langgraph/docs/docs/tutorials/introduction.ipynb

🚀 LangGraph Quickstart

In this tutorial, we will build a support chatbot in LangGraph that can:

✅ Answer common questions by searching the web
✅ Maintain conversation state across calls
✅ Route complex queries to a human for review
✅ Use custom state to control its behavior
✅ Rewind and explore alternative conversation paths

We'll start with a basic chatbot and progressively add more sophisticated capabilities, introducing key LangGraph concepts along the way. Let’s dive in! 🌟

Setup

First, install the required packages and configure your environment:

In [1]:

%%capture --no-stderr
%pip install -U langgraph langsmith langchain_anthropic

In [ ]:

import getpass
import os


def _set_env(var: str):
    if not os.environ.get(var):
        os.environ[var] = getpass.getpass(f"{var}: ")


_set_env("ANTHROPIC_API_KEY")

Set up LangSmith for LangGraph development

Sign up for LangSmith to quickly spot issues and improve the performance of your LangGraph projects. LangSmith lets you use trace data to debug, test, and monitor your LLM apps built with LangGraph — read more about how to get started here.

Part 1: Build a Basic Chatbot

We'll first create a simple chatbot using LangGraph. This chatbot will respond directly to user messages. Though simple, it will illustrate the core concepts of building with LangGraph. By the end of this section, you will have a built rudimentary chatbot.

Start by creating a StateGraph. A StateGraph object defines the structure of our chatbot as a "state machine". We'll add nodes to represent the llm and functions our chatbot can call and edges to specify how the bot should transition between these functions.

In [2]:

from typing import Annotated

from typing_extensions import TypedDict

from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, START, END
from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages


class State(TypedDict):
    # Messages have the type "list". The `add_messages` function
    # in the annotation defines how this state key should be updated
    # (in this case, it appends messages to the list, rather than overwriting them)
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]


graph_builder = StateGraph(State)

Our graph can now handle two key tasks:

1. Each node can receive the current State as input and output an update to the state.
2. Updates to messages will be appended to the existing list rather than overwriting it, thanks to the prebuilt add_messages function used with the Annotated syntax.

---

!!! tip "Concept"

When defining a graph, the first step is to define its `State`. The `State` includes the graph's schema and [reducer functions](https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/concepts/low_level/#reducers) that handle state updates. In our example, `State` is a `TypedDict` with one key: `messages`. The [`add_messages`](https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/reference/graphs/#langgraph.graph.message.add_messages) reducer function is used to append new messages to the list instead of overwriting it. Keys without a reducer annotation will overwrite previous values. Learn more about state, reducers, and related concepts in [this guide](https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/reference/graphs/#langgraph.graph.message.add_messages).

---

Next, add a "chatbot" node. Nodes represent units of work. They are typically regular python functions.

In [ ]:

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic

llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620")


def chatbot(state: State):
    return {"messages": [llm.invoke(state["messages"])]}


# The first argument is the unique node name
# The second argument is the function or object that will be called whenever
# the node is used.
graph_builder.add_node("chatbot", chatbot)

Notice how the chatbot node function takes the current State as input and returns a dictionary containing an updated messages list under the key "messages". This is the basic pattern for all LangGraph node functions.

The add_messages function in our State will append the llm's response messages to whatever messages are already in the state.

Next, add an entry point. This tells our graph where to start its work each time we run it.

In [ ]:

graph_builder.add_edge(START, "chatbot")

Similarly, set a finish point. This instructs the graph "any time this node is run, you can exit."

In [ ]:

graph_builder.add_edge("chatbot", END)

Finally, we'll want to be able to run our graph. To do so, call "compile()" on the graph builder. This creates a "CompiledGraph" we can use invoke on our state.

In [6]:

graph = graph_builder.compile()

You can visualize the graph using the get_graph method and one of the "draw" methods, like draw_ascii or draw_png. The draw methods each require additional dependencies.

In [7]:

from IPython.display import Image, display

try:
    display(Image(graph.get_graph().draw_mermaid_png()))
except Exception:
    # This requires some extra dependencies and is optional
    pass

Now let's run the chatbot!

Tip: You can exit the chat loop at any time by typing "quit", "exit", or "q".

In [8]:

def stream_graph_updates(user_input: str):
    for event in graph.stream({"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": user_input}]}):
        for value in event.values():
            print("Assistant:", value["messages"][-1].content)


while True:
    try:
        user_input = input("User: ")
        if user_input.lower() in ["quit", "exit", "q"]:
            print("Goodbye!")
            break
        stream_graph_updates(user_input)
    except:
        # fallback if input() is not available
        user_input = "What do you know about LangGraph?"
        print("User: " + user_input)
        stream_graph_updates(user_input)
        break

Assistant: LangGraph is a library designed to help build stateful multi-agent applications using language models. It provides tools for creating workflows and state machines to coordinate multiple AI agents or language model interactions. LangGraph is built on top of LangChain, leveraging its components while adding graph-based coordination capabilities. It's particularly useful for developing more complex, stateful AI applications that go beyond simple query-response interactions.
Goodbye!

Congratulations! You've built your first chatbot using LangGraph. This bot can engage in basic conversation by taking user input and generating responses using an LLM. You can inspect a LangSmith Trace for the call above at the provided link.

However, you may have noticed that the bot's knowledge is limited to what's in its training data. In the next part, we'll add a web search tool to expand the bot's knowledge and make it more capable.

Below is the full code for this section for your reference:

Full Code

from typing import Annotated

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

from langgraph.graph import StateGraph
from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages


class State(TypedDict):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]


graph_builder = StateGraph(State)


llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620")


def chatbot(state: State):
    return {"messages": [llm.invoke(state["messages"])]}


# The first argument is the unique node name
# The second argument is the function or object that will be called whenever
# the node is used.
graph_builder.add_node("chatbot", chatbot)
graph_builder.set_entry_point("chatbot")
graph_builder.set_finish_point("chatbot")
graph = graph_builder.compile()

Part 2: 🛠️ Enhancing the Chatbot with Tools

To handle queries our chatbot can't answer "from memory", we'll integrate a web search tool. Our bot can use this tool to find relevant information and provide better responses.

Requirements

Before we start, make sure you have the necessary packages installed and API keys set up:

First, install the requirements to use the Tavily Search Engine, and set your TAVILY_API_KEY.

In [10]:

%%capture --no-stderr
%pip install -U tavily-python langchain_community

In [11]:

_set_env("TAVILY_API_KEY")

TAVILY_API_KEY:  ········

Next, define the tool:

In [11]:

from langchain_community.tools.tavily_search import TavilySearchResults

tool = TavilySearchResults(max_results=2)
tools = [tool]
tool.invoke("What's a 'node' in LangGraph?")

Out [11]:

[{'url': 'https://medium.com/@cplog/introduction-to-langgraph-a-beginners-guide-14f9be027141',
  'content': 'Nodes: Nodes are the building blocks of your LangGraph. Each node represents a function or a computation step. You define nodes to perform specific tasks, such as processing input, making ...'},
 {'url': 'https://saksheepatil05.medium.com/demystifying-langgraph-a-beginner-friendly-dive-into-langgraph-concepts-5ffe890ddac0',
  'content': 'Nodes (Tasks): Nodes are like the workstations on the assembly line. Each node performs a specific task on the product. In LangGraph, nodes are Python functions that take the current state, do some work, and return an updated state. Next, we define the nodes, each representing a task in our sandwich-making process.'}]

The results are page summaries our chat bot can use to answer questions.

Next, we'll start defining our graph. The following is all the same as in Part 1, except we have added bind_tools on our LLM. This lets the LLM know the correct JSON format to use if it wants to use our search engine.

In [ ]:

from typing import Annotated

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, START, END
from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages


class State(TypedDict):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]


graph_builder = StateGraph(State)


llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620")
# Modification: tell the LLM which tools it can call
# highlight-next-line
llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools)


def chatbot(state: State):
    return {"messages": [llm_with_tools.invoke(state["messages"])]}


graph_builder.add_node("chatbot", chatbot)

Next we need to create a function to actually run the tools if they are called. We'll do this by adding the tools to a new node.

