checkpoint-postgres: pin psycopg >= 3.2.0 (#2580 )

[CLI] Nonblocking debugpy mode (#2573 )
[CLI] Add Store config to CLI (#2548 )
2026-08-18 05:35:43 +02:00 · 2024-11-29 11:30:19 -05:00 · 2024-11-28 12:24:00 -08:00 · 2024-11-28 01:58:18 -08:00 · 2024-11-27 22:50:52 -08:00 · 2024-11-27 22:31:16 -08:00
60 changed files with 5665 additions and 4123 deletions
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <title>Open Assistants API Specification</title>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta
-      name="viewport"
-      content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <script id="api-reference" data-url="./open_agent_api.json"></script>
-    <script>
-      var configuration = {}
-      document.getElementById('api-reference').dataset.configuration =
-        JSON.stringify(configuration)
-    </script>
-    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@scalar/api-reference"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
@@ -1557,8 +1557,11 @@
          "200": {
            "description": "Success",
            "content": {
-              "application/json": {
-                "schema": {}
+              "text/event-stream": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "The server will send a stream of events in SSE format.\n\n**Example event**:\n\nid: 1\n\nevent: message\n\ndata: {}"
+                }
              }
            }
          },
@@ -1905,8 +1908,11 @@
          "200": {
            "description": "Success",
            "content": {
-              "application/json": {
-                "schema": {}
+              "text/event-stream": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "The server will send a stream of events in SSE format.\n\n**Example event**:\n\nid: 1\n\nevent: message\n\ndata: {}"
+                }
              }
            }
          },
@@ -2143,8 +2149,11 @@
          "200": {
            "description": "Success",
            "content": {
-              "application/json": {
-                "schema": {}
+              "text/event-stream": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "description": "The server will send a stream of events in SSE format.\n\n**Example event**:\n\nid: 1\n\nevent: message\n\ndata: {}"
+                }
              }
            }
          },
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
    "\n",
    "## Setup\n",
    "\n",
-    "First, install the required packages:"
+    "First, install the required packages and configure your environment:"
   ]
  },
  {
@@ -33,14 +33,6 @@
    "%pip install -U langgraph langsmith langchain_anthropic"
   ]
  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "id": "a6d1e870-1bc0-4d44-86c0-96681ccf6113",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "In this tutorial, we'll be "
-   ]
-  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ from langgraph.store.base import (
    Op,
    PutOp,
    Result,
+    SearchItem,
    SearchOp,
 )

@@ -283,7 +284,7 @@ class DuckDBStore(BaseStore, BaseDuckDBStore[duckdb.DuckDBPyConnection]):

        for cur, idx in cursors:
            rows = cur.fetchall()
-            items = [_row_to_item(_convert_ns(row[0]), row) for row in rows]
+            items = [_row_to_search_item(_convert_ns(row[0]), row) for row in rows]
            results[idx] = items

    def _batch_list_namespaces_ops(
@@ -376,6 +377,22 @@ def _row_to_item(
    )


+def _row_to_search_item(
+    namespace: tuple[str, ...],
+    row: tuple,
+) -> SearchItem:
+    """Convert a row from the database into an SearchItem."""
+    # TODO: Add support for search
+    _, key, val, created_at, updated_at = row
+    return SearchItem(
+        value=val if isinstance(val, dict) else json.loads(val),
+        key=key,
+        namespace=namespace,
+        created_at=created_at,
+        updated_at=updated_at,
+    )
+
+
 def _group_ops(ops: Iterable[Op]) -> tuple[dict[type, list[tuple[int, Op]]], int]:
    grouped_ops: dict[type, list[tuple[int, Op]]] = defaultdict(list)
    tot = 0
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@
 ######################

