chore: drop Python 3.9 (and syntax) (#6289)

* `strict=False` is the default, pyupgrade to min version 3.10 adds this
to be explicit w/ behavior

libs/cli/langgraph_cli/cli.py

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ import os
 import pathlib
 import shutil
 import sys
-from collections.abc import Sequence
-from typing import Callable, Optional
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
 
 import click
 import click.exceptions
@@ -200,19 +199,19 @@ def cli():
 @log_command
 def up(
     config: pathlib.Path,
-    docker_compose: Optional[pathlib.Path],
+    docker_compose: pathlib.Path | None,
     port: int,
     recreate: bool,
     pull: bool,
     watch: bool,
     wait: bool,
     verbose: bool,
-    debugger_port: Optional[int],
-    debugger_base_url: Optional[str],
-    postgres_uri: Optional[str],
-    api_version: Optional[str],
-    image: Optional[str],
-    base_image: Optional[str],
+    debugger_port: int | None,
+    debugger_base_url: str | None,
+    postgres_uri: str | None,
+    api_version: str | None,
+    image: str | None,
+    base_image: str | None,
 ):
     click.secho("Starting LangGraph API server...", fg="green")
     click.secho(
@@ -298,13 +297,13 @@ def _build(
     set: Callable[[str], None],
     config: pathlib.Path,
     config_json: dict,
-    base_image: Optional[str],
-    api_version: Optional[str],
+    base_image: str | None,
+    api_version: str | None,
     pull: bool,
     tag: str,
     passthrough: Sequence[str] = (),
-    install_command: Optional[str] = None,
-    build_command: Optional[str] = None,
+    install_command: str | None = None,
+    build_command: str | None = None,
 ):
     # pull latest images
     if pull:
@@ -403,12 +402,12 @@ def _build(
 def build(
     config: pathlib.Path,
     docker_build_args: Sequence[str],
-    base_image: Optional[str],
-    api_version: Optional[str],
+    base_image: str | None,
+    api_version: str | None,
     pull: bool,
     tag: str,
-    install_command: Optional[str],
-    build_command: Optional[str],
+    install_command: str | None,
+    build_command: str | None,
 ):
     with Runner() as runner, Progress(message="Pulling...") as set:
         if shutil.which("docker") is None:
@@ -512,8 +511,8 @@ def dockerfile(
     save_path: str,
     config: pathlib.Path,
     add_docker_compose: bool,
-    base_image: Optional[str] = None,
-    api_version: Optional[str] = None,
+    base_image: str | None = None,
+    api_version: str | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     save_path = pathlib.Path(save_path).absolute()
     secho(f"🔍 Validating configuration at path: {config}", fg="yellow")
@@ -688,11 +687,11 @@ def dev(
     port: int,
     no_reload: bool,
     config: str,
-    n_jobs_per_worker: Optional[int],
+    n_jobs_per_worker: int | None,
     no_browser: bool,
-    debug_port: Optional[int],
+    debug_port: int | None,
     wait_for_client: bool,
-    studio_url: Optional[str],
+    studio_url: str | None,
     allow_blocking: bool,
     tunnel: bool,
     server_log_level: str,
@@ -776,7 +775,7 @@ def dev(
 )
 @cli.command("new", help="🌱 Create a new LangGraph project from a template.")
 @log_command
-def new(path: Optional[str], template: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def new(path: str | None, template: str | None) -> None:
     """Create a new LangGraph project from a template."""
     return create_new(path, template)
 