Below, we implement a BasicToolNode that checks the most recent message in the state and calls tools if the message contains tool_calls. It relies on the LLM's tool_calling support, which is available in Anthropic, OpenAI, Google Gemini, and a number of other LLM providers.

We will later replace this with LangGraph's prebuilt ToolNode to speed things up, but building it ourselves first is instructive.

In [ ]:

import json

from langchain_core.messages import ToolMessage


class BasicToolNode:
    """A node that runs the tools requested in the last AIMessage."""

    def __init__(self, tools: list) -> None:
        self.tools_by_name = {tool.name: tool for tool in tools}

    def __call__(self, inputs: dict):
        if messages := inputs.get("messages", []):
            message = messages[-1]
        else:
            raise ValueError("No message found in input")
        outputs = []
        for tool_call in message.tool_calls:
            tool_result = self.tools_by_name[tool_call["name"]].invoke(
                tool_call["args"]
            )
            outputs.append(
                ToolMessage(
                    content=json.dumps(tool_result),
                    name=tool_call["name"],
                    tool_call_id=tool_call["id"],
                )
            )
        return {"messages": outputs}


tool_node = BasicToolNode(tools=[tool])
graph_builder.add_node("tools", tool_node)

With the tool node added, we can define the conditional_edges.

Recall that edges route the control flow from one node to the next. Conditional edges usually contain "if" statements to route to different nodes depending on the current graph state. These functions receive the current graph state and return a string or list of strings indicating which node(s) to call next.

Below, call define a router function called route_tools, that checks for tool_calls in the chatbot's output. Provide this function to the graph by calling add_conditional_edges, which tells the graph that whenever the chatbot node completes to check this function to see where to go next.

The condition will route to tools if tool calls are present and END if not.

Later, we will replace this with the prebuilt tools_condition to be more concise, but implementing it ourselves first makes things more clear.

In [14]:

def route_tools(
    state: State,
):
    """
    Use in the conditional_edge to route to the ToolNode if the last message
    has tool calls. Otherwise, route to the end.
    """
    if isinstance(state, list):
        ai_message = state[-1]
    elif messages := state.get("messages", []):
        ai_message = messages[-1]
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"No messages found in input state to tool_edge: {state}")
    if hasattr(ai_message, "tool_calls") and len(ai_message.tool_calls) > 0:
        return "tools"
    return END


# The `tools_condition` function returns "tools" if the chatbot asks to use a tool, and "END" if
# it is fine directly responding. This conditional routing defines the main agent loop.
graph_builder.add_conditional_edges(
    "chatbot",
    route_tools,
    # The following dictionary lets you tell the graph to interpret the condition's outputs as a specific node
    # It defaults to the identity function, but if you
    # want to use a node named something else apart from "tools",
    # You can update the value of the dictionary to something else
    # e.g., "tools": "my_tools"
    {"tools": "tools", END: END},
)
# Any time a tool is called, we return to the chatbot to decide the next step
graph_builder.add_edge("tools", "chatbot")
graph_builder.add_edge(START, "chatbot")
graph = graph_builder.compile()

Notice that conditional edges start from a single node. This tells the graph "any time the 'chatbot' node runs, either go to 'tools' if it calls a tool, or end the loop if it responds directly.

Like the prebuilt tools_condition, our function returns the END string if no tool calls are made. When the graph transitions to END, it has no more tasks to complete and ceases execution. Because the condition can return END, we don't need to explicitly set a finish_point this time. Our graph already has a way to finish!

Let's visualize the graph we've built. The following function has some additional dependencies to run that are unimportant for this tutorial.

In [15]:

from IPython.display import Image, display

try:
    display(Image(graph.get_graph().draw_mermaid_png()))
except Exception:
    # This requires some extra dependencies and is optional
    pass

Now we can ask the bot questions outside its training data.

In [16]:

while True:
    try:
        user_input = input("User: ")
        if user_input.lower() in ["quit", "exit", "q"]:
            print("Goodbye!")
            break

        stream_graph_updates(user_input)
    except:
        # fallback if input() is not available
        user_input = "What do you know about LangGraph?"
        print("User: " + user_input)
        stream_graph_updates(user_input)
        break

Assistant: [{'text': "To provide you with accurate and up-to-date information about LangGraph, I'll need to search for the latest details. Let me do that for you.", 'type': 'text'}, {'id': 'toolu_01Q588CszHaSvvP2MxRq9zRD', 'input': {'query': 'LangGraph AI tool information'}, 'name': 'tavily_search_results_json', 'type': 'tool_use'}]
Assistant: [{"url": "https://www.langchain.com/langgraph", "content": "LangGraph sets the foundation for how we can build and scale AI workloads \u2014 from conversational agents, complex task automation, to custom LLM-backed experiences that 'just work'. The next chapter in building complex production-ready features with LLMs is agentic, and with LangGraph and LangSmith, LangChain delivers an out-of-the-box solution ..."}, {"url": "https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph", "content": "Overview. LangGraph is a library for building stateful, multi-actor applications with LLMs, used to create agent and multi-agent workflows. Compared to other LLM frameworks, it offers these core benefits: cycles, controllability, and persistence. LangGraph allows you to define flows that involve cycles, essential for most agentic architectures ..."}]
Assistant: Based on the search results, I can provide you with information about LangGraph:

1. Purpose:
   LangGraph is a library designed for building stateful, multi-actor applications with Large Language Models (LLMs). It's particularly useful for creating agent and multi-agent workflows.

2. Developer:
   LangGraph is developed by LangChain, a company known for its tools and frameworks in the AI and LLM space.

3. Key Features:
   - Cycles: LangGraph allows the definition of flows that involve cycles, which is essential for most agentic architectures.
   - Controllability: It offers enhanced control over the application flow.
   - Persistence: The library provides ways to maintain state and persistence in LLM-based applications.

4. Use Cases:
   LangGraph can be used for various applications, including:
   - Conversational agents
   - Complex task automation
   - Custom LLM-backed experiences

5. Integration:
   LangGraph works in conjunction with LangSmith, another tool by LangChain, to provide an out-of-the-box solution for building complex, production-ready features with LLMs.

6. Significance:
   LangGraph is described as setting the foundation for building and scaling AI workloads. It's positioned as a key tool in the next chapter of LLM-based application development, particularly in the realm of agentic AI.

7. Availability:
   LangGraph is open-source and available on GitHub, which suggests that developers can access and contribute to its codebase.

8. Comparison to Other Frameworks:
   LangGraph is noted to offer unique benefits compared to other LLM frameworks, particularly in its ability to handle cycles, provide controllability, and maintain persistence.

LangGraph appears to be a significant tool in the evolving landscape of LLM-based application development, offering developers new ways to create more complex, stateful, and interactive AI systems.
Goodbye!

Congrats! You've created a conversational agent in langgraph that can use a search engine to retrieve updated information when needed. Now it can handle a wider range of user queries. To inspect all the steps your agent just took, check out this LangSmith trace.

Our chatbot still can't remember past interactions on its own, limiting its ability to have coherent, multi-turn conversations. In the next part, we'll add memory to address this.

The full code for the graph we've created in this section is reproduced below, replacing our BasicToolNode for the prebuilt ToolNode, and our route_tools condition with the prebuilt tools_condition

Full Code

from typing import Annotated

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from langchain_community.tools.tavily_search import TavilySearchResults
from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

from langgraph.graph import StateGraph
from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
from langgraph.prebuilt import ToolNode, tools_condition


class State(TypedDict):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]


graph_builder = StateGraph(State)


tool = TavilySearchResults(max_results=2)
tools = [tool]
llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620")
llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools)


def chatbot(state: State):
    return {"messages": [llm_with_tools.invoke(state["messages"])]}


graph_builder.add_node("chatbot", chatbot)

tool_node = ToolNode(tools=[tool])
graph_builder.add_node("tools", tool_node)

graph_builder.add_conditional_edges(
    "chatbot",
    tools_condition,
)
# Any time a tool is called, we return to the chatbot to decide the next step
graph_builder.add_edge("tools", "chatbot")
graph_builder.set_entry_point("chatbot")
graph = graph_builder.compile()

Part 3: Adding Memory to the Chatbot

Our chatbot can now use tools to answer user questions, but it doesn't remember the context of previous interactions. This limits its ability to have coherent, multi-turn conversations.