 start-postgres:
-	POSTGRES_VERSION=${POSTGRES_VERSION:-16} docker compose -f tests/compose-postgres.yml up -V --force-recreate --wait
+	POSTGRES_VERSION=${POSTGRES_VERSION:-16} docker compose -f tests/compose-postgres.yml up -V --force-recreate --wait || ( \
+		echo "Failed to start PostgreSQL, printing logs..."; \
+		docker compose -f tests/compose-postgres.yml logs; \
+		exit 1 \
+	)

 stop-postgres:
 	docker compose -f tests/compose-postgres.yml down
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import threading
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Sequence
 from contextlib import contextmanager
-from typing import Any, Iterator, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Any, Optional

 from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
 from psycopg import Capabilities, Connection, Cursor, Pipeline
@@ -17,21 +18,11 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
    CheckpointTuple,
    get_checkpoint_id,
 )
+from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import _internal
 from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.base import BasePostgresSaver
 from langgraph.checkpoint.serde.base import SerializerProtocol

-Conn = Union[Connection[DictRow], ConnectionPool[Connection[DictRow]]]
-
-
-@contextmanager
-def _get_connection(conn: Conn) -> Iterator[Connection[DictRow]]:
-    if isinstance(conn, Connection):
-        yield conn
-    elif isinstance(conn, ConnectionPool):
-        with conn.connection() as conn:
-            yield conn
-    else:
-        raise TypeError(f"Invalid connection type: {type(conn)}")
+Conn = _internal.Conn  # For backward compatibility


 class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
@@ -39,7 +30,7 @@ class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):

    def __init__(
        self,
-        conn: Conn,
+        conn: _internal.Conn,
        pipe: Optional[Pipeline] = None,
        serde: Optional[SerializerProtocol] = None,
    ) -> None:
@@ -73,9 +64,9 @@ class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
        ) as conn:
            if pipeline:
                with conn.pipeline() as pipe:
-                    yield PostgresSaver(conn, pipe)
+                    yield cls(conn, pipe)
            else:
-                yield PostgresSaver(conn)
+                yield cls(conn)

    def setup(self) -> None:
        """Set up the checkpoint database asynchronously.
@@ -373,7 +364,7 @@ class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                Will be applied regardless of whether the PostgresSaver instance was initialized with a pipeline.
                If pipeline mode is not supported, will fall back to using transaction context manager.
        """
-        with _get_connection(self.conn) as conn:
+        with _internal.get_connection(self.conn) as conn:
            if self.pipe:
                # a connection in pipeline mode can be used concurrently
                # in multiple threads/coroutines, but only one cursor can be
@@ -388,19 +379,23 @@ class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                # a connection not in pipeline mode can only be used by one
                # thread/coroutine at a time, so we acquire a lock
                if self.supports_pipeline:
-                    with self.lock, conn.pipeline(), conn.cursor(
-                        binary=True, row_factory=dict_row
-                    ) as cur:
+                    with (
+                        self.lock,
+                        conn.pipeline(),
+                        conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur,
+                    ):
                        yield cur
                else:
                    # Use connection's transaction context manager when pipeline mode not supported
-                    with self.lock, conn.transaction(), conn.cursor(
-                        binary=True, row_factory=dict_row
-                    ) as cur:
+                    with (
+                        self.lock,
+                        conn.transaction(),
+                        conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur,
+                    ):
                        yield cur
            else:
                with self.lock, conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur:
                    yield cur


