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volatility3/volatility/framework/symbols/windows/extensions/__init__.py
T

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Python

# This file was contributed to the Volatility Framework Version 3.
# Copyright (C) 2018 Volatility Foundation.
#
# THE LICENSED WORK IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THE Volatility Contributors
# Public License V1.0("LICENSE") AS FIRST COMPLETED BY: Volatility Foundation,
# Inc. ANY USE, PUBLIC DISPLAY, PUBLIC PERFORMANCE, REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION
# OF, OR PREPARATION OF SUBSEQUENT WORKS, DERIVATIVE WORKS OR DERIVED WORKS BASED
# ON, THE LICENSED WORK CONSTITUTES RECIPIENT'S ACCEPTANCE OF THIS LICENSE AND ITS
# TERMS, WHETHER OR NOT SUCH RECIPIENT READS THE TERMS OF THE LICENSE. "LICENSED
# WORK,” “RECIPIENT" AND “DISTRIBUTOR" ARE DEFINED IN THE LICENSE. A COPY OF THE
# LICENSE IS LOCATED IN THE TEXT FILE ENTITLED "LICENSE.txt" ACCOMPANYING THE
# CONTENTS OF THIS FILE. IF A COPY OF THE LICENSE DOES NOT ACCOMPANY THIS FILE, A
# COPY OF THE LICENSE MAY ALSO BE OBTAINED AT THE FOLLOWING WEB SITE:
# https://www.volatilityfoundation.org/license/vcpl_v1.0
#
# Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
# WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
# specific language governing rights and limitations under the License.
#
import collections.abc
import datetime
import functools
import logging
from typing import Iterable, Iterator, Optional, Union, Dict
from volatility.framework import constants, exceptions, interfaces, objects, renderers, symbols
from volatility.framework.layers import intel
from volatility.framework.renderers import conversion
from volatility.framework.symbols import generic
vollog = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# Keep these in a basic module, to prevent import cycles when symbol providers require them
class _POOL_HEADER(objects.Struct):
"""A kernel pool allocation header. Exists at the base of the
allocation and provides a tag that we can scan for."""
def get_object(self,
type_name: str,
type_map: dict,
use_top_down: bool,
native_layer_name: Optional[str] = None,
object_type: Optional[str] = None,
cookie: Optional[int] = None) -> Optional[interfaces.objects.ObjectInterface]:
"""Carve an object or data structure from a kernel pool allocation.
:param type_name: the data structure type name
:param native_layer_name: the name of the layer where the data originally lived
:param object_type: the object type (executive kernel objects only)
:return:
"""
symbol_table_name = self.vol.type_name.split(constants.BANG)[0]
if constants.BANG in type_name:
symbol_table_name, type_name = type_name.split(constants.BANG)[0:2]
pool_header_size = self.vol.size
# if there is no object type, then just instantiate a structure
if object_type is None:
mem_object = self._context.object(
symbol_table_name + constants.BANG + type_name,
layer_name = self.vol.layer_name,
offset = self.vol.offset + pool_header_size,
native_layer_name = native_layer_name)
return mem_object
# otherwise we have an executive object in the pool
else:
if symbols.symbol_table_is_64bit(self._context, symbol_table_name):
alignment = 16
else:
alignment = 8
# FIXME: calculate and cache this
max_optional_headers_length = 0x60
# use the top down approach for windows 8 and later
if use_top_down:
# define the starting and ending bounds for the scan
start_offset = self.vol.offset + pool_header_size
end_offset = start_offset + min(max_optional_headers_length, self.BlockSize * alignment)
for addr in range(start_offset, end_offset, alignment):
object_header = self._context.object(
symbol_table_name + constants.BANG + "_OBJECT_HEADER",
layer_name = self.vol.layer_name,
offset = addr,
native_layer_name = native_layer_name)
if not object_header.is_valid():
continue
try:
object_type_string = object_header.get_object_type(type_map, cookie)
if object_type_string == object_type:
mem_object = object_header.Body.cast(symbol_table_name + constants.BANG + type_name)
if mem_object.is_valid():
return mem_object
except (TypeError, exceptions.InvalidAddressException):
pass
# use the bottom up approach for windows 7 and earlier
else:
type_size = self._context.symbol_space.get_type(symbol_table_name + constants.BANG + type_name).size
rounded_size = conversion.round(type_size, alignment, up = True)
mem_object = self._context.object(
symbol_table_name + constants.BANG + type_name,
layer_name = self.vol.layer_name,
offset = self.vol.offset + self.BlockSize * alignment - rounded_size,
native_layer_name = native_layer_name)
object_header = mem_object.object_header()
try:
object_type_string = object_header.get_object_type(type_map, cookie)
if object_type_string == object_type:
return mem_object
else:
return None
except (TypeError, exceptions.InvalidAddressException):
return None
return None
class _KSYSTEM_TIME(objects.Struct):
"""A system time structure that stores a high and low part."""