LangGraph solves this problem through persistent checkpointing. If you provide a checkpointer when compiling the graph and a thread_id when calling your graph, LangGraph automatically saves the state after each step. When you invoke the graph again using the same thread_id, the graph loads its saved state, allowing the chatbot to pick up where it left off.

We will see later that checkpointing is much more powerful than simple chat memory - it lets you save and resume complex state at any time for error recovery, human-in-the-loop workflows, time travel interactions, and more. But before we get too ahead of ourselves, let's add checkpointing to enable multi-turn conversations.

To get started, create a MemorySaver checkpointer.

In [18]:

from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver

memory = MemorySaver()

Notice we're using an in-memory checkpointer. This is convenient for our tutorial (it saves it all in-memory). In a production application, you would likely change this to use SqliteSaver or PostgresSaver and connect to your own DB.

Next define the graph. Now that you've already built your own BasicToolNode, we'll replace it with LangGraph's prebuilt ToolNode and tools_condition, since these do some nice things like parallel API execution. Apart from that, the following is all copied from Part 2.

In [ ]:

from typing import Annotated

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from langchain_community.tools.tavily_search import TavilySearchResults
from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, START, END
from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
from langgraph.prebuilt import ToolNode, tools_condition


class State(TypedDict):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]


graph_builder = StateGraph(State)


tool = TavilySearchResults(max_results=2)
tools = [tool]
llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620")
llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools)


def chatbot(state: State):
    return {"messages": [llm_with_tools.invoke(state["messages"])]}


graph_builder.add_node("chatbot", chatbot)

tool_node = ToolNode(tools=[tool])
graph_builder.add_node("tools", tool_node)

graph_builder.add_conditional_edges(
    "chatbot",
    tools_condition,
)
# Any time a tool is called, we return to the chatbot to decide the next step
graph_builder.add_edge("tools", "chatbot")
graph_builder.add_edge(START, "chatbot")

Finally, compile the graph with the provided checkpointer.

In [23]:

graph = graph_builder.compile(checkpointer=memory)

Notice the connectivity of the graph hasn't changed since Part 2. All we are doing is checkpointing the State as the graph works through each node.

In [21]:

from IPython.display import Image, display

try:
    display(Image(graph.get_graph().draw_mermaid_png()))
except Exception:
    # This requires some extra dependencies and is optional
    pass

Now you can interact with your bot! First, pick a thread to use as the key for this conversation.

In [22]:

config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

Next, call your chat bot.

In [23]:

user_input = "Hi there! My name is Will."

# The config is the **second positional argument** to stream() or invoke()!
events = graph.stream(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": user_input}]},
    config,
    stream_mode="values",
)
for event in events:
    event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

================================ Human Message =================================

Hi there! My name is Will.
================================== Ai Message ==================================

Hello Will! It's nice to meet you. How can I assist you today? Is there anything specific you'd like to know or discuss?

Note: The config was provided as the second positional argument when calling our graph. It importantly is not nested within the graph inputs ({'messages': []}).

Let's ask a followup: see if it remembers your name.

In [24]:

user_input = "Remember my name?"

# The config is the **second positional argument** to stream() or invoke()!
events = graph.stream(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": user_input}]},
    config,
    stream_mode="values",
)
for event in events:
    event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

================================ Human Message =================================

Remember my name?
================================== Ai Message ==================================

Of course, I remember your name, Will. I always try to pay attention to important details that users share with me. Is there anything else you'd like to talk about or any questions you have? I'm here to help with a wide range of topics or tasks.

Notice that we aren't using an external list for memory: it's all handled by the checkpointer! You can inspect the full execution in this LangSmith trace to see what's going on.

Don't believe me? Try this using a different config.

In [25]:

# The only difference is we change the `thread_id` here to "2" instead of "1"
events = graph.stream(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": user_input}]},
    # highlight-next-line
    {"configurable": {"thread_id": "2"}},
    stream_mode="values",
)
for event in events:
    event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

================================ Human Message =================================

Remember my name?
================================== Ai Message ==================================

I apologize, but I don't have any previous context or memory of your name. As an AI assistant, I don't retain information from past conversations. Each interaction starts fresh. Could you please tell me your name so I can address you properly in this conversation?

Notice that the only change we've made is to modify the thread_id in the config. See this call's LangSmith trace for comparison.

By now, we have made a few checkpoints across two different threads. But what goes into a checkpoint? To inspect a graph's state for a given config at any time, call get_state(config).

In [26]:

snapshot = graph.get_state(config)
snapshot

Out [26]:

StateSnapshot(values={'messages': [HumanMessage(content='Hi there! My name is Will.', additional_kwargs={}, response_metadata={}, id='8c1ca919-c553-4ebf-95d4-b59a2d61e078'), AIMessage(content="Hello Will! It's nice to meet you. How can I assist you today? Is there anything specific you'd like to know or discuss?", additional_kwargs={}, response_metadata={'id': 'msg_01WTQebPhNwmMrmmWojJ9KXJ', 'model': 'claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620', 'stop_reason': 'end_turn', 'stop_sequence': None, 'usage': {'input_tokens': 405, 'output_tokens': 32}}, id='run-58587b77-8c82-41e6-8a90-d62c444a261d-0', usage_metadata={'input_tokens': 405, 'output_tokens': 32, 'total_tokens': 437}), HumanMessage(content='Remember my name?', additional_kwargs={}, response_metadata={}, id='daba7df6-ad75-4d6b-8057-745881cea1ca'), AIMessage(content="Of course, I remember your name, Will. I always try to pay attention to important details that users share with me. Is there anything else you'd like to talk about or any questions you have? I'm here to help with a wide range of topics or tasks.", additional_kwargs={}, response_metadata={'id': 'msg_01E41KitY74HpENRgXx94vag', 'model': 'claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620', 'stop_reason': 'end_turn', 'stop_sequence': None, 'usage': {'input_tokens': 444, 'output_tokens': 58}}, id='run-ffeaae5c-4d2d-4ddb-bd59-5d5cbf2a5af8-0', usage_metadata={'input_tokens': 444, 'output_tokens': 58, 'total_tokens': 502})]}, next=(), config={'configurable': {'thread_id': '1', 'checkpoint_ns': '', 'checkpoint_id': '1ef7d06e-93e0-6acc-8004-f2ac846575d2'}}, metadata={'source': 'loop', 'writes': {'chatbot': {'messages': [AIMessage(content="Of course, I remember your name, Will. I always try to pay attention to important details that users share with me. Is there anything else you'd like to talk about or any questions you have? I'm here to help with a wide range of topics or tasks.", additional_kwargs={}, response_metadata={'id': 'msg_01E41KitY74HpENRgXx94vag', 'model': 'claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620', 'stop_reason': 'end_turn', 'stop_sequence': None, 'usage': {'input_tokens': 444, 'output_tokens': 58}}, id='run-ffeaae5c-4d2d-4ddb-bd59-5d5cbf2a5af8-0', usage_metadata={'input_tokens': 444, 'output_tokens': 58, 'total_tokens': 502})]}}, 'step': 4, 'parents': {}}, created_at='2024-09-27T19:30:10.820758+00:00', parent_config={'configurable': {'thread_id': '1', 'checkpoint_ns': '', 'checkpoint_id': '1ef7d06e-859f-6206-8003-e1bd3c264b8f'}}, tasks=())

In [27]:

snapshot.next  # (since the graph ended this turn, `next` is empty. If you fetch a state from within a graph invocation, next tells which node will execute next)

Out [27]:

()

The snapshot above contains the current state values, corresponding config, and the next node to process. In our case, the graph has reached an END state, so next is empty.

Congratulations! Your chatbot can now maintain conversation state across sessions thanks to LangGraph's checkpointing system. This opens up exciting possibilities for more natural, contextual interactions. LangGraph's checkpointing even handles arbitrarily complex graph states, which is much more expressive and powerful than simple chat memory.