-__all__ = ["PostgresSaver", "Conn"]
+__all__ = ["PostgresSaver", "BasePostgresSaver", "Conn"]
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+"""Shared async utility functions for the Postgres checkpoint & storage classes."""
+
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from typing import Union
+
+from psycopg import AsyncConnection
+from psycopg.rows import DictRow
+from psycopg_pool import AsyncConnectionPool
+
+Conn = Union[AsyncConnection[DictRow], AsyncConnectionPool[AsyncConnection[DictRow]]]
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def get_connection(
+    conn: Conn,
+) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncConnection[DictRow]]:
+    if isinstance(conn, AsyncConnection):
+        yield conn
+    elif isinstance(conn, AsyncConnectionPool):
+        async with conn.connection() as conn:
+            yield conn
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f"Invalid connection type: {type(conn)}")
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""Shared utility functions for the Postgres checkpoint & storage classes."""
+
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from typing import Union
+
+from psycopg import Connection
+from psycopg.rows import DictRow
+from psycopg_pool import ConnectionPool
+
+Conn = Union[Connection[DictRow], ConnectionPool[Connection[DictRow]]]
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def get_connection(conn: Conn) -> Iterator[Connection[DictRow]]:
+    if isinstance(conn, Connection):
+        yield conn
+    elif isinstance(conn, ConnectionPool):
+        with conn.connection() as conn:
+            yield conn
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f"Invalid connection type: {type(conn)}")
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import asyncio
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Sequence
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
-from typing import Any, AsyncIterator, Iterator, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Any, Optional

 from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
 from psycopg import AsyncConnection, AsyncCursor, AsyncPipeline, Capabilities
@@ -17,23 +18,11 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
    CheckpointTuple,
    get_checkpoint_id,
 )
+from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import _ainternal
 from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.base import BasePostgresSaver
 from langgraph.checkpoint.serde.base import SerializerProtocol

-Conn = Union[AsyncConnection[DictRow], AsyncConnectionPool[AsyncConnection[DictRow]]]
-
-
-@asynccontextmanager
-async def _get_connection(
-    conn: Conn,
-) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncConnection[DictRow]]:
-    if isinstance(conn, AsyncConnection):
-        yield conn
-    elif isinstance(conn, AsyncConnectionPool):
-        async with conn.connection() as conn:
-            yield conn
-    else:
-        raise TypeError(f"Invalid connection type: {type(conn)}")
+Conn = _ainternal.Conn  # For backward compatibility


 class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
@@ -41,7 +30,7 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):

    def __init__(
        self,
-        conn: Conn,
+        conn: _ainternal.Conn,
        pipe: Optional[AsyncPipeline] = None,
        serde: Optional[SerializerProtocol] = None,
    ) -> None:
@@ -80,9 +69,9 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
        ) as conn:
            if pipeline:
                async with conn.pipeline() as pipe:
-                    yield AsyncPostgresSaver(conn=conn, pipe=pipe, serde=serde)
+                    yield cls(conn=conn, pipe=pipe, serde=serde)
            else:
-                yield AsyncPostgresSaver(conn=conn, serde=serde)
+                yield cls(conn=conn, serde=serde)

    async def setup(self) -> None:
        """Set up the checkpoint database asynchronously.
@@ -157,15 +146,17 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                        value["pending_sends"],
                    ),
                    self._load_metadata(value["metadata"]),
-                    {
-                        "configurable": {
-                            "thread_id": value["thread_id"],
-                            "checkpoint_ns": value["checkpoint_ns"],
-                            "checkpoint_id": value["parent_checkpoint_id"],
+                    (
+                        {
+                            "configurable": {
+                                "thread_id": value["thread_id"],
+                                "checkpoint_ns": value["checkpoint_ns"],
+                                "checkpoint_id": value["parent_checkpoint_id"],
+                            }
                        }
-                    }
-                    if value["parent_checkpoint_id"]
-                    else None,
+                        if value["parent_checkpoint_id"]
+                        else None
+                    ),
                    await asyncio.to_thread(self._load_writes, value["pending_writes"]),
                )

@@ -216,15 +207,17 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                        value["pending_sends"],
                    ),
                    self._load_metadata(value["metadata"]),
-                    {
-                        "configurable": {
-                            "thread_id": thread_id,
-                            "checkpoint_ns": checkpoint_ns,
-                            "checkpoint_id": value["parent_checkpoint_id"],
+                    (
+                        {
+                            "configurable": {
+                                "thread_id": thread_id,
+                                "checkpoint_ns": checkpoint_ns,
+                                "checkpoint_id": value["parent_checkpoint_id"],
+                            }
                        }
-                    }
-                    if value["parent_checkpoint_id"]
-                    else None,
+                        if value["parent_checkpoint_id"]
+                        else None
+                    ),
                    await asyncio.to_thread(self._load_writes, value["pending_writes"]),
                )