def get_time(self):
wintime = (self.High1Time << 32) | self.LowPart
return conversion.wintime_to_datetime(wintime)
class _MMVAD_SHORT(objects.Struct):
"""A class that represents process virtual memory ranges. Each instance
is a node in a binary tree structure and is pointed to by VadRoot."""
@functools.lru_cache(maxsize = None)
def get_tag(self):
vad_address = self.vol.offset
# the offset is different on 32 and 64 bits
symbol_table_name = self.vol.type_name.split(constants.BANG)[0]
if not symbols.symbol_table_is_64bit(self._context, symbol_table_name):
vad_address -= 4
else:
vad_address -= 12
try:
# TODO: instantiate a _POOL_HEADER and return PoolTag
bytesobj = self._context.object(
symbol_table_name + constants.BANG + "bytes",
layer_name = self.vol.layer_name,
offset = vad_address,
native_layer_name = self.vol.native_layer_name,
length = 4)
return bytesobj.decode()
except exceptions.InvalidAddressException:
return None
except UnicodeDecodeError:
return None
def traverse(self, visited = None, depth = 0):
"""Traverse the VAD tree, determining each underlying VAD node type by looking
up the pool tag for the structure and then casting into a new object."""
# TODO: this is an arbitrary limit chosen based on past observations
if depth > 100:
vollog.log(constants.LOGLEVEL_VVV, "Vad tree is too deep, something went wrong!")
raise RuntimeError("Vad tree is too deep")
if visited == None:
visited = set()
vad_address = self.vol.offset
if vad_address in visited:
vollog.log(constants.LOGLEVEL_VVV, "VAD node already seen!")
return
visited.add(vad_address)
tag = self.get_tag()
if tag in ["VadS", "VadF"]:
target = "_MMVAD_SHORT"
elif tag != None and tag.startswith("Vad"):
target = "_MMVAD"
elif depth == 0:
# the root node at depth 0 is allowed to not have a tag
# but we still want to continue and access its right & left child
target = None
else:
# any node other than the root that doesn't have a recognized tag
# is just garbage and we skip the node entirely
vollog.log(constants.LOGLEVEL_VVV,
"Skipping VAD at {} depth {} with tag {}".format(self.vol.offset, depth, tag))
return
if target:
vad_object = self.cast(target)
yield vad_object
for vad_node in self.get_left_child().dereference().traverse(visited, depth + 1):
yield vad_node
for vad_node in self.get_right_child().dereference().traverse(visited, depth + 1):
yield vad_node
def get_right_child(self):
"""Get the right child member"""
if self.has_member("RightChild"):
return self.RightChild
elif self.has_member("Right"):
return self.Right
raise AttributeError("Unable to find the right child member")
def get_left_child(self):
"""Get the left child member"""
if self.has_member("LeftChild"):
return self.LeftChild
elif self.has_member("Left"):
return self.Left
raise AttributeError("Unable to find the left child member")
def get_parent(self):
"""Get the VAD's parent member"""
# this is for xp and 2003
if self.has_member("Parent"):
return self.Parent
# this is for vista through windows 7
elif self.has_member("u1") and self.u1.has_member("Parent"):
return self.u1.Parent & ~0x3
# this is for windows 8 and 10
elif self.has_member("VadNode"):
if self.VadNode.has_member("u1"):
return self.VadNode.u1.Parent & ~0x3
elif self.VadNode.has_member("ParentValue"):
return self.VadNode.ParentValue & ~0x3
# also for windows 8 and 10
elif self.has_member("Core"):
if self.Core.VadNode.has_member("u1"):
return self.Core.VadNode.u1.Parent & ~0x3
elif self.Core.VadNode.has_member("ParentValue"):
return self.Core.VadNode.ParentValue & ~0x3
raise AttributeError("Unable to find the parent member")
def get_start(self):
"""Get the VAD's starting virtual address"""