In the next part, we'll introduce human oversight to our bot to handle situations where it may need guidance or verification before proceeding.

Check out the code snippet below to review our graph from this section.

Full Code

from typing import Annotated

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from langchain_community.tools.tavily_search import TavilySearchResults
from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.graph import StateGraph
from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
from langgraph.prebuilt import ToolNode


class State(TypedDict):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]


graph_builder = StateGraph(State)


tool = TavilySearchResults(max_results=2)
tools = [tool]
llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620")
llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools)


def chatbot(state: State):
    return {"messages": [llm_with_tools.invoke(state["messages"])]}


graph_builder.add_node("chatbot", chatbot)

tool_node = ToolNode(tools=[tool])
graph_builder.add_node("tools", tool_node)

graph_builder.add_conditional_edges(
    "chatbot",
    tools_condition,
)
graph_builder.add_edge("tools", "chatbot")
graph_builder.set_entry_point("chatbot")
memory = MemorySaver()
graph = graph_builder.compile(checkpointer=memory)

Part 4: Human-in-the-loop

Agents can be unreliable and may need human input to successfully accomplish tasks. Similarly, for some actions, you may want to require human approval before running to ensure that everything is running as intended.

LangGraph's persistence layer supports human-in-the-loop workflows, allowing execution to pause and resume based on user feedback. The primary interface to this functionality is the interrupt function. Calling interrupt inside a node will pause execution. Execution can be resumed, together with new input from a human, by passing in a Command. interrupt is ergonomically similar to Python's built-in input(), with some caveats. We demonstrate an example below.

First, start with our existing code from Part 3. We will make one change, which is to add a simple human_assistance tool accessible to the chatbot. This tool uses interrupt to receive information from a human.

In [ ]:

from typing import Annotated

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from langchain_community.tools.tavily_search import TavilySearchResults
from langchain_core.tools import tool
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, START, END
from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
from langgraph.prebuilt import ToolNode, tools_condition

# highlight-next-line
from langgraph.types import Command, interrupt


class State(TypedDict):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]


graph_builder = StateGraph(State)


# highlight-next-line
@tool
# highlight-next-line
def human_assistance(query: str) -> str:
    # highlight-next-line
    """Request assistance from a human."""
    # highlight-next-line
    human_response = interrupt({"query": query})
    # highlight-next-line
    return human_response["data"]


tool = TavilySearchResults(max_results=2)
tools = [tool, human_assistance]
llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620")
llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools)


def chatbot(state: State):
    message = llm_with_tools.invoke(state["messages"])
    # Because we will be interrupting during tool execution,
    # we disable parallel tool calling to avoid repeating any
    # tool invocations when we resume.
    assert len(message.tool_calls) <= 1
    return {"messages": [message]}


graph_builder.add_node("chatbot", chatbot)

tool_node = ToolNode(tools=tools)
graph_builder.add_node("tools", tool_node)

graph_builder.add_conditional_edges(
    "chatbot",
    tools_condition,
)
graph_builder.add_edge("tools", "chatbot")
graph_builder.add_edge(START, "chatbot")

---

!!! tip

Check out the [Human-in-the-loop section](../../how-tos/#human-in-the-loop) of the How-to Guides for more examples of Human-in-the-loop workflows, including how to [review and edit tool calls](../../how-tos/human_in_the_loop/review-tool-calls/) before they are executed.

---

We compile the graph with a checkpointer, as before:

In [2]:

memory = MemorySaver()

graph = graph_builder.compile(checkpointer=memory)

Visualizing the graph, we recover the same layout as before. We have just added a tool!

In [3]:

from IPython.display import Image, display

try:
    display(Image(graph.get_graph().draw_mermaid_png()))
except Exception:
    # This requires some extra dependencies and is optional
    pass

Let's now prompt the chatbot with a question that will engage the new human_assistance tool:

In [4]:

user_input = "I need some expert guidance for building an AI agent. Could you request assistance for me?"
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

events = graph.stream(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": user_input}]},
    config,
    stream_mode="values",
)
for event in events:
    if "messages" in event:
        event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

================================ Human Message =================================

I need some expert guidance for building an AI agent. Could you request assistance for me?
================================== Ai Message ==================================

[{'text': "Certainly! I'd be happy to request expert assistance for you regarding building an AI agent. To do this, I'll use the human_assistance function to relay your request. Let me do that for you now.", 'type': 'text'}, {'id': 'toolu_01ABUqneqnuHNuo1vhfDFQCW', 'input': {'query': 'A user is requesting expert guidance for building an AI agent. Could you please provide some expert advice or resources on this topic?'}, 'name': 'human_assistance', 'type': 'tool_use'}]
Tool Calls:
  human_assistance (toolu_01ABUqneqnuHNuo1vhfDFQCW)
 Call ID: toolu_01ABUqneqnuHNuo1vhfDFQCW
  Args:
    query: A user is requesting expert guidance for building an AI agent. Could you please provide some expert advice or resources on this topic?

The chatbot generated a tool call, but then execution has been interrupted! Note that if we inspect the graph state, we see that it stopped at the tools node:

In [5]:

snapshot = graph.get_state(config)
snapshot.next

Out [5]:

('tools',)

Let's take a closer look at the human_assistance tool:

@tool
def human_assistance(query: str) -> str:
    """Request assistance from a human."""
    human_response = interrupt({"query": query})
    return human_response["data"]

Similar to Python's built-in input() function, calling interrupt inside the tool will pause execution. Progress is persisted based on our choice of checkpointer-- so if we are persisting with Postgres, we can resume at any time as long as the database is alive. Here we are persisting with the in-memory checkpointer, so we can resume any time as long as our Python kernel is running.

To resume execution, we pass a Command object containing data expected by the tool. The format of this data can be customized based on our needs. Here, we just need a dict with a key "data":

In [6]:

human_response = (
    "We, the experts are here to help! We'd recommend you check out LangGraph to build your agent."
    " It's much more reliable and extensible than simple autonomous agents."
)

human_command = Command(resume={"data": human_response})

events = graph.stream(human_command, config, stream_mode="values")
for event in events:
    if "messages" in event:
        event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

================================== Ai Message ==================================

[{'text': "Certainly! I'd be happy to request expert assistance for you regarding building an AI agent. To do this, I'll use the human_assistance function to relay your request. Let me do that for you now.", 'type': 'text'}, {'id': 'toolu_01ABUqneqnuHNuo1vhfDFQCW', 'input': {'query': 'A user is requesting expert guidance for building an AI agent. Could you please provide some expert advice or resources on this topic?'}, 'name': 'human_assistance', 'type': 'tool_use'}]
Tool Calls:
  human_assistance (toolu_01ABUqneqnuHNuo1vhfDFQCW)
 Call ID: toolu_01ABUqneqnuHNuo1vhfDFQCW
  Args:
    query: A user is requesting expert guidance for building an AI agent. Could you please provide some expert advice or resources on this topic?
================================= Tool Message =================================
Name: human_assistance

We, the experts are here to help! We'd recommend you check out LangGraph to build your agent. It's much more reliable and extensible than simple autonomous agents.
================================== Ai Message ==================================

Thank you for your patience. I've received some expert advice regarding your request for guidance on building an AI agent. Here's what the experts have suggested:

The experts recommend that you look into LangGraph for building your AI agent. They mention that LangGraph is a more reliable and extensible option compared to simple autonomous agents.

LangGraph is likely a framework or library designed specifically for creating AI agents with advanced capabilities. Here are a few points to consider based on this recommendation:

1. Reliability: The experts emphasize that LangGraph is more reliable than simpler autonomous agent approaches. This could mean it has better stability, error handling, or consistent performance.

2. Extensibility: LangGraph is described as more extensible, which suggests that it probably offers a flexible architecture that allows you to easily add new features or modify existing ones as your agent's requirements evolve.

3. Advanced capabilities: Given that it's recommended over "simple autonomous agents," LangGraph likely provides more sophisticated tools and techniques for building complex AI agents.

