volatility3/volatility/framework/interfaces/configuration.py

"""The configuration module contains classes and functions for interacting with the
configuration and requirement trees.

Volatility plugins can specify a list of requirements (which may have subrequirements, thus forming a requirement tree).
These requirement trees can contain values, which are contained in a complementary configuration tree.  These two trees
act as a protocol between the plugins and users.  The plugins provide requirements that must be fulfilled, and the users
provide configurations values that fulfill those requirements.  Where the user does not provide sufficient configuration
values, automagic modules may extend the configuration tree themselves.
"""

import collections.abc
import copy
import json
import logging
import sys
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

from volatility.framework import constants
from volatility.framework import validity
from volatility.framework.interfaces.context import ContextInterface

CONFIG_SEPARATOR = "."
"""Use to specify the separator between configuration hierarchies"""

vollog = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def path_join(*args):
    """Joins configuration paths together"""
    # If a path element (particularly the first) is empty, then remove it from the list
    args = [arg for arg in args if arg]
    return CONFIG_SEPARATOR.join(args)


def path_depth(path, depth = 1):
    """Returns the `path` up to a certain depth

       Note that `depth` can be negative (such as `-x`) and will return all elements except for the last `x` components
    """
    return path_join(path.split(CONFIG_SEPARATOR)[:depth])


class HierarchicalDict(collections.abc.Mapping):
    """The core of configuration data, it is a mapping class that stores keys within itself, and also stores lower
    hierarchies.

    """

    def __init__(self, initial_dict = None, separator = CONFIG_SEPARATOR):
        if not (isinstance(separator, str) and len(separator) == 1):
            raise TypeError("Separator must be a one character string: {}".format(separator))
        self._separator = separator
        self._data = {}
        self._subdict = {}
        if isinstance(initial_dict, str):
            initial_dict = json.loads(initial_dict)
        if isinstance(initial_dict, dict):
            for k, v in initial_dict.items():
                self[k] = v
        elif initial_dict is not None:
            raise TypeError("Initial_dict must be a dictionary or JSON string containing a dictionary: {}".format(
                initial_dict))

    @property
    def separator(self):
        """Specifies the hierarchy separator in use in this HierarchyDict"""
        return self._separator

    @property
    def data(self):
        """Returns just the data-containing mappings on this level of the Hierarchy"""
        return self._data.copy()

    def _key_head(self, key):
        """Returns the first division of a key based on the dict separator,
           or the full key if the separator is not present
        """
        if self.separator in key:
            return key[:key.index(self.separator)]
        else:
            return key

    def _key_tail(self, key):
        """Returns all but the first division of a key based on the dict separator,
           or None if the separator is not in the key
        """
        if self.separator in key:
            return key[key.index(self.separator) + 1:]
        return None

    def __iter__(self):
        """Returns an iterator object that supports the iterator protocol"""
        return self.generator()

    def generator(self):
        """A generator for the data in this level and lower levels of this mapping"""
        for key in self._data:
            yield key
        for subdict_key in self._subdict:
            for key in self._subdict[subdict_key]:
                yield subdict_key + self.separator + key

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        """Gets an item, traversing down the trees to get to the final value"""
        try:
            if self.separator in key:
                subdict = self._subdict[self._key_head(key)]
                return subdict[self._key_tail(key)]
            else:
                return self._data[key]
        except KeyError:
            raise KeyError(key)

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        """Sets an item or creates a subdict and sets the item within that"""
        self._setitem(key, value)

    def _setitem(self, key, value, is_data = True):
        """Set an item or appends a whole subtree at a key location"""
        if self.separator in key:
            subdict = self._subdict.get(self._key_head(key), HierarchicalDict(separator = self.separator))
            subdict._setitem(self._key_tail(key), value, is_data)
            self._subdict[self._key_head(key)] = subdict
        else:
            if is_data:
                self._data[key] = value
            else:
                if not isinstance(value, HierarchicalDict) and value is not None:
                    raise TypeError(
                        "HierarchicalDicts can only store HierarchicalDicts within their structure: {}".format(
                            type(value)))
                self._subdict[key] = value