@@ -786,17 +785,17 @@ def prepare_args_and_stdin(
     capabilities: DockerCapabilities,
     config_path: pathlib.Path,
     config: Config,
-    docker_compose: Optional[pathlib.Path],
+    docker_compose: pathlib.Path | None,
     port: int,
     watch: bool,
-    debugger_port: Optional[int] = None,
-    debugger_base_url: Optional[str] = None,
-    postgres_uri: Optional[str] = None,
-    api_version: Optional[str] = None,
+    debugger_port: int | None = None,
+    debugger_base_url: str | None = None,
+    postgres_uri: str | None = None,
+    api_version: str | None = None,
     # Like "my-tag" (if you already built it locally)
-    image: Optional[str] = None,
+    image: str | None = None,
     # Like "langchain/langgraphjs-api" or "langchain/langgraph-api
-    base_image: Optional[str] = None,
+    base_image: str | None = None,
 ) -> tuple[list[str], str]:
     assert config_path.exists(), f"Config file not found: {config_path}"
     # prepare args
@@ -835,17 +834,17 @@ def prepare(
     *,
     capabilities: DockerCapabilities,
     config_path: pathlib.Path,
-    docker_compose: Optional[pathlib.Path],
+    docker_compose: pathlib.Path | None,
     port: int,
     pull: bool,
     watch: bool,
     verbose: bool,
-    debugger_port: Optional[int] = None,
-    debugger_base_url: Optional[str] = None,
-    postgres_uri: Optional[str] = None,
-    api_version: Optional[str] = None,
-    image: Optional[str] = None,
-    base_image: Optional[str] = None,
+    debugger_port: int | None = None,
+    debugger_base_url: str | None = None,
+    postgres_uri: str | None = None,
+    api_version: str | None = None,
+    image: str | None = None,
+    base_image: str | None = None,
 ) -> tuple[list[str], str]:
     """Prepare the arguments and stdin for running the LangGraph API server."""
     config_json = langgraph_cli.config.validate_config_file(config_path)

libs/cli/langgraph_cli/config.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import pathlib
 import re
 import textwrap
 from collections import Counter
-from typing import Any, Literal, NamedTuple, Optional, TypedDict, Union
+from typing import Any, Literal, NamedTuple, TypedDict
 
 import click
 
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ class TTLConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
     This can be overridden per-operation by explicitly setting `refresh_ttl`.
     Defaults to `True` if not configured.
     """
-    default_ttl: Optional[float]
+    default_ttl: float | None
     """Optional. Default TTL (time-to-live) in minutes for new items.
     
     If provided, all new items will have this TTL unless explicitly overridden.
     If omitted, items will have no TTL by default.
     """
-    sweep_interval_minutes: Optional[int]
+    sweep_interval_minutes: int | None
     """Optional. Interval in minutes between TTL sweep iterations.
     
     If provided, the store will periodically delete expired items based on the TTL.
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class IndexConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
     Note: Must return embeddings of dimension `dims`.
     """
 
-    fields: Optional[list[str]]
+    fields: list[str] | None
     """Optional. List of JSON fields to extract before generating embeddings.
     
     Defaults to ["$"], which means the entire JSON object is embedded as one piece of text.
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class StoreConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
     the store will just handle traditional (non-embedded) data without vector lookups.
     """
 
-    index: Optional[IndexConfig]
+    index: IndexConfig | None
     """Optional. Defines the vector-based semantic search configuration.
     
     If provided, the store will:
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class StoreConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
     If omitted, no vector index is initialized.
     """
 
-    ttl: Optional[TTLConfig]
+    ttl: TTLConfig | None
     """Optional. Defines the TTL (time-to-live) behavior configuration.
     
     If provided, the store will apply TTL settings according to the configuration.
@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ class ThreadTTLConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
     Choices:
       - "delete": Delete all checkpoints for a thread after TTL expires.
     """
-    default_ttl: Optional[float]
+    default_ttl: float | None
     """Default TTL (time-to-live) in minutes for checkpointed data."""
-    sweep_interval_minutes: Optional[int]
+    sweep_interval_minutes: int | None
     """Interval in minutes between sweep iterations.
     If omitted, a default interval will be used (typically ~ 5 minutes)."""
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class CheckpointerConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
     If omitted, no checkpointer is set up (the object store will still be present, however).
     """
 
-    ttl: Optional[ThreadTTLConfig]
+    ttl: ThreadTTLConfig | None
     """Optional. Defines the TTL (time-to-live) behavior configuration.
     
     If provided, the checkpointer will apply TTL settings according to the configuration.
@@ -290,14 +290,14 @@ class ConfigurableHeaderConfig(TypedDict):
     Each value can be a raw string with an optional wildcard.
     """
 
-    includes: Optional[list[str]]
+    includes: list[str] | None
     """Headers to include (if not also matches against an 'exludes' pattern.
 
     Examples:
         - 'user-agent'
         - 'x-configurable-*'
     """
-    excludes: Optional[list[str]]
+    excludes: list[str] | None
     """Headers to exclude. Applied before the 'includes' checks.
 