@@ -331,7 +324,7 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                Will be applied regardless of whether the AsyncPostgresSaver instance was initialized with a pipeline.
                If pipeline mode is not supported, will fall back to using transaction context manager.
        """
-        async with _get_connection(self.conn) as conn:
+        async with _ainternal.get_connection(self.conn) as conn:
            if self.pipe:
                # a connection in pipeline mode can be used concurrently
                # in multiple threads/coroutines, but only one cursor can be
@@ -346,20 +339,25 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                # a connection not in pipeline mode can only be used by one
                # thread/coroutine at a time, so we acquire a lock
                if self.supports_pipeline:
-                    async with self.lock, conn.pipeline(), conn.cursor(
-                        binary=True, row_factory=dict_row
-                    ) as cur:
+                    async with (
+                        self.lock,
+                        conn.pipeline(),
+                        conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur,
+                    ):
                        yield cur
                else:
                    # Use connection's transaction context manager when pipeline mode not supported
-                    async with self.lock, conn.transaction(), conn.cursor(
-                        binary=True, row_factory=dict_row
-                    ) as cur:
+                    async with (
+                        self.lock,
+                        conn.transaction(),
+                        conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur,
+                    ):
                        yield cur
            else:
-                async with self.lock, conn.cursor(
-                    binary=True, row_factory=dict_row
-                ) as cur:
+                async with (
+                    self.lock,
+                    conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur,
+                ):
                    yield cur

    def list(
@@ -388,7 +386,7 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
        while True:
            try:
                yield asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(
-                    anext(aiter_),
+                    anext(aiter_),  # noqa: F821
                    self.loop,
                ).result()
            except StopAsyncIteration:
@@ -467,3 +465,6 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
        return asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(
            self.aput_writes(config, writes, task_id), self.loop
        ).result()
+
+
+__all__ = ["AsyncPostgresSaver", "Conn"]
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import random
-from typing import Any, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, cast
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional, cast

 from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
 from psycopg.types.json import Jsonb
@@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ class BasePostgresSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
        config: Optional[RunnableConfig],
        filter: MetadataInput,
        before: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
-    ) -> Tuple[str, List[Any]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, list[Any]]:
        """Return WHERE clause predicates for alist() given config, filter, before.

        This method returns a tuple of a string and a tuple of values. The string
@@ -1,110 +1,241 @@
 import asyncio
 import logging
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterable, Sequence
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
-from typing import (
-    Any,
-    AsyncIterator,
-    Callable,
-    Iterable,
-    Optional,
-    Sequence,
-    Union,
-    cast,
-)
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union, cast

 import orjson
-from psycopg import AsyncConnection, AsyncCursor
+from psycopg import AsyncConnection, AsyncCursor, AsyncPipeline, Capabilities
 from psycopg.errors import UndefinedTable
-from psycopg.rows import dict_row
+from psycopg.rows import DictRow, dict_row
+from psycopg_pool import AsyncConnectionPool

-from langgraph.store.base import GetOp, ListNamespacesOp, Op, PutOp, Result, SearchOp
+from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import _ainternal
+from langgraph.store.base import (
+    GetOp,
+    ListNamespacesOp,
+    Op,
+    PutOp,
+    Result,
+    SearchOp,
+)
 from langgraph.store.base.batch import AsyncBatchedBaseStore
 from langgraph.store.postgres.base import (
+    _PLACEHOLDER,
    BasePostgresStore,
+    PoolConfig,
+    PostgresIndexConfig,
    Row,
    _decode_ns_bytes,
+    _ensure_index_config,
    _group_ops,
    _row_to_item,
+    _row_to_search_item,
 )