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        """Deletes an item from the hierarchical dict"""
        try:
            if self.separator in key:
                subdict = self._subdict[self._key_head(key)]
                del subdict[self._key_tail(key)]
                if not subdict:
                    del self._subdict[self._key_head(key)]
        except KeyError:
            raise KeyError(key)

    def __contains__(self, key):
        """Determines whether the key is present in the hierarchy"""
        if self.separator in key:
            try:
                subdict = self._subdict[self._key_head(key)]
                return self._key_tail(key) in subdict
            except KeyError:
                return False
        else:
            return key in self._data

    def __len__(self):
        """Returns the length of all items"""
        return len(self._data) + sum([len(subdict) for subdict in self._subdict])

    def branch(self, key):
        """Returns the HierarchicalDict housed under the key

        This differs from the data property, in that it is directed by the `key`, and all layers under that key are
        returned, not just those in that level.

        Higher layers are not prefixed with the location of earlier layers, so branching a hierarchy containing `a.b.c.d`
        on `a.b` would return a hierarchy containing `c.d`, not `a.b.c.d`.

        @param key: The location within the hierarchy to return higher layers.
        """
        try:
            if self.separator in key:
                return self._subdict[self._key_head(key)].branch(self._key_tail(key))
            else:
                return self._subdict[key]
        except KeyError:
            self._setitem(key = key, value = HierarchicalDict(separator = self.separator), is_data = True)

    def splice(self, key, value):
        """Splices an existing HierarchicalDictionary under a specific key

        This can be thought of as an inverse of :func:`branch`, although `branch` does not remove the requested
        hierarchy, it simply returns it.
        """
        if not isinstance(key, str) or not isinstance(value, HierarchicalDict):
            raise TypeError("Splice requires a string key and HierarchicalDict value")
        self._setitem(key, value, False)

    def clone(self):
        """Duplicates the configuration, allowing changes without affecting the original"""
        return copy.deepcopy(self)

    def __str__(self):
        """Turns the Hierarchical dict into a string representation"""
        return json.dumps(dict([(key, self[key]) for key in sorted(self.generator())]), indent = 2)


class RequirementInterface(validity.ValidityRoutines, metaclass = ABCMeta):
    """Class that defines a requirement

    A requirement is a means for plugins and other framework components to request specific configuration data.
    Requirements can either be simple types (such as
    :class:`~volatility.framework.configuration.requirements.InstanceRequirement`,
    :class:`~volatility.framework.configuration.requirements.IntRequirement`,
    :class:`~volatility.framework.configuration.requirements.BytesRequirement` and
    :class:`~volatility.framework.configuration.requirements.StringRequirement`) or complex types (such
    as :class:`TranslationLayerRequirement`, :class:`SymbolRequirement` and :class:`ClassRequirement`
    """

    def __init__(self, name, description = None, default = None, optional = False):
        super().__init__()
        self._check_type(name, str)
        if CONFIG_SEPARATOR in name:
            raise ValueError("Name cannot contain the config-hierarchy divider ({})".format(CONFIG_SEPARATOR))
        self._name = name
        self._description = description or ""
        self._default = default
        self._optional = optional
        self._requirements = {}

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<" + self.__class__.__name__ + ": " + self.name + ">"

    @property
    def name(self):
        """The name of the Requirement.  Names cannot contain "." since this is used within the configuration hierarchy."""
        return self._name

    @property
    def description(self):
        """A short description of what the Requirement is designed to affect or achieve."""
        return self._description

    @property
    def default(self):
        """Returns the default value if one is set"""
        return self._default

    @property
    def optional(self):
        """Whether the Requirement is optional or not"""
        return self._optional

    def config_value(self, context, config_path, default = None):
        """Returns the value for this Requirement from its config path"""
        return context.config.get(path_join(config_path, self.name), default)

