diff --git a/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_agent.py b/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_agent.py
index 7f63a314..861e68bb 100644
--- a/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_agent.py
+++ b/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_agent.py
@@ -58,6 +58,13 @@ from backend.apps.tools_lib.tools_lib import load_builtin_permissions
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+# Mutating actions that can carry an `expect` (the change they should cause) and be
+# confirmed after running. Reads/waits aren't here, there's nothing to confirm.
+_CONFIRM_TOOLS = {
+    "BrowserClick", "BrowserClickIndex", "BrowserClickByName",
+    "BrowserType", "BrowserNavigate", "BrowserPressKey", "BrowserBatch",
+}
+
 
 async def execute_browser_tool(
     tool_name: str, tool_input: dict, browser_id: str, tab_id: str = "",
@@ -979,12 +986,13 @@ async def run_browser_agent(
                 tool_input = tu.input
                 if tu.name == "BrowserListInteractives" and current_next_goal:
                     tool_input = {**tu.input, "goal": current_next_goal}
+
+                async def _wait_exec(tool, params, bid, tid):
+                    return await _cancellable(execute_browser_tool(tool, params, bid, tid))
+
                 if tu.name == "BrowserWait":
-                    # Smart wait: return as soon as the page's network settles
-                    # instead of sleeping the full fixed duration (the audit's
-                    # 42%-of-time hog). Caps at the requested ms; never premature.
-                    async def _wait_exec(tool, params, bid, tid):
-                        return await _cancellable(execute_browser_tool(tool, params, bid, tid))
+                    # Smart wait: return as soon as the page is ready (target or DOM
+                    # settle), not on a blind timer (the audit's 42%-of-time hog).
                     result = await browser_wait.smart_wait(
                         _wait_exec, browser_id, tab_id, tu.input.get("milliseconds"),
                         until=(tu.input.get("until") or ""),
@@ -998,6 +1006,27 @@ async def run_browser_agent(
                     break
                 elapsed_ms = int((time.time() - start) * 1000)
 
+                # Act-and-confirm: if the agent declared the change it expects, VERIFY
+                # it actually happened, success is observed, never assumed. A hit returns
+                # fast (act + confirm in one turn); a miss is a clear "may not have worked"
+                # (and a wedge surfaces as a clean not-confirmed, not a blind 20s timeout),
+                # so the agent never claims a success it didn't see or re-fires blindly.
+                _expect = (str(tu.input.get("expect") or "").strip()
+                           if isinstance(tu.input, dict) else "")
+                if _expect and "error" not in result and tu.name in _CONFIRM_TOOLS:
+                    _conf = await browser_wait.smart_wait(_wait_exec, browser_id, tab_id, 3500, until=_expect)
+                    if isinstance(_conf, dict):
+                        result["confirmed"] = bool(_conf.get("found"))
+                        if _conf.get("found"):
+                            result["text"] = f"{result.get('text') or ''}\nConfirmed: '{_expect}' is now present."
+                        else:
+                            result["text"] = (
+                                f"{result.get('text') or ''}\nNOT confirmed: '{_expect}' did not appear within "
+                                f"{_conf.get('waited_ms')}ms, so the action may not have worked. Check the page "
+                                "before assuming success, and never re-fire an irreversible action "
+                                "(Send/Submit/Pay/Post) without first verifying the previous one did not go through."
+                            )
+
                 action_log.append({
                     "tool": tu.name,
                     "input": tu.input,
diff --git a/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_schema.py b/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_schema.py
index b4f08763..e1d318b2 100644
--- a/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_schema.py
+++ b/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_schema.py
@@ -12,6 +12,20 @@ MODEL_MAP = {
     "haiku": "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001",
 }
 
+# The change an action should cause, declared by the agent and CONFIRMED after the
+# action runs (success is observed, never assumed). A hit returns fast; a miss tells
+# the agent it may not have worked instead of letting it claim a false success.
+_EXPECT_DESC = {
+    "type": "string",
+    "description": (
+        "Optional but recommended: the specific change this action should cause, a "
+        "button label, text, or element you expect to see afterward (e.g. 'Write a "
+        "message', the recipient's name in the thread). It's confirmed right after, so "
+        "you learn whether it actually worked. REQUIRED for anything you can't undo "
+        "(Send/Submit/Pay/Post): set it to proof the action landed."
+    ),
+}
+
 BROWSER_TOOLS_SCHEMA = [
     {
         "name": "ReportProgress",
@@ -108,6 +122,7 @@ BROWSER_TOOLS_SCHEMA = [
             "type": "object",
             "properties": {
                 "selector": {"type": "string", "description": "CSS selector of the element to click."},
+                "expect": _EXPECT_DESC,
             },
             "required": ["selector"],
         },
@@ -210,6 +225,7 @@ BROWSER_TOOLS_SCHEMA = [
                     "type": "integer",
                     "description": "The numeric index from BrowserListInteractives (1-based).",
                 },
+                "expect": _EXPECT_DESC,
             },
             "required": ["index"],
         },
@@ -528,6 +544,17 @@ SYSTEM_PROMPT = (
     "(BrowserScreenshot, BrowserGetText, BrowserGetConsole, BrowserGetElements, BrowserWait) do not "
     "require ReportProgress.\n\n"
 
+    "## Act and confirm: trust only what you observe\n"
+    "Success is OBSERVED, never assumed. On any action that changes the page (click, "
+    "type, navigate), add `expect`: the change it should cause (a label, text, or the "
+    "element you expect to see). It's confirmed right after, a hit comes back fast and "
+    "you move on; a 'NOT confirmed' means it may not have worked, so check the page "
+    "instead of pressing on. For anything you CANNOT undo (Send, Submit, Pay, Post): "
+    "first make sure the goal isn't already done (e.g. your message isn't already the "
+    "last one in the thread), pass `expect` set to proof it landed, and NEVER fire it a "
+    "second time unless you have verified the first did NOT go through. This is how you "
+    "avoid both ghost-successes and double-sends.\n\n"
+
     "## Loop awareness\n"
     "If you see a tool result containing 'LOOP DETECTED' or '⚠️', it means you "
     "have called the same tool with the same parameters and gotten the same "
diff --git a/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_wait.py b/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_wait.py
index 8288c50c..10264f20 100644
--- a/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_wait.py
+++ b/backend/apps/agents/browser/browser_wait.py
@@ -162,5 +162,5 @@ async def smart_wait(execute_fn, browser_id, tab_id, max_ms, *, until="",
         text += " The page or tab appears unresponsive."
     if last_url:
         text += f" Current URL: {last_url}"
-    return {"text": text, "url": last_url, "settled": settled, "hung": hung,
+    return {"text": text, "url": last_url, "settled": settled, "found": found, "hung": hung,
             "waited_ms": waited, **({"error": "page unresponsive"} if hung else {})}
diff --git a/backend/tests/test_browser_agent_loop.py b/backend/tests/test_browser_agent_loop.py
index 5de95709..4be14b20 100644
--- a/backend/tests/test_browser_agent_loop.py
+++ b/backend/tests/test_browser_agent_loop.py
@@ -93,7 +93,10 @@ def _install(monkeypatch, primary, aux):
         # smart-wait probes via evaluate; report 'settled' so BrowserWait returns
         # fast in tests instead of riding the full cap.
         if action == "evaluate" and "getEntriesByType('resource')" in str(params.get("expression", "")):
-            return {"text": '{"ready": true, "quiet": 9999}', "url": DOC_URL}
+            expr = str(params.get("expression", ""))
+            # a confirm/target probe embeds a non-empty `const spec="..."`; report it found
+            found = "const spec=" in expr and 'const spec=""' not in expr
+            return {"text": json.dumps({"ready": True, "quiet": 9999, "elems": 100, "found": found}), "url": DOC_URL}
         if action == "list_interactives":
             return {"text": '1 interactive elements:\n[1]<button "Submit">', "url": DOC_URL}
         if action == "click_index":
@@ -159,6 +162,29 @@ def test_full_loop_goal_stagnation_adjudication_and_hint_write(monkeypatch):
     assert "cross-origin iframe" in BH.get_domain_note("google.com")
 
 
+def test_action_with_expect_is_confirmed(monkeypatch):
+    # An action that declares `expect` is CONFIRMED after it runs: the loop issues a
+    # target-aware confirm probe and feeds the next turn a tool_result stating the
+    # expected change is present (observed success, never assumed).
+    BH._browser_history.clear(); BH._domain_notes.clear()
+    primary = FakeLLM([
+        Resp([_rp("click submit and confirm"),
+              _tu("BrowserClickIndex", index=1, expect="Submitted")]),
+        Resp([Blk("text", "Confirmed and done.")], stop_reason="end_turn"),
+    ])
+    aux = FakeAux()
+    sent = _install(monkeypatch, primary, aux)
+
+    asyncio.run(BA.run_browser_agent(task="submit the form", browser_id="b1", model="sonnet"))
+
+    # a confirm probe carrying the declared target was issued
+    assert any(c["action"] == "evaluate" and "Submitted" in str(c["params"].get("expression", ""))
+               for c in sent), "no confirm probe for the declared target"
+    # and the confirmation was fed back to the model on the next turn
+    all_msgs = json.dumps([c["messages"] for c in primary.calls])
+    assert "Confirmed: 'Submitted' is now present." in all_msgs
+
+
 def test_aux_adjudication_fires_even_when_loop_detector_trips(monkeypatch):
     # Repeated IDENTICAL failing clicks trip the exact-repeat loop detector AND
     # reach stagnation exhaustion on the same turn. The aux escape hatch must
diff --git a/backend/tests/test_browser_wait.py b/backend/tests/test_browser_wait.py
index e51f0c73..75a622ed 100644
--- a/backend/tests/test_browser_wait.py
+++ b/backend/tests/test_browser_wait.py
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ async def test_returns_early_once_settled():
     # first probe: still loading; second: settled -> should stop well under the cap
     ex = FakeExec([_probe(False, 0), _probe(True, 999)])
     out = await bw.smart_wait(ex, "b", "", 5000, poll_ms=20, floor_ms=20, quiet_window_ms=50)
-    assert out["settled"] is True
+    assert out["settled"] is True and out["found"] is False
     assert out["waited_ms"] < 5000
     assert "page settled" in out["text"]
 
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ async def test_returns_the_instant_target_is_found():
                    _probe(False, 5, elems=200, found=True)])
     out = await bw.smart_wait(ex, "b", "", 5000, until="Send",
                               poll_ms=20, floor_ms=800, quiet_window_ms=999)
-    assert out["settled"] is True and "found target" in out["text"]
+    assert out["settled"] is True and out["found"] is True and "found target" in out["text"]
     assert out["waited_ms"] < 800  # bypassed the floor because the target was there