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


-class AsyncPostgresStore(AsyncBatchedBaseStore, BasePostgresStore[AsyncConnection]):
-    __slots__ = ("_deserializer",)
+class AsyncPostgresStore(AsyncBatchedBaseStore, BasePostgresStore[_ainternal.Conn]):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_deserializer",
+        "pipe",
+        "lock",
+        "supports_pipeline",
+        "index_config",
+        "embeddings",
+    )

    def __init__(
        self,
-        conn: AsyncConnection[Any],
+        conn: _ainternal.Conn,
        *,
+        pipe: Optional[AsyncPipeline] = None,
        deserializer: Optional[
            Callable[[Union[bytes, orjson.Fragment]], dict[str, Any]]
        ] = None,
+        index: Optional[PostgresIndexConfig] = None,
    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(conn, AsyncConnectionPool) and pipe is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Pipeline should be used only with a single AsyncConnection, not AsyncConnectionPool."
+            )
        super().__init__()
        self._deserializer = deserializer
        self.conn = conn
+        self.pipe = pipe
+        self.lock = asyncio.Lock()
        self.loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        self.supports_pipeline = Capabilities().has_pipeline()
+        self.index_config = index
+        if self.index_config:
+            self.embeddings, self.index_config = _ensure_index_config(self.index_config)
+
+        else:
+            self.embeddings = None

    async def abatch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
        grouped_ops, num_ops = _group_ops(ops)
        results: list[Result] = [None] * num_ops

-        async with self.conn.pipeline():
-            tasks = []
-
-            if GetOp in grouped_ops:
-                tasks.append(
-                    self._batch_get_ops(
-                        cast(Sequence[tuple[int, GetOp]], grouped_ops[GetOp]), results
-                    )
-                )
-
-            if PutOp in grouped_ops:
-                tasks.append(
-                    self._batch_put_ops(
-                        cast(Sequence[tuple[int, PutOp]], grouped_ops[PutOp])
-                    )
-                )
-
-            if SearchOp in grouped_ops:
-                tasks.append(
-                    self._batch_search_ops(
-                        cast(Sequence[tuple[int, SearchOp]], grouped_ops[SearchOp]),
-                        results,
-                    )
-                )
-
-            if ListNamespacesOp in grouped_ops:
-                tasks.append(
-                    self._batch_list_namespaces_ops(
-                        cast(
-                            Sequence[tuple[int, ListNamespacesOp]],
-                            grouped_ops[ListNamespacesOp],
-                        ),
-                        results,
-                    )
-                )
-
-            await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+        async with _ainternal.get_connection(self.conn) as conn:
+            if self.pipe:
+                async with self.pipe:
+                    await self._execute_batch(grouped_ops, results, conn)
+            else:
+                await self._execute_batch(grouped_ops, results, conn)

        return results

    def batch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
        return asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(self.abatch(ops), self.loop).result()