if self.has_member("StartingVpn"):
if self.has_member("StartingVpnHigh"):
return (self.StartingVpn << 12) | (self.StartingVpnHigh << 44)
else:
return self.StartingVpn << 12
elif self.has_member("Core"):
if self.Core.has_member("StartingVpnHigh"):
return (self.Core.StartingVpn << 12) | (self.Core.StartingVpnHigh << 44)
else:
return self.Core.StartingVpn << 12
raise AttributeError("Unable to find the starting VPN member")
def get_end(self):
"""Get the VAD's ending virtual address"""
if self.has_member("EndingVpn"):
if self.has_member("EndingVpnHigh"):
return (((self.EndingVpn + 1) << 12) | (self.EndingVpnHigh << 44)) - 1
else:
return ((self.EndingVpn + 1) << 12) - 1
elif self.has_member("Core"):
if self.Core.has_member("EndingVpnHigh"):
return (((self.Core.EndingVpn + 1) << 12) | (self.Core.EndingVpnHigh << 44)) - 1
else:
return ((self.Core.EndingVpn + 1) << 12) - 1
raise AttributeError("Unable to find the ending VPN member")
def get_commit_charge(self):
"""Get the VAD's commit charge (number of committed pages)"""
if self.has_member("u1") and self.u1.has_member("VadFlags1"):
return self.u1.VadFlags1.CommitCharge
elif self.has_member("u") and self.u.has_member("VadFlags"):
return self.u.VadFlags.CommitCharge
elif self.has_member("Core"):
return self.Core.u1.VadFlags1.CommitCharge
raise AttributeError("Unable to find the commit charge member")
def get_private_memory(self):
"""Get the VAD's private memory setting"""
if self.has_member("u1") and self.u1.has_member("VadFlags1") and self.u1.VadFlags1.has_member("PrivateMemory"):
return self.u1.VadFlags1.PrivateMemory
elif self.has_member("u") and self.u.has_member("VadFlags") and self.u.VadFlags.has_member("PrivateMemory"):
return self.u.VadFlags.PrivateMemory
elif self.has_member("Core"):
if (self.Core.has_member("u1") and self.Core.u1.has_member("VadFlags1")
and self.Core.u1.VadFlags1.has_member("PrivateMemory")):
return self.Core.u1.VadFlags1.PrivateMemory
elif (self.Core.has_member("u") and self.Core.u.has_member("VadFlags")
and self.Core.u.VadFlags.has_member("PrivateMemory")):
return self.Core.u.VadFlags.PrivateMemory
raise AttributeError("Unable to find the private memory member")
def get_protection(self, protect_values, winnt_protections):
"""Get the VAD's protection constants as a string"""
protect = None
if self.has_member("u"):
protect = self.u.VadFlags.Protection
elif self.has_member("Core"):
protect = self.Core.u.VadFlags.Protection
try:
value = protect_values[protect]
except IndexError:
value = 0
names = []
for name, mask in winnt_protections.items():
if value & mask != 0:
names.append(name)
return "|".join(names)
def get_file_name(self):
"""Only long(er) vads have mapped files"""
return renderers.NotApplicableValue()
class _MMVAD(_MMVAD_SHORT):
"""A version of the process virtual memory range structure that contains
additional fields necessary to map files from disk."""
def get_file_name(self):
"""Get the name of the file mapped into the memory range (if any)"""
file_name = renderers.NotApplicableValue()
try:
# this is for xp and 2003
if self.has_member("ControlArea"):
file_name = self.ControlArea.FilePointer.FileName.get_string()
# this is for vista through windows 7
else:
file_name = self.Subsection.ControlArea.FilePointer.dereference().cast(
"_FILE_OBJECT").FileName.get_string()
except exceptions.PagedInvalidAddressException:
pass
return file_name
class _EX_FAST_REF(objects.Struct):
"""This is a standard Windows structure that stores a pointer to an
object but also leverages the least significant bits to encode additional
details. When dereferencing the pointer, we need to strip off the extra bits."""