To get started with LangGraph, you might want to:

1. Search for the official LangGraph documentation or website to learn more about its features and how to use it.
2. Look for tutorials or guides specifically focused on building AI agents with LangGraph.
3. Check if there are any community forums or discussion groups where you can ask questions and get support from other developers using LangGraph.

If you'd like more specific information about LangGraph or have any questions about this recommendation, please feel free to ask, and I can request further assistance from the experts.

Our input has been received and processed as a tool message. Review this call's LangSmith trace to see the exact work that was done in the above call. Notice that the state is loaded in the first step so that our chatbot can continue where it left off.

Congrats! You've used an interrupt to add human-in-the-loop execution to your chatbot, allowing for human oversight and intervention when needed. This opens up the potential UIs you can create with your AI systems. Since we have already added a checkpointer, as long as the underlying persistence layer is running, the graph can be paused indefinitely and resumed at any time as if nothing had happened.

Human-in-the-loop workflows enable a variety of new workflows and user experiences. Check out this section of the How-to Guides for more examples of Human-in-the-loop workflows, including how to review and edit tool calls before they are executed.

Full Code

from typing import Annotated

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from langchain_community.tools.tavily_search import TavilySearchResults
from langchain_core.tools import tool
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, START, END
from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
from langgraph.prebuilt import ToolNode, tools_condition
from langgraph.types import Command, interrupt


class State(TypedDict):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]


graph_builder = StateGraph(State)


@tool
def human_assistance(query: str) -> str:
    """Request assistance from a human."""
    human_response = interrupt({"query": query})
    return human_response["data"]


tool = TavilySearchResults(max_results=2)
tools = [tool, human_assistance]
llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620")
llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools)


def chatbot(state: State):
    message = llm_with_tools.invoke(state["messages"])
    assert(len(message.tool_calls) <= 1)
    return {"messages": [message]}


graph_builder.add_node("chatbot", chatbot)

tool_node = ToolNode(tools=tools)
graph_builder.add_node("tools", tool_node)

graph_builder.add_conditional_edges(
    "chatbot",
    tools_condition,
)
graph_builder.add_edge("tools", "chatbot")
graph_builder.add_edge(START, "chatbot")

memory = MemorySaver()
graph = graph_builder.compile(checkpointer=memory)

Part 5: Customizing State

So far, we've relied on a simple state with one entry-- a list of messages. You can go far with this simple state, but if you want to define complex behavior without relying on the message list, you can add additional fields to the state. Here we will demonstrate a new scenario, in which the chatbot is using its search tool to find specific information, and forwarding them to a human for review. Let's have the chatbot research the birthday of an entity. We will add name and birthday keys to the state:

In [2]:

from typing import Annotated

from typing_extensions import TypedDict

from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages


class State(TypedDict):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]
    # highlight-next-line
    name: str
    # highlight-next-line
    birthday: str

Adding this information to the state makes it easily accessible by other graph nodes (e.g., a downstream node that stores or processes the information), as well as the graph's persistence layer.

Here, we will populate the state keys inside of our human_assistance tool. This allows a human to review the information before it is stored in the state. We will again use Command, this time to issue a state update from inside our tool. Read more about use cases for Command here.

In [3]:

from langchain_core.messages import ToolMessage
from langchain_core.tools import InjectedToolCallId, tool

from langgraph.types import Command, interrupt


@tool
# Note that because we are generating a ToolMessage for a state update, we
# generally require the ID of the corresponding tool call. We can use
# LangChain's InjectedToolCallId to signal that this argument should not
# be revealed to the model in the tool's schema.
def human_assistance(
    name: str, birthday: str, tool_call_id: Annotated[str, InjectedToolCallId]
) -> str:
    """Request assistance from a human."""
    human_response = interrupt(
        {
            "question": "Is this correct?",
            "name": name,
            "birthday": birthday,
        },
    )
    # If the information is correct, update the state as-is.
    if human_response.get("correct", "").lower().startswith("y"):
        verified_name = name
        verified_birthday = birthday
        response = "Correct"
    # Otherwise, receive information from the human reviewer.
    else:
        verified_name = human_response.get("name", name)
        verified_birthday = human_response.get("birthday", birthday)
        response = f"Made a correction: {human_response}"

    # This time we explicitly update the state with a ToolMessage inside
    # the tool.
    state_update = {
        "name": verified_name,
        "birthday": verified_birthday,
        "messages": [ToolMessage(response, tool_call_id=tool_call_id)],
    }
    # We return a Command object in the tool to update our state.
    return Command(update=state_update)

Otherwise, the rest of our graph is the same:

In [4]:

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from langchain_community.tools.tavily_search import TavilySearchResults

from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, START, END
from langgraph.prebuilt import ToolNode, tools_condition


tool = TavilySearchResults(max_results=2)
tools = [tool, human_assistance]
llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620")
llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools)


def chatbot(state: State):
    message = llm_with_tools.invoke(state["messages"])
    assert len(message.tool_calls) <= 1
    return {"messages": [message]}


graph_builder = StateGraph(State)
graph_builder.add_node("chatbot", chatbot)

tool_node = ToolNode(tools=tools)
graph_builder.add_node("tools", tool_node)

graph_builder.add_conditional_edges(
    "chatbot",
    tools_condition,
)
graph_builder.add_edge("tools", "chatbot")
graph_builder.add_edge(START, "chatbot")

memory = MemorySaver()
graph = graph_builder.compile(checkpointer=memory)

Let's prompt our application to look up the "birthday" of the LangGraph library. We will direct the chatbot to reach out to the human_assistance tool once it has the required information. Note that setting name and birthday in the arguments for the tool, we force the chatbot to generate proposals for these fields.

In [5]:

user_input = (
    "Can you look up when LangGraph was released? "
    "When you have the answer, use the human_assistance tool for review."
)
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

events = graph.stream(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": user_input}]},
    config,
    stream_mode="values",
)
for event in events:
    if "messages" in event:
        event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

================================ Human Message =================================

Can you look up when LangGraph was released? When you have the answer, use the human_assistance tool for review.
================================== Ai Message ==================================

[{'text': "Certainly! I'll start by searching for information about LangGraph's release date using the Tavily search function. Then, I'll use the human_assistance tool for review.", 'type': 'text'}, {'id': 'toolu_01JoXQPgTVJXiuma8xMVwqAi', 'input': {'query': 'LangGraph release date'}, 'name': 'tavily_search_results_json', 'type': 'tool_use'}]
Tool Calls:
  tavily_search_results_json (toolu_01JoXQPgTVJXiuma8xMVwqAi)
 Call ID: toolu_01JoXQPgTVJXiuma8xMVwqAi
  Args:
    query: LangGraph release date
================================= Tool Message =================================
Name: tavily_search_results_json

[{"url": "https://blog.langchain.dev/langgraph-cloud/", "content": "We also have a new stable release of LangGraph. By LangChain 6 min read Jun 27, 2024 (Oct '24) Edit: Since the launch of LangGraph Cloud, we now have multiple deployment options alongside LangGraph Studio - which now fall under LangGraph Platform. LangGraph Cloud is synonymous with our Cloud SaaS deployment option."}, {"url": "https://changelog.langchain.com/announcements/langgraph-cloud-deploy-at-scale-monitor-carefully-iterate-boldly", "content": "LangChain - Changelog | ☁ 🚀 LangGraph Cloud: Deploy at scale, monitor LangChain LangSmith LangGraph LangChain LangSmith LangGraph LangChain LangSmith LangGraph LangChain Changelog Sign up for our newsletter to stay up to date DATE: The LangChain Team LangGraph LangGraph Cloud ☁ 🚀 LangGraph Cloud: Deploy at scale, monitor carefully, iterate boldly DATE: June 27, 2024 AUTHOR: The LangChain Team LangGraph Cloud is now in closed beta, offering scalable, fault-tolerant deployment for LangGraph agents. LangGraph Cloud also includes a new playground-like studio for debugging agent failure modes and quick iteration: Join the waitlist today for LangGraph Cloud. And to learn more, read our blog post announcement or check out our docs. Subscribe By clicking subscribe, you accept our privacy policy and terms and conditions."}]
================================== Ai Message ==================================