+    @classmethod
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def from_conn_string(
+        cls,
+        conn_string: str,
+        *,
+        pipeline: bool = False,
+        pool_config: Optional[PoolConfig] = None,
+        index: Optional[PostgresIndexConfig] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator["AsyncPostgresStore"]:
+        """Create a new AsyncPostgresStore instance from a connection string.
+
+        Args:
+            conn_string (str): The Postgres connection info string.
+            pipeline (bool): Whether to use AsyncPipeline (only for single connections)
+            pool_config (Optional[PoolConfig]): Configuration for the connection pool.
+                If provided, will create a connection pool and use it instead of a single connection.
+                This overrides the `pipeline` argument.
+            index (Optional[PostgresIndexConfig]): The embedding config.
+
+        Returns:
+            AsyncPostgresStore: A new AsyncPostgresStore instance.
+        """
+        if pool_config is not None:
+            pc = pool_config.copy()
+            async with cast(
+                AsyncConnectionPool[AsyncConnection[DictRow]],
+                AsyncConnectionPool(
+                    conn_string,
+                    min_size=pc.pop("min_size", 1),
+                    max_size=pc.pop("max_size", None),
+                    kwargs={
+                        "autocommit": True,
+                        "prepare_threshold": 0,
+                        "row_factory": dict_row,
+                        **(pc.pop("kwargs", None) or {}),
+                    },
+                    **cast(dict, pc),
+                ),
+            ) as pool:
+                yield cls(conn=pool, index=index)
+        else:
+            async with await AsyncConnection.connect(
+                conn_string, autocommit=True, prepare_threshold=0, row_factory=dict_row
+            ) as conn:
+                if pipeline:
+                    async with conn.pipeline() as pipe:
+                        yield cls(conn=conn, pipe=pipe, index=index)
+                else:
+                    yield cls(conn=conn, index=index)
+
+    async def setup(self) -> None:
+        """Set up the store database asynchronously.
+
+        This method creates the necessary tables in the Postgres database if they don't
+        already exist and runs database migrations. It MUST be called directly by the user
+        the first time the store is used.
+        """
+
+        async def _get_version(cur: AsyncCursor[DictRow], table: str) -> int:
+            try:
+                await cur.execute(f"SELECT v FROM {table} ORDER BY v DESC LIMIT 1")
+                row = await cur.fetchone()
+                if row is None:
+                    version = -1
+                else:
+                    version = row["v"]
+            except UndefinedTable:
+                version = -1
+                await cur.execute(
+                    f"""
+                    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {table} (
+                        v INTEGER PRIMARY KEY
+                    )
+                """
+                )
+            return version
+
+        async with self._cursor() as cur:
+            version = await _get_version(cur, table="store_migrations")
+            for v, sql in enumerate(self.MIGRATIONS[version + 1 :], start=version + 1):
+                await cur.execute(sql)
+                await cur.execute("INSERT INTO store_migrations (v) VALUES (%s)", (v,))
+
+            if self.index_config:
+                version = await _get_version(cur, table="vector_migrations")
+                for v, migration in enumerate(
+                    self.VECTOR_MIGRATIONS[version + 1 :], start=version + 1
+                ):
+                    sql = migration.sql
+                    if migration.params:
+                        params = {
+                            k: v(self) if v is not None and callable(v) else v
+                            for k, v in migration.params.items()
+                        }
+                        sql = sql % params
+                    await cur.execute(sql)
+                    await cur.execute(
+                        "INSERT INTO vector_migrations (v) VALUES (%s)", (v,)
+                    )
+
+    async def _execute_batch(
+        self,
+        grouped_ops: dict,
+        results: list[Result],
+        conn: AsyncConnection[DictRow],
+    ) -> None:
+        async with self._cursor(pipeline=True) as cur:
+            if GetOp in grouped_ops:
+                await self._batch_get_ops(
+                    cast(Sequence[tuple[int, GetOp]], grouped_ops[GetOp]),
+                    results,
+                    cur,
+                )
+
+            if SearchOp in grouped_ops:
+                await self._batch_search_ops(
+                    cast(Sequence[tuple[int, SearchOp]], grouped_ops[SearchOp]),
+                    results,
+                    cur,
+                )
+
+            if ListNamespacesOp in grouped_ops:
+                await self._batch_list_namespaces_ops(
+                    cast(
+                        Sequence[tuple[int, ListNamespacesOp]],
+                        grouped_ops[ListNamespacesOp],
+                    ),
+                    results,
+                    cur,
+                )
+
+            if PutOp in grouped_ops:
+                await self._batch_put_ops(
+                    cast(Sequence[tuple[int, PutOp]], grouped_ops[PutOp]),
+                    cur,
+                )
+
    async def _batch_get_ops(
        self,
        get_ops: Sequence[tuple[int, GetOp]],
        results: list[Result],
+        cur: AsyncCursor[DictRow],
    ) -> None:
-        cursors = []
        for query, params, namespace, items in self._get_batch_GET_ops_queries(get_ops):
-            cur = self.conn.cursor(binary=True)
            await cur.execute(query, params)
-            cursors.append((cur, namespace, items))
-
-        for cur, namespace, items in cursors:
            rows = cast(list[Row], await cur.fetchall())
            key_to_row = {row["key"]: row for row in rows}
            for idx, key in items:
@@ -119,29 +250,59 @@ class AsyncPostgresStore(AsyncBatchedBaseStore, BasePostgresStore[AsyncConnectio
    async def _batch_put_ops(
        self,
        put_ops: Sequence[tuple[int, PutOp]],
+        cur: AsyncCursor[DictRow],
    ) -> None:
-        queries = self._get_batch_PUT_queries(put_ops)
+        queries, embedding_request = self._prepare_batch_PUT_queries(put_ops)
+        if embedding_request:
+            if self.embeddings is None:
+                # Should not get here since the embedding config is required
+                # to return an embedding_request above
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Embedding configuration is required for vector operations "
+                    f"(for semantic search). "
+                    f"Please provide an EmbeddingConfig when initializing the {self.__class__.__name__}."
+                )
+            query, txt_params = embedding_request
+            vectors = await self.embeddings.aembed_documents(
+                [param[-1] for param in txt_params]
+            )
+            queries.append(
+                (
+                    query,
+                    [
+                        p
+                        for (ns, k, pathname, _), vector in zip(txt_params, vectors)
+                        for p in (ns, k, pathname, vector)
+                    ],
+                )
+            )
+
        for query, params in queries:
-            cur = self.conn.cursor(binary=True)
            await cur.execute(query, params)