     Examples:
@@ -349,18 +349,18 @@ class HttpConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
     
     Default is False.
     """
-    cors: Optional[CorsConfig]
+    cors: CorsConfig | None
     """Optional. Defines CORS restrictions. If omitted, no special rules are set and 
     cross-origin behavior depends on default server settings.
     """
-    configurable_headers: Optional[ConfigurableHeaderConfig]
+    configurable_headers: ConfigurableHeaderConfig | None
     """Optional. Defines how headers are treated for a run's configuration.
 
     You can include or exclude headers as configurable values to condition your
     agent's behavior or permissions on a request's headers."""
-    logging_headers: Optional[ConfigurableHeaderConfig]
+    logging_headers: ConfigurableHeaderConfig | None
     """Optional. Defines which headers are excluded from logging."""
-    middleware_order: Optional[MiddlewareOrders]
+    middleware_order: MiddlewareOrders | None
     """Optional. Defines the order in which to apply server customizations.
 
     Choices:
@@ -389,42 +389,42 @@ class Config(TypedDict, total=False):
     Must be at least 3.11 or greater for this deployment to function properly.
     """
 
-    node_version: Optional[str]
+    node_version: str | None
     """Optional. Node.js version as a major version (e.g. '20'), if your deployment needs Node.
     Must be >= 20 if provided.
     """
 
-    api_version: Optional[str]
+    api_version: str | None
     """Optional. Which semantic version of the LangGraph API server to use.
     
     Defaults to latest. Check the
     [changelog](https://docs.langchain.com/langgraph-platform/langgraph-server-changelog)
     for more information."""
 
-    _INTERNAL_docker_tag: Optional[str]
+    _INTERNAL_docker_tag: str | None
     """Optional. Internal use only.
     """
 
-    base_image: Optional[str]
+    base_image: str | None
     """Optional. Base image to use for the LangGraph API server.
     
     Defaults to langchain/langgraph-api or langchain/langgraphjs-api."""
 
-    image_distro: Optional[Distros]
+    image_distro: Distros | None
     """Optional. Linux distribution for the base image.
     
     Must be one of 'wolfi', 'debian', 'bullseye', or 'bookworm'.
     If omitted, defaults to 'debian' ('latest').
     """
 
-    pip_config_file: Optional[str]
+    pip_config_file: str | None
     """Optional. Path to a pip config file (e.g., "/etc/pip.conf" or "pip.ini") for controlling
     package installation (custom indices, credentials, etc.).
     
     Only relevant if Python dependencies are installed via pip. If omitted, default pip settings are used.
     """
 
-    pip_installer: Optional[str]
+    pip_installer: str | None
     """Optional. Python package installer to use ('auto', 'pip', 'uv').
     
     - 'auto' (default): Use uv for supported base images, otherwise pip
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ class Config(TypedDict, total=False):
         }
     """
 
-    env: Union[dict[str, str], str]
+    env: dict[str, str] | str
     """Optional. Environment variables to set for your deployment.
     
     - If given as a dict, keys are variable names and values are their values.
@@ -481,33 +481,33 @@ class Config(TypedDict, total=False):
         env=".env"
     """
 
-    store: Optional[StoreConfig]
+    store: StoreConfig | None
     """Optional. Configuration for the built-in long-term memory store, including semantic search indexing.
     
     If omitted, no vector index is set up (the object store will still be present, however).
     """
 
-    checkpointer: Optional[CheckpointerConfig]
+    checkpointer: CheckpointerConfig | None
     """Optional. Configuration for the built-in checkpointer, which handles checkpointing of state.
     
     If omitted, no checkpointer is set up (the object store will still be present, however).
     """
 
-    auth: Optional[AuthConfig]
+    auth: AuthConfig | None
     """Optional. Custom authentication config, including the path to your Python auth logic and 
     the OpenAPI security definitions it uses.
     """
 
-    http: Optional[HttpConfig]
+    http: HttpConfig | None
     """Optional. Configuration for the built-in HTTP server, controlling which custom routes are exposed
     and how cross-origin requests are handled.
     """
 
-    ui: Optional[dict[str, str]]
+    ui: dict[str, str] | None
     """Optional. Named definitions of UI components emitted by the agent, each pointing to a JS/TS file.
     """
 
-    keep_pkg_tools: Optional[Union[bool, list[str]]]
+    keep_pkg_tools: bool | list[str] | None
     """Optional. Control whether to retain Python packaging tools in the final image.
     