[{'text': "Based on the search results, it appears that LangGraph was already in existence before June 27, 2024, when LangGraph Cloud was announced. However, the search results don't provide a specific release date for the original LangGraph. \n\nGiven this information, I'll use the human_assistance tool to review and potentially provide more accurate information about LangGraph's initial release date.", 'type': 'text'}, {'id': 'toolu_01JDQAV7nPqMkHHhNs3j3XoN', 'input': {'name': 'Assistant', 'birthday': '2023-01-01'}, 'name': 'human_assistance', 'type': 'tool_use'}]
Tool Calls:
  human_assistance (toolu_01JDQAV7nPqMkHHhNs3j3XoN)
 Call ID: toolu_01JDQAV7nPqMkHHhNs3j3XoN
  Args:
    name: Assistant
    birthday: 2023-01-01

We've hit the interrupt in the human_assistance tool again. In this case, the chatbot failed to identify the correct date, so we can supply it:

In [6]:

human_command = Command(
    resume={
        "name": "LangGraph",
        "birthday": "Jan 17, 2024",
    },
)

events = graph.stream(human_command, config, stream_mode="values")
for event in events:
    if "messages" in event:
        event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

================================== Ai Message ==================================

[{'text': "Based on the search results, it appears that LangGraph was already in existence before June 27, 2024, when LangGraph Cloud was announced. However, the search results don't provide a specific release date for the original LangGraph. \n\nGiven this information, I'll use the human_assistance tool to review and potentially provide more accurate information about LangGraph's initial release date.", 'type': 'text'}, {'id': 'toolu_01JDQAV7nPqMkHHhNs3j3XoN', 'input': {'name': 'Assistant', 'birthday': '2023-01-01'}, 'name': 'human_assistance', 'type': 'tool_use'}]
Tool Calls:
  human_assistance (toolu_01JDQAV7nPqMkHHhNs3j3XoN)
 Call ID: toolu_01JDQAV7nPqMkHHhNs3j3XoN
  Args:
    name: Assistant
    birthday: 2023-01-01
================================= Tool Message =================================
Name: human_assistance

Made a correction: {'name': 'LangGraph', 'birthday': 'Jan 17, 2024'}
================================== Ai Message ==================================

Thank you for the human assistance. I can now provide you with the correct information about LangGraph's release date.

LangGraph was initially released on January 17, 2024. This information comes from the human assistance correction, which is more accurate than the search results I initially found.

To summarize:
1. LangGraph's original release date: January 17, 2024
2. LangGraph Cloud announcement: June 27, 2024

It's worth noting that LangGraph had been in development and use for some time before the LangGraph Cloud announcement, but the official initial release of LangGraph itself was on January 17, 2024.

Note that these fields are now reflected in the state:

In [7]:

snapshot = graph.get_state(config)

{k: v for k, v in snapshot.values.items() if k in ("name", "birthday")}

Out [7]:

{'name': 'LangGraph', 'birthday': 'Jan 17, 2024'}

This makes them easily accessible to downstream nodes (e.g., a node that further processes or stores the information).

Manually updating state

LangGraph gives a high degree of control over the application state. For instance, at any point (including when interrupted), we can manually override a key using graph.update_state:

In [8]:

graph.update_state(config, {"name": "LangGraph (library)"})

Out [8]:

{'configurable': {'thread_id': '1',
  'checkpoint_ns': '',
  'checkpoint_id': '1efd4ec5-cf69-6352-8006-9278f1730162'}}

If we call graph.get_state, we can see the new value is reflected:

In [9]:

snapshot = graph.get_state(config)

{k: v for k, v in snapshot.values.items() if k in ("name", "birthday")}

Out [9]:

{'name': 'LangGraph (library)', 'birthday': 'Jan 17, 2024'}

Manual state updates will even generate a trace in LangSmith. If desired, they can also be used to control human-in-the-loop workflows, as described in this guide. Use of the interrupt function is generally recommended instead, as it allows data to be transmitted in a human-in-the-loop interaction independently of state updates.

Congratulations! You've added custom keys to the state to facilitate a more complex workflow, and learned how to generate state updates from inside tools.

We're almost done with the tutorial, but there is one more concept we'd like to review before finishing that connects checkpointing and state updates.

This section's code is reproduced below for your reference.

Full Code

from typing import Annotated

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from langchain_community.tools.tavily_search import TavilySearchResults
from langchain_core.messages import ToolMessage
from langchain_core.tools import InjectedToolCallId, tool
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, START, END
from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
from langgraph.prebuilt import ToolNode, tools_condition
from langgraph.types import Command, interrupt



class State(TypedDict):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]
    name: str
    birthday: str


@tool
def human_assistance(
    name: str, birthday: str, tool_call_id: Annotated[str, InjectedToolCallId]
) -> str:
    """Request assistance from a human."""
    human_response = interrupt(
        {
            "question": "Is this correct?",
            "name": name,
            "birthday": birthday,
        },
    )
    if human_response.get("correct", "").lower().startswith("y"):
        verified_name = name
        verified_birthday = birthday
        response = "Correct"
    else:
        verified_name = human_response.get("name", name)
        verified_birthday = human_response.get("birthday", birthday)
        response = f"Made a correction: {human_response}"

    state_update = {
        "name": verified_name,
        "birthday": verified_birthday,
        "messages": [ToolMessage(response, tool_call_id=tool_call_id)],
    }
    return Command(update=state_update)


tool = TavilySearchResults(max_results=2)
tools = [tool, human_assistance]
llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620")
llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools)


def chatbot(state: State):
    message = llm_with_tools.invoke(state["messages"])
    assert(len(message.tool_calls) <= 1)
    return {"messages": [message]}


graph_builder = StateGraph(State)
graph_builder.add_node("chatbot", chatbot)

tool_node = ToolNode(tools=tools)
graph_builder.add_node("tools", tool_node)

graph_builder.add_conditional_edges(
    "chatbot",
    tools_condition,
)
graph_builder.add_edge("tools", "chatbot")
graph_builder.add_edge(START, "chatbot")

memory = MemorySaver()
graph = graph_builder.compile(checkpointer=memory)

Part 6: Time Travel

In a typical chat bot workflow, the user interacts with the bot 1 or more times to accomplish a task. In the previous sections, we saw how to add memory and a human-in-the-loop to be able to checkpoint our graph state and control future responses.

But what if you want to let your user start from a previous response and "branch off" to explore a separate outcome? Or what if you want users to be able to "rewind" your assistant's work to fix some mistakes or try a different strategy (common in applications like autonomous software engineers)?

You can create both of these experiences and more using LangGraph's built-in "time travel" functionality.

In this section, you will "rewind" your graph by fetching a checkpoint using the graph's get_state_history method. You can then resume execution at this previous point in time.

For this, let's use the simple chatbot with tools from Part 3:

In [10]:

from typing import Annotated

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from langchain_community.tools.tavily_search import TavilySearchResults
from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, START, END
from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
from langgraph.prebuilt import ToolNode, tools_condition


class State(TypedDict):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]


graph_builder = StateGraph(State)


tool = TavilySearchResults(max_results=2)
tools = [tool]
llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620")
llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools)


def chatbot(state: State):
    return {"messages": [llm_with_tools.invoke(state["messages"])]}


graph_builder.add_node("chatbot", chatbot)

tool_node = ToolNode(tools=[tool])
graph_builder.add_node("tools", tool_node)

graph_builder.add_conditional_edges(
    "chatbot",
    tools_condition,
)
graph_builder.add_edge("tools", "chatbot")
graph_builder.add_edge(START, "chatbot")

memory = MemorySaver()
graph = graph_builder.compile(checkpointer=memory)

Let's have our graph take a couple steps. Every step will be checkpointed in its state history:

In [11]:

config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}
events = graph.stream(
    {
        "messages": [
            {
                "role": "user",
                "content": (
                    "I'm learning LangGraph. "
                    "Could you do some research on it for me?"
                ),
            },
        ],
    },
    config,
    stream_mode="values",
)
for event in events:
    if "messages" in event:
        event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