def dereference(self) -> interfaces.objects.ObjectInterface:
if constants.BANG not in self.vol.type_name:
raise ValueError("Invalid symbol table name syntax (no {} found)".format(constants.BANG))
# the mask value is different on 32 and 64 bits
symbol_table_name = self.vol.type_name.split(constants.BANG)[0]
if not symbols.symbol_table_is_64bit(self._context, symbol_table_name):
max_fast_ref = 7
else:
max_fast_ref = 15
return self._context.object(
symbol_table_name + constants.BANG + "pointer",
layer_name = self.vol.layer_name,
offset = self.Object & ~max_fast_ref,
native_layer_name = self.vol.native_layer_name)
class ExecutiveObject(interfaces.objects.ObjectInterface):
"""This is used as a "mixin" that provides all kernel executive
objects with a means of finding their own object header."""
def object_header(self) -> '_OBJECT_HEADER':
if constants.BANG not in self.vol.type_name:
raise ValueError("Invalid symbol table name syntax (no {} found)".format(constants.BANG))
symbol_table_name = self.vol.type_name.split(constants.BANG)[0]
body_offset = self._context.symbol_space.get_type(symbol_table_name + constants.BANG +
"_OBJECT_HEADER").relative_child_offset("Body")
return self._context.object(
symbol_table_name + constants.BANG + "_OBJECT_HEADER",
layer_name = self.vol.layer_name,
offset = self.vol.offset - body_offset,
native_layer_name = self.vol.native_layer_name)
class _DEVICE_OBJECT(objects.Struct, ExecutiveObject):
"""A class for kernel device objects."""
def get_device_name(self) -> str:
header = self.object_header()
return header.NameInfo.Name.String # type: ignore
class _DRIVER_OBJECT(objects.Struct, ExecutiveObject):
"""A class for kernel driver objects."""
def get_driver_name(self) -> str:
header = self.object_header()
return header.NameInfo.Name.String # type: ignore
def is_valid(self) -> bool:
"""Determine if the object is valid"""
return True
class _OBJECT_SYMBOLIC_LINK(objects.Struct, ExecutiveObject):
"""A class for kernel link objects."""
def get_link_name(self) -> str:
header = self.object_header()
return header.NameInfo.Name.String # type: ignore
def is_valid(self) -> bool:
"""Determine if the object is valid"""
return True
def get_create_time(self):
return conversion.wintime_to_datetime(self.CreationTime.QuadPart)
class _FILE_OBJECT(objects.Struct, ExecutiveObject):
"""A class for windows file objects"""
def is_valid(self) -> bool:
"""Determine if the object is valid"""
return self.FileName.Length > 0 and self._context.layers[self.vol.layer_name].is_valid(self.FileName.Buffer)
def file_name_with_device(self) -> Union[str, interfaces.renderers.BaseAbsentValue]:
name = renderers.UnreadableValue() # type: Union[str, interfaces.renderers.BaseAbsentValue]
if self._context.layers[self.vol.layer_name].is_valid(self.DeviceObject):
name = "\\Device\\{}".format(self.DeviceObject.get_device_name())
try:
name += self.FileName.String
except (TypeError, exceptions.PagedInvalidAddressException):
pass
return name
class _KMUTANT(objects.Struct, ExecutiveObject):
"""A class for windows mutant objects"""
def is_valid(self) -> bool:
"""Determine if the object is valid"""
return True
def get_name(self) -> str:
"""Get the object's name from the object header"""
header = self.object_header()
return header.NameInfo.Name.String # type: ignore
class _OBJECT_HEADER(objects.Struct):
"""A class for the headers for executive kernel objects, which contains
quota information, ownership details, naming data, and ACLs."""
def is_valid(self) -> bool:
"""Determine if the object is valid"""
# if self.InfoMask > 0x48:
# return False
try:
if self.PointerCount > 0x1000000 or self.PointerCount < 0:
return False
except exceptions.InvalidAddressException:
return False
return True
def get_object_type(self, type_map: Dict[int, str], cookie: int = None) -> Optional[str]:
"""Across all Windows versions, the _OBJECT_HEADER embeds details on the type of
object (i.e. process, file) but the way its embedded differs between versions.