    # Child operations
    @property
    def requirements(self):
        """Returns a dictionary of all the child requirements, indexed by name"""
        return self._requirements.copy()

    def add_requirement(self, requirement):
        """Adds a child to the list of requirements"""
        self._check_type(requirement, RequirementInterface)
        self._requirements[requirement.name] = requirement

    def remove_requirement(self, requirement):
        """Removes a child from the list of requirements"""
        self._check_type(requirement, RequirementInterface)
        del self._requirements[requirement.name]

    def unsatisfied_children(self, context, config_path):
        """Method that will validate all child requirements"""
        result = []
        for requirement in self.requirements.values():
            if not requirement.optional:
                subresult = requirement.unsatisfied(context, path_join(config_path, self._name))
                for value in subresult:
                    result.append(value)
        return result

    # Validation routines
    @abstractmethod
    def unsatisfied(self, context, config_path):
        """Method to validate the value stored at config_path for the configuration object against a context

           Returns a list containing its own name (or multiple unsatisfied requirement names) when invalid
        """


class InstanceRequirement(RequirementInterface):
    """Class to represent a single simple type (such as a boolean, a string, an integer or a series of bytes)"""
    instance_type = bool

    def add_requirement(self, requirement):
        """Always raises a TypeError as instance requirements cannot have children"""
        raise TypeError("Instance Requirements cannot have subrequirements")

    def remove_requirement(self, requirement):
        """Always raises a TypeError as instance requirements cannot have children"""
        raise TypeError("Instance Requirements cannot have subrequirements")

    def unsatisfied(self, context, config_path):
        """Validates the instance requirement based upon its `instance_type`."""
        value = self.config_value(context, config_path, None)
        if not isinstance(value, self.instance_type):
            vollog.log(constants.LOGLEVEL_V,
                       "TypeError - {} requirements only accept {} type: {}".format(self.name,
                                                                                    self.instance_type.__name__,
                                                                                    value))
            return [path_join(config_path, self.name)]
        return []


class ClassRequirement(RequirementInterface):
    """Requires a specific class.  This is used as means to serialize specific classes for :class:`TranslationLayerRequirement`
    and :class:`SymbolRequirement` classes."""

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self._cls = None

    @property
    def cls(self):
        return self._cls

    def unsatisfied(self, context, config_path):
        """Checks to see if a class can be recovered"""
        value = self.config_value(context, config_path, None)
        self._cls = None
        if value is not None:
            if "." in value:
                # TODO: consider importing the prefix
                module = sys.modules.get(value[:value.rindex(".")], None)
                class_name = value[value.rindex(".") + 1:]
                if hasattr(module, class_name):
                    self._cls = getattr(module, class_name)
            else:
                if value in globals():
                    self._cls = globals()[value]
        if self._cls is None:
            return [path_join(config_path, self.name)]
        return []


class ConstructableRequirementInterface(RequirementInterface):
    """Defines a Requirement that can be constructed based on their own requirements.

    This effectively offers a means for serializing specific python types, to be reconstructed based on simple
    configuration data.  Each constructable records a `class` requirement, which indicates the object that will be
    constructed.  That class may have its own requirements (which is why validation of a ConstructableRequirement
    must happen after the class configuration value has been provided).  These values are then provided to the object's
    constructor by name as arguments (as well as the standard `context` and `config_path` arguments.
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.add_requirement(ClassRequirement("class", "Class of the constructable requirement"))
        self._current_class_requirements = set()