================================ Human Message =================================

I'm learning LangGraph. Could you do some research on it for me?
================================== Ai Message ==================================

[{'text': "Certainly! I'd be happy to research LangGraph for you. To get the most up-to-date and accurate information, I'll use the Tavily search engine to look this up. Let me do that for you now.", 'type': 'text'}, {'id': 'toolu_01BscbfJJB9EWJFqGrN6E54e', 'input': {'query': 'LangGraph latest information and features'}, 'name': 'tavily_search_results_json', 'type': 'tool_use'}]
Tool Calls:
  tavily_search_results_json (toolu_01BscbfJJB9EWJFqGrN6E54e)
 Call ID: toolu_01BscbfJJB9EWJFqGrN6E54e
  Args:
    query: LangGraph latest information and features
================================= Tool Message =================================
Name: tavily_search_results_json

[{"url": "https://blockchain.news/news/langchain-new-features-upcoming-events-update", "content": "LangChain, a leading platform in the AI development space, has released its latest updates, showcasing new use cases and enhancements across its ecosystem. According to the LangChain Blog, the updates cover advancements in LangGraph Cloud, LangSmith's self-improving evaluators, and revamped documentation for LangGraph."}, {"url": "https://blog.langchain.dev/langgraph-platform-announce/", "content": "With these learnings under our belt, we decided to couple some of our latest offerings under LangGraph Platform. LangGraph Platform today includes LangGraph Server, LangGraph Studio, plus the CLI and SDK. ... we added features in LangGraph Server to deliver on a few key value areas. Below, we'll focus on these aspects of LangGraph Platform."}]
================================== Ai Message ==================================

Thank you for your patience. I've found some recent information about LangGraph for you. Let me summarize the key points:

1. LangGraph is part of the LangChain ecosystem, which is a leading platform in AI development.

2. Recent updates and features of LangGraph include:

   a. LangGraph Cloud: This seems to be a cloud-based version of LangGraph, though specific details weren't provided in the search results.

   b. LangGraph Platform: This is a newly introduced concept that combines several offerings:
      - LangGraph Server
      - LangGraph Studio
      - CLI (Command Line Interface)
      - SDK (Software Development Kit)

3. LangGraph Server: This component has received new features to enhance its value proposition, though the specific features weren't detailed in the search results.

4. LangGraph Studio: This appears to be a new tool in the LangGraph ecosystem, likely providing a graphical interface for working with LangGraph.

5. Documentation: The LangGraph documentation has been revamped, which should make it easier for learners like yourself to understand and use the tool.

6. Integration with LangSmith: While not directly part of LangGraph, LangSmith (another tool in the LangChain ecosystem) now features self-improving evaluators, which might be relevant if you're using LangGraph as part of a larger LangChain project.

As you're learning LangGraph, it would be beneficial to:

1. Check out the official LangChain documentation, especially the newly revamped LangGraph sections.
2. Explore the different components of the LangGraph Platform (Server, Studio, CLI, and SDK) to see which best fits your learning needs.
3. Keep an eye on LangGraph Cloud developments, as cloud-based solutions often provide an easier starting point for learners.
4. Consider how LangGraph fits into the broader LangChain ecosystem, especially its interaction with tools like LangSmith.

Is there any specific aspect of LangGraph you'd like to know more about? I'd be happy to do a more focused search on particular features or use cases.

In [12]:

events = graph.stream(
    {
        "messages": [
            {
                "role": "user",
                "content": (
                    "Ya that's helpful. Maybe I'll "
                    "build an autonomous agent with it!"
                ),
            },
        ],
    },
    config,
    stream_mode="values",
)
for event in events:
    if "messages" in event:
        event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

================================ Human Message =================================

Ya that's helpful. Maybe I'll build an autonomous agent with it!
================================== Ai Message ==================================

[{'text': "That's an exciting idea! Building an autonomous agent with LangGraph is indeed a great application of this technology. LangGraph is particularly well-suited for creating complex, multi-step AI workflows, which is perfect for autonomous agents. Let me gather some more specific information about using LangGraph for building autonomous agents.", 'type': 'text'}, {'id': 'toolu_01QWNHhUaeeWcGXvA4eHT7Zo', 'input': {'query': 'Building autonomous agents with LangGraph examples and tutorials'}, 'name': 'tavily_search_results_json', 'type': 'tool_use'}]
Tool Calls:
  tavily_search_results_json (toolu_01QWNHhUaeeWcGXvA4eHT7Zo)
 Call ID: toolu_01QWNHhUaeeWcGXvA4eHT7Zo
  Args:
    query: Building autonomous agents with LangGraph examples and tutorials
================================= Tool Message =================================
Name: tavily_search_results_json

[{"url": "https://towardsdatascience.com/building-autonomous-multi-tool-agents-with-gemini-2-0-and-langgraph-ad3d7bd5e79d", "content": "Building Autonomous Multi-Tool Agents with Gemini 2.0 and LangGraph | by Youness Mansar | Jan, 2025 | Towards Data Science Building Autonomous Multi-Tool Agents with Gemini 2.0 and LangGraph A practical tutorial with full code examples for building and running multi-tool agents Towards Data Science LLMs are remarkable — they can memorize vast amounts of information, answer general knowledge questions, write code, generate stories, and even fix your grammar. In this tutorial, we are going to build a simple LLM agent that is equipped with four tools that it can use to answer a user’s question. This Agent will have the following specifications: Follow Published in Towards Data Science --------------------------------- Your home for data science and AI. Follow Follow Follow"}, {"url": "https://github.com/anmolaman20/Tools_and_Agents", "content": "GitHub - anmolaman20/Tools_and_Agents: This repository provides resources for building AI agents using Langchain and Langgraph. This repository provides resources for building AI agents using Langchain and Langgraph. This repository provides resources for building AI agents using Langchain and Langgraph. This repository serves as a comprehensive guide for building AI-powered agents using Langchain and Langgraph. It provides hands-on examples, practical tutorials, and resources for developers and AI enthusiasts to master building intelligent systems and workflows. AI Agent Development: Gain insights into creating intelligent systems that think, reason, and adapt in real time. This repository is ideal for AI practitioners, developers exploring language models, or anyone interested in building intelligent systems. This repository provides resources for building AI agents using Langchain and Langgraph."}]
================================== Ai Message ==================================

Great idea! Building an autonomous agent with LangGraph is definitely an exciting project. Based on the latest information I've found, here are some insights and tips for building autonomous agents with LangGraph:

1. Multi-Tool Agents: LangGraph is particularly well-suited for creating autonomous agents that can use multiple tools. This allows your agent to have a diverse set of capabilities and choose the right tool for each task.

2. Integration with Large Language Models (LLMs): You can combine LangGraph with powerful LLMs like Gemini 2.0 to create more intelligent and capable agents. The LLM can serve as the "brain" of your agent, making decisions and generating responses.

3. Workflow Management: LangGraph excels at managing complex, multi-step AI workflows. This is crucial for autonomous agents that need to break down tasks into smaller steps and execute them in the right order.

4. Practical Tutorials Available: There are tutorials available that provide full code examples for building and running multi-tool agents. These can be incredibly helpful as you start your project.

5. Langchain Integration: LangGraph is often used in conjunction with Langchain. This combination provides a powerful framework for building AI agents, offering features like memory management, tool integration, and prompt management.

6. GitHub Resources: There are repositories available (like the one by anmolaman20) that provide comprehensive resources for building AI agents using Langchain and LangGraph. These can be valuable references as you develop your agent.

7. Real-time Adaptation: LangGraph allows you to create agents that can think, reason, and adapt in real-time, which is crucial for truly autonomous behavior.

8. Customization: You can equip your agent with specific tools tailored to your use case. For example, you might include tools for web searching, data analysis, or interacting with specific APIs.