This API abstracts away those details."""
try:
# vista and earlier have a Type member
return self.Type.Name.String
except AttributeError:
# windows 7 and later have a TypeIndex, but windows 10
# further encodes the index value with nt1!ObHeaderCookie
try:
type_index = ((self.vol.offset >> 8) ^ cookie ^ self.TypeIndex) & 0xFF
except (AttributeError, TypeError):
type_index = self.TypeIndex
return type_map.get(type_index)
@property
def NameInfo(self) -> interfaces.objects.ObjectInterface:
if constants.BANG not in self.vol.type_name:
raise ValueError("Invalid symbol table name syntax (no {} found)".format(constants.BANG))
symbol_table_name = self.vol.type_name.split(constants.BANG)[0]
try:
header_offset = self.NameInfoOffset
except AttributeError:
# http://codemachine.com/article_objectheader.html (Windows 7 and later)
name_info_bit = 0x2
layer = self._context.layers[self.vol.native_layer_name]
kvo = layer.config.get("kernel_virtual_offset", None)
if kvo == None:
raise AttributeError("Could not find kernel_virtual_offset for layer: {}".format(self.vol.layer_name))
ntkrnlmp = self._context.module(symbol_table_name, layer_name = self.vol.layer_name, offset = kvo)
address = ntkrnlmp.get_symbol("ObpInfoMaskToOffset").address
calculated_index = self.InfoMask & (name_info_bit | (name_info_bit - 1))
header_offset = self._context.object(
symbol_table_name + constants.BANG + "unsigned char",
layer_name = self.vol.native_layer_name,
offset = kvo + address + calculated_index)
header = self._context.object(
symbol_table_name + constants.BANG + "_OBJECT_HEADER_NAME_INFO",
layer_name = self.vol.layer_name,
offset = self.vol.offset - header_offset,
native_layer_name = self.vol.native_layer_name)
return header
class _ETHREAD(objects.Struct):
"""A class for executive thread objects."""
def owning_process(self, kernel_layer: str = None) -> interfaces.objects.ObjectInterface:
"""Return the EPROCESS that owns this thread"""
return self.ThreadsProcess.dereference(kernel_layer)
class _UNICODE_STRING(objects.Struct):
"""A class for Windows unicode string structures."""
def get_string(self) -> interfaces.objects.ObjectInterface:
# We explicitly do *not* catch errors here, we allow an exception to be thrown
# (otherwise there's no way to determine anything went wrong)
# It's up to the user of this method to catch exceptions
return self.Buffer.dereference().cast(
"string", max_length = self.Length, errors = "replace", encoding = "utf16")
String = property(get_string)
class _EPROCESS(generic.GenericIntelProcess, ExecutiveObject):
"""A class for executive kernel processes objects."""
def is_valid(self) -> bool:
"""Determine if the object is valid"""
try:
name = objects.utility.array_to_string(self.ImageFileName)
if not name or len(name) == 0 or name[0] == "\x00":
return False
# The System/PID 4 process has no create time
if not (str(name) == "System" and self.UniqueProcessId == 4):
if self.CreateTime.QuadPart == 0:
return False
ctime = self.get_create_time()
if not isinstance(ctime, datetime.datetime):
return False
if not (1998 < ctime.year < 2030):
return False
# NT pids are divisible by 4
if self.UniqueProcessId % 4 != 0:
return False
if self.Pcb.DirectoryTableBase == 0:
return False
# check for all 0s besides the PCID entries
if self.Pcb.DirectoryTableBase & ~0xfff == 0:
return False
## TODO: we can also add the thread Flink and Blink tests if necessary
except exceptions.InvalidAddressException:
return False
return True
def add_process_layer(self, config_prefix: str = None, preferred_name: str = None):
"""Constructs a new layer based on the process's DirectoryTableBase"""
parent_layer = self._context.layers[self.vol.layer_name]
if not isinstance(parent_layer, intel.Intel):
# We can't get bits_per_register unless we're an intel space (since that's not defined at the higher layer)
raise TypeError("Parent layer is not a translation layer, unable to construct process layer")
# Presumably for 64-bit systems, the DTB is defined as an array, rather than an unsigned long long
dtb = 0 # type: int
if isinstance(self.Pcb.DirectoryTableBase, objects.Array):
dtb = self.Pcb.DirectoryTableBase.cast("unsigned long long")