     Allowed tools are: "pip", "setuptools", "wheel".
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ _BUILD_TOOLS = ("pip", "setuptools", "wheel")
 
 def _get_pip_cleanup_lines(
     install_cmd: str,
-    to_uninstall: Optional[tuple[str]],
+    to_uninstall: tuple[str] | None,
     pip_installer: Literal["uv", "pip"],
 ) -> str:
     commands = [
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ def _parse_node_version(version_str: str) -> int:
         ) from None
 
 
-def _is_node_graph(spec: Union[str, dict]) -> bool:
+def _is_node_graph(spec: str | dict) -> bool:
     """Check if a graph is a Node.js graph based on the file extension."""
     if isinstance(spec, dict):
         spec = spec.get("path")
@@ -846,7 +846,7 @@ class LocalDeps(NamedTuple):
     real_pkgs: dict[pathlib.Path, tuple[str, str]]
     faux_pkgs: dict[pathlib.Path, tuple[str, str]]
     # if . is in dependencies, use it as working_dir
-    working_dir: Optional[str] = None
+    working_dir: str | None = None
     # if there are local dependencies in parent directories, use additional_contexts
     additional_contexts: list[pathlib.Path] = None
 
@@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ def _assemble_local_deps(config_path: pathlib.Path, config: Config) -> LocalDeps
     pip_reqs = []
     real_pkgs = {}
     faux_pkgs = {}
-    working_dir: Optional[str] = None
+    working_dir: str | None = None
     additional_contexts: list[pathlib.Path] = []
 
     for local_dep in config["dependencies"]:
@@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ def python_config_to_docker(
     config_path: pathlib.Path,
     config: Config,
     base_image: str,
-    api_version: Optional[str] = None,
+    api_version: str | None = None,
 ) -> tuple[str, dict[str, str]]:
     """Generate a Dockerfile from the configuration."""
     pip_installer = config.get("pip_installer", "auto")
@@ -1469,10 +1469,10 @@ def node_config_to_docker(
     config_path: pathlib.Path,
     config: Config,
     base_image: str,
-    api_version: Optional[str] = None,
-    install_command: Optional[str] = None,
-    build_command: Optional[str] = None,
-    build_context: Optional[str] = None,
+    api_version: str | None = None,
+    install_command: str | None = None,
+    build_command: str | None = None,
+    build_context: str | None = None,
 ) -> tuple[str, dict[str, str]]:
     # Calculate paths for monorepo support
     if build_context:
@@ -1562,8 +1562,8 @@ def default_base_image(config: Config) -> str:
 
 def docker_tag(
     config: Config,
-    base_image: Optional[str] = None,
-    api_version: Optional[str] = None,
+    base_image: str | None = None,
+    api_version: str | None = None,
 ) -> str:
     api_version = api_version or config.get("api_version")
     base_image = base_image or default_base_image(config)
@@ -1612,11 +1612,11 @@ def _calculate_relative_workdir(config_path: pathlib.Path, build_context: str) -
 def config_to_docker(
     config_path: pathlib.Path,
     config: Config,
-    base_image: Optional[str] = None,
-    api_version: Optional[str] = None,
-    install_command: Optional[str] = None,
-    build_command: Optional[str] = None,
-    build_context: Optional[str] = None,
+    base_image: str | None = None,
+    api_version: str | None = None,
+    install_command: str | None = None,
+    build_command: str | None = None,
+    build_context: str | None = None,
 ) -> tuple[str, dict[str, str]]:
     base_image = base_image or default_base_image(config)
 
@@ -1637,9 +1637,9 @@ def config_to_docker(
 def config_to_compose(
     config_path: pathlib.Path,
     config: Config,
-    base_image: Optional[str] = None,
-    api_version: Optional[str] = None,
-    image: Optional[str] = None,
+    base_image: str | None = None,
+    api_version: str | None = None,
+    image: str | None = None,
     watch: bool = False,
 ) -> str:
     base_image = base_image or default_base_image(config)

libs/cli/langgraph_cli/docker.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import json
 import pathlib
 import shutil
-from typing import Literal, NamedTuple, Optional
+from typing import Literal, NamedTuple
 
 import click.exceptions
 
@@ -90,9 +90,7 @@ def check_capabilities(runner) -> DockerCapabilities:
     )
 