To get started with your autonomous agent project:

1. Familiarize yourself with LangGraph's documentation and basic concepts.
2. Look into tutorials that specifically deal with building autonomous agents, like the one mentioned from Towards Data Science.
3. Decide on the specific capabilities you want your agent to have and identify the tools it will need.
4. Start with a simple agent and gradually add complexity as you become more comfortable with the framework.
5. Experiment with different LLMs to find the one that works best for your use case.
6. Pay attention to how you structure the agent's decision-making process and workflow.
7. Don't forget to implement proper error handling and safety measures, especially if your agent will be interacting with external systems or making important decisions.

Building an autonomous agent is an iterative process, so be prepared to refine and improve your agent over time. Good luck with your project! If you need any more specific information as you progress, feel free to ask.

Now that we've had the agent take a couple steps, we can replay the full state history to see everything that occurred.

In [13]:

to_replay = None
for state in graph.get_state_history(config):
    print("Num Messages: ", len(state.values["messages"]), "Next: ", state.next)
    print("-" * 80)
    if len(state.values["messages"]) == 6:
        # We are somewhat arbitrarily selecting a specific state based on the number of chat messages in the state.
        to_replay = state

Num Messages:  8 Next:  ()
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Num Messages:  7 Next:  ('chatbot',)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Num Messages:  6 Next:  ('tools',)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Num Messages:  5 Next:  ('chatbot',)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Num Messages:  4 Next:  ('__start__',)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Num Messages:  4 Next:  ()
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Num Messages:  3 Next:  ('chatbot',)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Num Messages:  2 Next:  ('tools',)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Num Messages:  1 Next:  ('chatbot',)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Num Messages:  0 Next:  ('__start__',)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Notice that checkpoints are saved for every step of the graph. This spans invocations so you can rewind across a full thread's history. We've picked out to_replay as a state to resume from. This is the state after the chatbot node in the second graph invocation above.

Resuming from this point should call the action node next.

In [14]:

print(to_replay.next)
print(to_replay.config)

('tools',)
{'configurable': {'thread_id': '1', 'checkpoint_ns': '', 'checkpoint_id': '1efd43e3-0c1f-6c4e-8006-891877d65740'}}

Notice that the checkpoint's config (to_replay.config) contains a checkpoint_id timestamp. Providing this checkpoint_id value tells LangGraph's checkpointer to load the state from that moment in time. Let's try it below:

In [15]:

# The `checkpoint_id` in the `to_replay.config` corresponds to a state we've persisted to our checkpointer.
for event in graph.stream(None, to_replay.config, stream_mode="values"):
    if "messages" in event:
        event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()

================================== Ai Message ==================================

[{'text': "That's an exciting idea! Building an autonomous agent with LangGraph is indeed a great application of this technology. LangGraph is particularly well-suited for creating complex, multi-step AI workflows, which is perfect for autonomous agents. Let me gather some more specific information about using LangGraph for building autonomous agents.", 'type': 'text'}, {'id': 'toolu_01QWNHhUaeeWcGXvA4eHT7Zo', 'input': {'query': 'Building autonomous agents with LangGraph examples and tutorials'}, 'name': 'tavily_search_results_json', 'type': 'tool_use'}]
Tool Calls:
  tavily_search_results_json (toolu_01QWNHhUaeeWcGXvA4eHT7Zo)
 Call ID: toolu_01QWNHhUaeeWcGXvA4eHT7Zo
  Args:
    query: Building autonomous agents with LangGraph examples and tutorials
================================= Tool Message =================================
Name: tavily_search_results_json

[{"url": "https://towardsdatascience.com/building-autonomous-multi-tool-agents-with-gemini-2-0-and-langgraph-ad3d7bd5e79d", "content": "Building Autonomous Multi-Tool Agents with Gemini 2.0 and LangGraph | by Youness Mansar | Jan, 2025 | Towards Data Science Building Autonomous Multi-Tool Agents with Gemini 2.0 and LangGraph A practical tutorial with full code examples for building and running multi-tool agents Towards Data Science LLMs are remarkable — they can memorize vast amounts of information, answer general knowledge questions, write code, generate stories, and even fix your grammar. In this tutorial, we are going to build a simple LLM agent that is equipped with four tools that it can use to answer a user’s question. This Agent will have the following specifications: Follow Published in Towards Data Science --------------------------------- Your home for data science and AI. Follow Follow Follow"}, {"url": "https://github.com/anmolaman20/Tools_and_Agents", "content": "GitHub - anmolaman20/Tools_and_Agents: This repository provides resources for building AI agents using Langchain and Langgraph. This repository provides resources for building AI agents using Langchain and Langgraph. This repository provides resources for building AI agents using Langchain and Langgraph. This repository serves as a comprehensive guide for building AI-powered agents using Langchain and Langgraph. It provides hands-on examples, practical tutorials, and resources for developers and AI enthusiasts to master building intelligent systems and workflows. AI Agent Development: Gain insights into creating intelligent systems that think, reason, and adapt in real time. This repository is ideal for AI practitioners, developers exploring language models, or anyone interested in building intelligent systems. This repository provides resources for building AI agents using Langchain and Langgraph."}]
================================== Ai Message ==================================

Great idea! Building an autonomous agent with LangGraph is indeed an excellent way to apply and deepen your understanding of the technology. Based on the search results, I can provide you with some insights and resources to help you get started:

1. Multi-Tool Agents:
   LangGraph is well-suited for building autonomous agents that can use multiple tools. This allows your agent to have a variety of capabilities and choose the appropriate tool based on the task at hand.

2. Integration with Large Language Models (LLMs):
   There's a tutorial that specifically mentions using Gemini 2.0 (Google's LLM) with LangGraph to build autonomous agents. This suggests that LangGraph can be integrated with various LLMs, giving you flexibility in choosing the language model that best fits your needs.

3. Practical Tutorials:
   There are tutorials available that provide full code examples for building and running multi-tool agents. These can be invaluable as you start your project, giving you a concrete starting point and demonstrating best practices.

4. GitHub Resources:
   There's a GitHub repository (github.com/anmolaman20/Tools_and_Agents) that provides resources for building AI agents using both Langchain and Langgraph. This could be a great resource for code examples, tutorials, and understanding how LangGraph fits into the broader LangChain ecosystem.

5. Real-Time Adaptation:
   The resources mention creating intelligent systems that can think, reason, and adapt in real-time. This is a key feature of advanced autonomous agents and something you can aim for in your project.

6. Diverse Applications:
   The materials suggest that these techniques can be applied to various tasks, from answering questions to potentially more complex decision-making processes.

To get started with your autonomous agent project using LangGraph, you might want to:

1. Review the tutorials mentioned, especially those with full code examples.
2. Explore the GitHub repository for hands-on examples and resources.
3. Decide on the specific tasks or capabilities you want your agent to have.
4. Choose an LLM to integrate with LangGraph (like GPT, Gemini, or others).
5. Start with a simple agent that uses one or two tools, then gradually expand its capabilities.
6. Implement decision-making logic to help your agent choose between different tools or actions.
7. Test your agent thoroughly with various inputs and scenarios to ensure robust performance.

Remember, building an autonomous agent is an iterative process. Start simple and gradually increase complexity as you become more comfortable with LangGraph and its capabilities.

Would you like more information on any specific aspect of building your autonomous agent with LangGraph?

Notice that the graph resumed execution from the **action** node. You can tell this is the case since the first value printed above is the response from our search engine tool.

Congratulations! You've now used time-travel checkpoint traversal in LangGraph. Being able to rewind and explore alternative paths opens up a world of possibilities for debugging, experimentation, and interactive applications.

Next Steps

Take your journey further by exploring deployment and advanced features:

Server Quickstart

• LangGraph Server Quickstart: Launch a LangGraph server locally and interact with it using the REST API and LangGraph Studio Web UI.

LangGraph Cloud

• LangGraph Cloud QuickStart: Deploy your LangGraph app using LangGraph Cloud.

LangGraph Framework

• LangGraph Concepts: Learn the foundational concepts of LangGraph.
• LangGraph How-to Guides: Guides for common tasks with LangGraph.

LangGraph Platform

Expand your knowledge with these resources:

• LangGraph Platform Concepts: Understand the foundational concepts of the LangGraph Platform.
• LangGraph Platform How-to Guides: Guides for common tasks with LangGraph Platform.