else:
dtb = self.Pcb.DirectoryTableBase
dtb = dtb & ((1 << parent_layer.bits_per_register) - 1)
# Add the constructed layer and return the name
return self._add_process_layer(self._context, dtb, config_prefix, preferred_name)
def load_order_modules(self) -> Iterable[int]:
"""Generator for DLLs in the order that they were loaded"""
if constants.BANG not in self.vol.type_name:
raise ValueError("Invalid symbol table name syntax (no {} found)".format(constants.BANG))
proc_layer_name = self.add_process_layer()
proc_layer = self._context.layers[proc_layer_name]
if not proc_layer.is_valid(self.Peb):
return
sym_table = self.vol.type_name.split(constants.BANG)[0]
peb = self._context.object(
"{}{}_PEB".format(sym_table, constants.BANG), layer_name = proc_layer_name, offset = self.Peb)
for entry in peb.Ldr.InLoadOrderModuleList.to_list(
"{}{}_LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY".format(sym_table, constants.BANG), "InLoadOrderLinks"):
yield entry
def get_handle_count(self):
try:
if self.has_member("ObjectTable"):
if self.ObjectTable.has_member("HandleCount"):
return self.ObjectTable.HandleCount
except exceptions.PagedInvalidAddressException:
vollog.log(constants.LOGLEVEL_VVV,
"Cannot access _EPROCESS.ObjectTable.HandleCount at {0:#x}".format(self.vol.offset))
return renderers.UnreadableValue()
def get_session_id(self):
try:
if self.has_member("Session"):
if self.Session == 0:
return renderers.NotApplicableValue()
symbol_table_name = self.get_symbol_table().name
kvo = self._context.layers[self.vol.native_layer_name].config['kernel_virtual_offset']
ntkrnlmp = self._context.module(
symbol_table_name,
layer_name = self.vol.native_layer_name,
offset = kvo,
native_layer_name = self.vol.native_layer_name)
session = ntkrnlmp.object(type_name = "_MM_SESSION_SPACE", offset = self.Session)
if session.has_member("SessionId"):
return session.SessionId
except exceptions.PagedInvalidAddressException:
vollog.log(constants.LOGLEVEL_VVV,
"Cannot access _EPROCESS.Session.SessionId at {0:#x}".format(self.vol.offset))
return renderers.UnreadableValue()
def get_create_time(self):
return conversion.wintime_to_datetime(self.CreateTime.QuadPart)
def get_exit_time(self):
return conversion.wintime_to_datetime(self.ExitTime.QuadPart)
def get_wow_64_process(self):
if self.has_member("Wow64Process"):
return self.Wow64Process
elif self.has_member("WoW64Process"):
return self.WoW64Process
raise AttributeError("Unable to find Wow64Process")
def get_is_wow64(self):
try:
value = self.get_wow_64_process()
except AttributeError:
return False
return value != 0 and value != None
def get_vad_root(self):
# windows 8 and 2012 (_MM_AVL_TABLE)
if self.VadRoot.has_member("BalancedRoot"):
return self.VadRoot.BalancedRoot
# windows 8.1 and windows 10 (_RTL_AVL_TREE)
elif self.VadRoot.has_member("Root"):
return self.VadRoot.Root.dereference() # .cast("_MMVAD")
else:
# windows xp and 2003
return self.VadRoot.dereference().cast("_MMVAD")
class _LIST_ENTRY(objects.Struct, collections.abc.Iterable):
"""A class for double-linked lists on Windows."""
def to_list(self,
symbol_type: str,
member: str,
forward: bool = True,
sentinel: bool = True,
layer: Optional[str] = None) -> Iterator[interfaces.objects.ObjectInterface]:
"""Returns an iterator of the entries in the list"""
layer = layer or self.vol.layer_name
relative_offset = self._context.symbol_space.get_type(symbol_type).relative_child_offset(member)
direction = 'Blink'
if forward:
direction = 'Flink'
link = getattr(self, direction).dereference()
if not sentinel:
yield self._context.object(
symbol_type,
layer,
offset = self.vol.offset - relative_offset,
native_layer_name = layer or self.vol.native_layer_name)
seen = {self.vol.offset}
while link.vol.offset not in seen:
obj = self._context.object(
symbol_type,
layer,
offset = link.vol.offset - relative_offset,
native_layer_name = layer or self.vol.native_layer_name)
yield obj
seen.add(link.vol.offset)
link = getattr(link, direction).dereference()
def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[interfaces.objects.ObjectInterface]:
return self.to_list(self.vol.parent.vol.type_name, self.vol.member_name)