 
-def debugger_compose(
-    *, port: Optional[int] = None, base_url: Optional[str] = None
-) -> dict:
+def debugger_compose(*, port: int | None = None, base_url: str | None = None) -> dict:
     if port is None:
         return ""
 
@@ -141,16 +139,16 @@ def compose_as_dict(
     capabilities: DockerCapabilities,
     *,
     port: int,
-    debugger_port: Optional[int] = None,
-    debugger_base_url: Optional[str] = None,
+    debugger_port: int | None = None,
+    debugger_base_url: str | None = None,
     # postgres://user:password@host:port/database?option=value
-    postgres_uri: Optional[str] = None,
+    postgres_uri: str | None = None,
     # If you are running against an already-built image, you can pass it here
-    image: Optional[str] = None,
+    image: str | None = None,
     # Base image to use for the LangGraph API server
-    base_image: Optional[str] = None,
+    base_image: str | None = None,
     # API version of the base image
-    api_version: Optional[str] = None,
+    api_version: str | None = None,
 ) -> dict:
     """Create a docker compose file as a dictionary in YML style."""
     if postgres_uri is None:
@@ -250,13 +248,13 @@ def compose(
     capabilities: DockerCapabilities,
     *,
     port: int,
-    debugger_port: Optional[int] = None,
-    debugger_base_url: Optional[str] = None,
+    debugger_port: int | None = None,
+    debugger_base_url: str | None = None,
     # postgres://user:password@host:port/database?option=value
-    postgres_uri: Optional[str] = None,
-    image: Optional[str] = None,
-    base_image: Optional[str] = None,
-    api_version: Optional[str] = None,
+    postgres_uri: str | None = None,
+    image: str | None = None,
+    base_image: str | None = None,
+    api_version: str | None = None,
 ) -> str:
     """Create a docker compose file as a string."""
     compose_content = compose_as_dict(

libs/cli/langgraph_cli/exec.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import asyncio
 import signal
 import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from contextlib import contextmanager
-from typing import Callable, Optional, cast
+from typing import cast
 
 import click.exceptions
 
@@ -30,12 +31,12 @@ def Runner():
 async def subp_exec(
     cmd: str,
     *args: str,
-    input: Optional[str] = None,
-    wait: Optional[float] = None,
+    input: str | None = None,
+    wait: float | None = None,
     verbose: bool = False,
     collect: bool = False,
-    on_stdout: Optional[Callable[[str], Optional[bool]]] = None,
-) -> tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]:
+    on_stdout: Callable[[str], bool | None] | None = None,
+) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
     if verbose:
         cmd_str = f"+ {cmd} {' '.join(map(str, args))}"
         if input:
@@ -126,8 +127,8 @@ async def monitor_stream(
     stream: asyncio.StreamReader,
     collect: bool = False,
     display: bool = False,
-    on_line: Optional[Callable[[str], Optional[bool]]] = None,
-) -> Optional[bytearray]:
+    on_line: Callable[[str], bool | None] | None = None,
+) -> bytearray | None:
     if collect:
         ba = bytearray()
 

libs/cli/langgraph_cli/progress.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import sys
 import threading
 import time
-from typing import Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable
 
 
 class Progress:

libs/cli/langgraph_cli/templates.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import Optional
 from urllib import error, request
 from zipfile import ZipFile
 
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ def _choose_template() -> str:
         click.secho(f" - {template_info['description']}", fg="white")
 
     # Get the template choice from the user, defaulting to the first template if blank
-    template_choice: Optional[int] = click.prompt(
+    template_choice: int | None = click.prompt(
         "Enter the number of your template choice (default is 1)",
         type=int,
         default=1,
@@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ def _download_repo_with_requests(repo_url: str, path: str) -> None:
         sys.exit(1)
 
 
-def _get_template_url(template_name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+def _get_template_url(template_name: str) -> str | None:
     """
     Retrieves the template URL based on the provided template name.
 
@@ -162,7 +161,7 @@ def _get_template_url(template_name: str) -> Optional[str]:
         return None
 
 
-def create_new(path: Optional[str], template: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def create_new(path: str | None, template: str | None) -> None:
     """Create a new LangGraph project at the specified PATH using the chosen TEMPLATE.
 
     Args: