     from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage, RemoveMessage
 
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
-    spec = DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)
+    spec = DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, list)
     ch = spec.from_checkpoint(MISSING)
 
     # Step 1: add two messages
@@ -236,9 +236,9 @@ def test_delta_channel_update_by_id_and_replay() -> None:
     """Updating a message by ID must round-trip correctly through writes replay."""
     from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage
 
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
-    spec = DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)
+    spec = DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, list)
     ch = spec.from_checkpoint(MISSING)
 
     # Step 1: add a message
@@ -264,9 +264,9 @@ def test_delta_channel_checkpoint_returns_sentinel() -> None:
     """checkpoint() always returns DELTA_SENTINEL regardless of state."""
     from langgraph.checkpoint.base import DELTA_SENTINEL
 
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
-    ch = DeltaChannel(list, add_messages).from_checkpoint(MISSING)
+    ch = DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, list).from_checkpoint(MISSING)
     assert ch.checkpoint() is DELTA_SENTINEL
 
     from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage
@@ -290,12 +290,12 @@ def test_delta_channel_snapshot_step_based() -> None:
     from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 
     from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
     # snapshot_frequency=5: snapshot every 5 pregel steps
     class State(TypedDict):
         messages: Annotated[
-            list, DeltaChannel(list, add_messages, snapshot_frequency=5)
+            list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, snapshot_frequency=5)
         ]
         other: str
 
@@ -349,11 +349,11 @@ def test_delta_channel_snapshot_fires_even_when_not_written() -> None:
     from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 
     from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
     class State(TypedDict):
         messages: Annotated[
-            list, DeltaChannel(list, add_messages, snapshot_frequency=3)
+            list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, snapshot_frequency=3)
         ]
         tick: int
 
@@ -406,10 +406,10 @@ def test_delta_channel_inmemory_saver_assembles_writes() -> None:
     from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 
     from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
     class State(TypedDict):
-        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)]
+        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, list)]
 
     n = {"v": 0}
 
@@ -451,14 +451,17 @@ def _delta_channel_with_type(operator, typ):
     from langgraph.channels.delta import DeltaChannel
     from langgraph.graph.state import _get_channel
 
-    return _get_channel("_test", Annotated[typ, DeltaChannel(typ, operator)])
+    return _get_channel("_test", Annotated[typ, DeltaChannel(operator)])
 
 
 def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_fresh_channel() -> None:
     """DeltaChannel with a dict reducer starts as empty dict on MISSING checkpoint."""
 
-    def merge_dicts(left: dict, right: dict) -> dict:
-        return {**left, **right}
+    def merge_dicts(state: dict, writes: list) -> dict:
+        result = dict(state)
+        for w in writes:
+            result.update(w)
+        return result
 
     ch = _delta_channel_with_type(merge_dicts, dict).from_checkpoint(MISSING)
     assert ch.is_available()
@@ -468,8 +471,11 @@ def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_fresh_channel() -> None:
 def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_basic_updates() -> None:
     """DeltaChannel with a dict reducer accumulates key/value pairs across steps."""
 
-    def merge_dicts(left: dict, right: dict) -> dict:
-        return {**left, **right}
+    def merge_dicts(state: dict, writes: list) -> dict:
+        result = dict(state)
+        for w in writes:
+            result.update(w)
+        return result
 
     ch = _delta_channel_with_type(merge_dicts, dict).from_checkpoint(MISSING)
 
@@ -487,8 +493,11 @@ def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_basic_updates() -> None:
 def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_writes_reconstruction() -> None:
     """replay_writes on a fresh channel replays through a dict merge reducer."""
 
-    def merge_dicts(left: dict, right: dict) -> dict:
-        return {**left, **right}
+    def merge_dicts(state: dict, writes: list) -> dict:
+        result = dict(state)
+        for w in writes:
+            result.update(w)
+        return result
 
     spec = _delta_channel_with_type(merge_dicts, dict)
     ch = spec.from_checkpoint(DELTA_SENTINEL)
@@ -505,15 +514,14 @@ def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_writes_reconstruction() -> None:
 def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_with_deletions() -> None:
     """Dict reducer that treats None values as deletions works end-to-end."""
 