    @abstractmethod
    def construct(self, context, config_path):
        """Method for constructing within the context any required elements from subrequirements"""

    def _validate_class(self, context, config_path):
        """Method to check if the class Requirement is valid and if so populate the other requirements
           (but no need to validate, since we're invalid already)
        """
        class_req = self.requirements['class']
        subreq_config_path = path_join(config_path, self.name)
        if not class_req.unsatisfied(context, subreq_config_path):
            # We have a class, and since it's validated we can construct our requirements from it
            if issubclass(class_req.cls, ConfigurableInterface):
                # In case the class has changed, clear out the old requirements
                for old_req in self._current_class_requirements.copy():
                    del self._requirements[old_req]
                    self._current_class_requirements.remove(old_req)
                # And add the new ones
                for requirement in class_req.cls.get_requirements():
                    self._current_class_requirements.add(requirement.name)
                    self.add_requirement(requirement)

    def _construct_class(self, context, config_path, requirement_dict = None):
        """Constructs the class, handing args and the subrequirements as parameters to __init__"""
        cls = self.requirements["class"].cls

        # These classes all have a name property
        # We could subclass this out as a NameableInterface, but it seems a little excessive
        # FIXME: We can't test this, because importing the other interfaces causes all kinds of import loops
        # if not issubclass(cls, [interfaces.layers.TranslationLayerInterface,
        #                         interfaces.symbols.SymbolTableInterface]):
        #     return None

        if requirement_dict is None:
            requirement_dict = {}

        # Fulfillment must happen, exceptions happening here mean the requirements aren't correct
        # and these need to be raised and fixed, rather than caught and ignored
        obj = cls(**requirement_dict)
        context.config[config_path] = obj.name
        return obj


class ConfigurableInterface(validity.ValidityRoutines, metaclass = ABCMeta):
    """Class to allow objects to have requirements and read configuration data from the context config tree"""

    def __init__(self, context, config_path):
        """Basic initializer that allows configurables to access their own config settings"""
        super().__init__()
        self._context = self._check_type(context, ContextInterface)
        self._config_path = self._check_type(config_path, str)

        # Store these programmatically, so we don't keep repreating the requirements
        # This also allows constructed objects to populate a configuration without too much trouble
        for requirement in self.get_requirements():
            # Create the (private) properties using the config as backend storage
            # TODO: Based on the requirement, do proper type checking
            setattr(self, "_" + requirement.name, self._context._config.get(requirement.name, requirement.default))

    @property
    def context(self):
        return self._context

    @property
    def config_path(self):
        return self._config_path

    @config_path.setter
    def config_path(self, value):
        self._config_path = self._check_type(value, str)

    @property
    def config(self):
        return self._context.config.branch(self._config_path)

    def build_configuration(self):
        """Constructs a HierarchicalDictionary of all the options required to build this component in the current context.

           Ensures that if the class has been created, it can be recreated using the configuration built
           Inheriting classes must override this to ensure any dependent classes update their configurations too
        """
        result = HierarchicalDict()
        for req in self.get_requirements():
            value = self.config.get(req.name, None)
            # Do not include the name of constructed classes
            if value is not None and not isinstance(req, ConstructableRequirementInterface):
                result[req.name] = value
            if isinstance(req, TranslationLayerRequirement):
                if value is not None:
                    result.splice(req.name, self.context.memory[value].build_configuration())
            elif isinstance(req, SymbolRequirement):
                if value is not None:
                    result.splice(req.name, self.context.symbol_space[value].build_configuration())
        return result

    @classmethod
    def get_requirements(cls):
        """Returns a list of RequirementInterface objects required by this object"""
        return []

    @classmethod
    def unsatisfied(cls, context, config_path):
        """Returns a list of the names of all unsatisfied requirements

        Since a satisfied set of requirements will return [], it can be used in tests as follows:

        .. code-block:: python

            unmet = configurable.unsatisfied(context, config_path)
            if unmet:
                raise RuntimeError("Unsatisfied requirements: {}".format(unmet)
        """
        result = []
        for requirement in cls.get_requirements():
            if not requirement.optional:
                subresult = requirement.unsatisfied(context, config_path)
                for value in subresult:
                    result.append(value)
        return result


class TranslationLayerRequirement(ConstructableRequirementInterface):
    """Class maintaining the limitations on what sort of translation layers are acceptable"""

    def __init__(self, name, description = None, default = None, optional = False, oses = None, architectures = None):
        """Constructs a Translation Layer Requirement

        The configuration option's value will be the name of the layer once it exists in the store

        :param name: Name of the configuration requirement
        :param layer_name: String detailing the expected name of the required layer, this can be None if it is to be randomly generated
        :return:
        """
        if oses is None:
            oses = []
        if architectures is None:
            self.architectures = []
        self.oses = oses
        self.architectures = architectures
        super().__init__(name, description, default, optional)

    def unsatisfied(self, context, config_path):
        """Validate that the value is a valid layer name and that the layer adheres to the requirements"""
        value = self.config_value(context, config_path, None)
        if isinstance(value, str):
            if value not in context.memory:
                vollog.log(9, "IndexError - Layer not found in memory space: {}".format(value))
                return [path_join(config_path, self.name)]
            if self.oses and context.memory[value].os not in self.oses:
                vollog.log(9, "TypeError - Layer is not the required OS: {}".format(value))
                return [path_join(config_path, self.name)]
            if self.architectures and context.memory[value].architecture not in self.architectures:
                vollog.log(9, "TypeError - Layer is not the required Architecture: {}".format(value))
                return [path_join(config_path, self.name)]
            return []

        if value is not None:
            vollog.log(constants.LOGLEVEL_V,
                       "TypeError - Translation Layer Requirement only accepts string labels: {}".format(value))
            return [path_join(config_path, self.name)]

        # TODO: check that the space in the context lives up to the requirements for arch/os etc

        ### NOTE: This validate method has side effects (the dependencies can change)!!!

        self._validate_class(context, config_path)
        vollog.log(constants.LOGLEVEL_V,
                   "IndexError - No configuration provided: {}".format(config_path + CONFIG_SEPARATOR + self.name))
        return [path_join(config_path, self.name)]

    def construct(self, context, config_path):
        """Constructs the appropriate layer and adds it based on the class parameter"""
        # Determine the layer name
        name = self.name
        counter = 2
        while name in context.memory:
            name = self.name + str(counter)
            counter += 1

        config_path = path_join(config_path, self.name)

        args = {"context": context,
                "config_path": config_path,
                "name": name}

        if any([subreq.unsatisfied(context, config_path) for subreq in self.requirements.values() if
                not subreq.optional]):
            return False

        obj = self._construct_class(context, config_path, args)
        if obj is None:
            return False
        context.add_layer(obj)
        return True


class SymbolRequirement(ConstructableRequirementInterface):
    """Class maintaining the limitations on what sort of symbol spaces are acceptable"""

    def unsatisfied(self, context, config_path):
        """Validate that the value is a valid within the symbol space of the provided context"""
        value = self.config_value(context, config_path, None)
        if not isinstance(value, str):
            vollog.log(constants.LOGLEVEL_V,
                       "TypeError - SymbolRequirement only accepts string labels: {}".format(value))
            return [path_join(config_path, self.name)]
        if value not in context.symbol_space:
            # This is an expected situation, so return False rather than raise
            vollog.log(constants.LOGLEVEL_V,
                       "IndexError - Value not present in the symbol space: {}".format(value or ""))
            return [path_join(config_path, self.name)]
        return []

    def construct(self, context, config_path):
        """Constructs the symbol space within the context based on the subrequirements"""
        # Determine the space name
        name = self.name
        if name in context.symbol_space:
            raise ValueError("Symbol space already contains a SymbolTable by the same name")

        config_path = path_join(config_path, self.name)
        args = {"context": context,
                "config_path": config_path,
                "name": name}

        if any([subreq.unsatisfied(context, config_path) for subreq in self.requirements.values() if
                not subreq.optional]):
            return False

        # Fill out the parameter for class creation
        cls = self.requirements["class"].cls
        node_config = context.config.branch(config_path)
        for req in cls.get_requirements():
            if req.name in node_config.data and req.name != "class":
                args[req.name] = node_config.data[req.name]

        obj = self._construct_class(context, config_path, args)
        if obj is None:
            return False
        context.symbol_space.append(obj)
        return True