-    def merge_files(left: dict | None, right: dict) -> dict:
-        if left is None:
-            return {k: v for k, v in right.items() if v is not None}
-        result = {**left}
-        for k, v in right.items():
-            if v is None:
-                result.pop(k, None)
-            else:
-                result[k] = v
+    def merge_files(state: dict, writes: list) -> dict:
+        result = dict(state)
+        for w in writes:
+            for k, v in w.items():
+                if v is None:
+                    result.pop(k, None)
+                else:
+                    result[k] = v
         return result
 
     ch = _delta_channel_with_type(merge_files, dict).from_checkpoint(MISSING)
@@ -536,8 +544,11 @@ def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_overwrite_in_update() -> None:
     """Overwrite(dict) in update() must preserve dict shape, not coerce to list."""
     from langgraph.types import Overwrite
 
-    def merge_dicts(left: dict, right: dict) -> dict:
-        return {**left, **right}
+    def merge_dicts(state: dict, writes: list) -> dict:
+        result = dict(state)
+        for w in writes:
+            result.update(w)
+        return result
 
     ch = _delta_channel_with_type(merge_dicts, dict).from_checkpoint(MISSING)
     ch.update([{"a": 1}])
@@ -549,8 +560,11 @@ def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_overwrite_in_writes_replay() -> None:
     """Overwrite(dict) embedded in replayed writes must reconstruct as dict."""
     from langgraph.types import Overwrite
 
-    def merge_dicts(left: dict, right: dict) -> dict:
-        return {**left, **right}
+    def merge_dicts(state: dict, writes: list) -> dict:
+        result = dict(state)
+        for w in writes:
+            result.update(w)
+        return result
 
     spec = _delta_channel_with_type(merge_dicts, dict)
     ch = spec.from_checkpoint(DELTA_SENTINEL)
@@ -573,12 +587,13 @@ def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_with_notrequired_annotation() -> None:
     from langgraph.channels.delta import DeltaChannel
     from langgraph.graph.state import _get_channel
 
-    def merge_dicts(left: dict | None, right: dict) -> dict:
-        if left is None:
-            return dict(right)
-        return {**left, **right}
+    def merge_dicts(state: dict, writes: list) -> dict:
+        result = dict(state)
+        for w in writes:
+            result.update(w)
+        return result
 
-    annotation = Annotated[NotRequired[dict[str, int]], DeltaChannel(dict, merge_dicts)]
+    annotation = Annotated[NotRequired[dict[str, int]], DeltaChannel(merge_dicts)]
     ch = _get_channel("files", annotation).from_checkpoint(MISSING)
     assert ch.get() == {}
     ch.update([{"a": 1}])
@@ -596,19 +611,18 @@ def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_end_to_end_filesystem() -> None:
     from langgraph.channels.delta import DeltaChannel
     from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
 
-    def merge_files(left: dict | None, right: dict) -> dict:
-        if left is None:
-            return {k: v for k, v in right.items() if v is not None}
-        result = {**left}
-        for k, v in right.items():
-            if v is None:
-                result.pop(k, None)
-            else:
-                result[k] = v
+    def merge_files(state: dict, writes: list) -> dict:
+        result = dict(state)
+        for w in writes:
+            for k, v in w.items():
+                if v is None:
+                    result.pop(k, None)
+                else:
+                    result[k] = v
         return result
 
     class State(TypedDict):
-        files: Annotated[dict[str, str], DeltaChannel(dict, merge_files)]
+        files: Annotated[dict[str, str], DeltaChannel(merge_files)]
 
     turn = {"v": 0}
 
@@ -657,8 +671,11 @@ def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_end_to_end_filesystem() -> None:
 def test_delta_channel_dict_reducer_backwards_compat() -> None:
     """A pre-DeltaChannel dict checkpoint must load as a dict, not be listified."""
 
-    def merge_dicts(left: dict, right: dict) -> dict:
-        return {**left, **right}
+    def merge_dicts(state: dict, writes: list) -> dict:
+        result = dict(state)
+        for w in writes:
+            result.update(w)
+        return result
 
     spec = _delta_channel_with_type(merge_dicts, dict)
     old_value = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
@@ -678,7 +695,7 @@ def test_delta_channel_from_checkpoint_honors_seed() -> None:
     a pre-DeltaChannel blob it passes it as `seed` so replay reconstructs
     the post-migration state correctly rather than replaying from empty.
     """
-    spec = DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)
+    spec = DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, list)
     seed = [HumanMessage(content="pre-delta", id="p1")]
     ch = spec.from_checkpoint(seed)
     ch.replay_writes(
@@ -694,7 +711,7 @@ def test_delta_channel_from_checkpoint_honors_seed() -> None:
 def test_delta_channel_from_checkpoint_seed_without_writes() -> None:
     """Reconstruction at a pre-delta ancestor with no newer deltas returns
     just the seed — the saver's terminator fired immediately."""
-    spec = DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)
+    spec = DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer, list)
     seed = [HumanMessage(content="only-snap", id="s1")]
     ch = spec.from_checkpoint(seed)
     ch.replay_writes([])
@@ -708,10 +725,10 @@ def test_delta_channel_from_checkpoint_seed_none_is_distinct_from_sentinel() ->
     explicitly should feed None to the reducer as the left operand.
     """
 
-    def replace(left, right):
-        return right
+    def replace(state, writes):
+        return writes[-1] if writes else state
 
-    spec = DeltaChannel(list, replace)
+    spec = DeltaChannel(replace, list)
     ch = spec.from_checkpoint(None)
     ch.replay_writes([("t0", "x", "after")])
     # Reducer replaces; seed=None → first write produces "after".
diff --git a/libs/langgraph/tests/test_delta_channel_benchmark.py b/libs/langgraph/tests/test_delta_channel_benchmark.py
index 41bc68c25..8136ed717 100644
--- a/libs/langgraph/tests/test_delta_channel_benchmark.py
+++ b/libs/langgraph/tests/test_delta_channel_benchmark.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 
 from langgraph.channels.delta import DeltaChannel
 from langgraph.graph import END, StateGraph
-from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer, add_messages
 
 try:
     from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import PostgresSaver
@@ -114,12 +114,14 @@ class BinaryState(TypedDict):
 
 
 class DeltaState(TypedDict):
-    messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)]
+    messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer)]
 
 
 def _make_delta_state(snapshot_frequency: int | float) -> type:
     """Create a TypedDict with DeltaChannel at the given snapshot_frequency."""
-    channel = DeltaChannel(list, add_messages, snapshot_frequency=snapshot_frequency)
+    channel = DeltaChannel(
+        _messages_delta_reducer, snapshot_frequency=snapshot_frequency
+    )
     # Use the functional TypedDict form so the Annotated type is stored as an
     # already-evaluated object rather than a forward-reference string (which
     # would fail when get_type_hints tries to resolve 'snapshot_frequency').
diff --git a/libs/langgraph/tests/test_delta_channel_migration.py b/libs/langgraph/tests/test_delta_channel_migration.py
index e74a713da..9793fd831 100644
--- a/libs/langgraph/tests/test_delta_channel_migration.py
+++ b/libs/langgraph/tests/test_delta_channel_migration.py
@@ -70,6 +70,13 @@ def _noop(_state: Any) -> dict:
     return {}
 
 
+def _list_concat(state: list, writes: list) -> list:
+    result = list(state)
+    for w in writes:
+        result.extend(w if isinstance(w, list) else [w])
+    return result
+
+
 def _binop_graph(checkpointer: Any) -> Any:
     class BinopState(TypedDict):
         items: Annotated[list, BinaryOperatorAggregate(list, operator.add)]
@@ -85,7 +92,7 @@ def _binop_graph(checkpointer: Any) -> Any:
 
 def _delta_graph(checkpointer: Any) -> Any:
     class DeltaState(TypedDict):
-        items: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(list, operator.add)]
+        items: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_list_concat)]
 
     return (
         StateGraph(DeltaState)
diff --git a/libs/langgraph/tests/test_pregel.py b/libs/langgraph/tests/test_pregel.py
index f898ac4a1..ee95fdfd7 100644
--- a/libs/langgraph/tests/test_pregel.py
+++ b/libs/langgraph/tests/test_pregel.py
@@ -9409,10 +9409,10 @@ async def test_delta_channel_end_to_end_inmemory() -> None:
     from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import InMemorySaver
 
     from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
     class State(TypedDict):
-        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)]
+        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer)]
 
     def respond(state: State) -> dict:
         n = len(state["messages"])
@@ -9450,10 +9450,10 @@ async def test_delta_channel_time_travel() -> None:
     from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import InMemorySaver
 
     from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
     class State(TypedDict):
-        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)]
+        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer)]
 
     counter = {"n": 0}
 
@@ -9507,10 +9507,10 @@ async def test_delta_channel_remove_message_end_to_end() -> None:
     from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import InMemorySaver
 
     from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
     class State(TypedDict):
-        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)]
+        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer)]
 
     def respond(state: State) -> dict:
         return {"messages": [AIMessage(content="reply", id="ai-1")]}
@@ -9553,10 +9553,10 @@ async def test_delta_channel_update_by_id_end_to_end() -> None:
     from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import InMemorySaver
 
     from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
     class State(TypedDict):
-        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)]
+        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer)]
 
     def update_msg(state: State) -> dict:
         # re-send h1 with updated content
@@ -9596,10 +9596,10 @@ async def test_delta_channel_async_write_ordering() -> None:
     from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import InMemorySaver
 
     from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
-    from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+    from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
 
     class State(TypedDict):
-        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(list, add_messages)]
+        messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer)]
 
     def respond(state: State) -> dict:
         i = len(state["messages"])
@@ -9616,8 +9616,7 @@ async def test_delta_channel_async_write_ordering() -> None:
 
     async def tracked_aput(self, config, checkpoint, metadata, new_versions):
         has_sentinel = any(
-            v is DELTA_SENTINEL
-            for v in checkpoint.get("channel_values", {}).values()
+            v is DELTA_SENTINEL for v in checkpoint.get("channel_values", {}).values()
         )
         order.append("aput_sentinel" if has_sentinel else "aput_other")
         return await original_aput(self, config, checkpoint, metadata, new_versions)