    async def _batch_search_ops(
        self,
        search_ops: Sequence[tuple[int, SearchOp]],
        results: list[Result],
+        cur: AsyncCursor[DictRow],
    ) -> None:
-        queries = self._get_batch_search_queries(search_ops)
-        cursors: list[tuple[AsyncCursor[Any], int]] = []
+        queries, embedding_requests = self._prepare_batch_search_queries(search_ops)

-        for (query, params), (idx, _) in zip(queries, search_ops):
-            cur = self.conn.cursor(binary=True)
+        if embedding_requests and self.embeddings:
+            vectors = await self.embeddings.aembed_documents(
+                [query for _, query in embedding_requests]
+            )
+            for (idx, _), vector in zip(embedding_requests, vectors):
+                _paramslist = queries[idx][1]
+                for i in range(len(_paramslist)):
+                    if _paramslist[i] is _PLACEHOLDER:
+                        _paramslist[i] = vector
+
+        for (idx, _), (query, params) in zip(search_ops, queries):
            await cur.execute(query, params)
-            cursors.append((cur, idx))
-
-        for cur, idx in cursors:
            rows = cast(list[Row], await cur.fetchall())
            items = [
-                _row_to_item(
+                _row_to_search_item(
                    _decode_ns_bytes(row["prefix"]), row, loader=self._deserializer
                )
                for row in rows
@@ -152,67 +313,57 @@ class AsyncPostgresStore(AsyncBatchedBaseStore, BasePostgresStore[AsyncConnectio
        self,
        list_ops: Sequence[tuple[int, ListNamespacesOp]],
        results: list[Result],
+        cur: AsyncCursor[DictRow],
    ) -> None:
        queries = self._get_batch_list_namespaces_queries(list_ops)
-        cursors: list[tuple[AsyncCursor[Any], int]] = []
        for (query, params), (idx, _) in zip(queries, list_ops):
-            cur = self.conn.cursor(binary=True)
            await cur.execute(query, params)
-            cursors.append((cur, idx))
-
-        for cur, idx in cursors:
            rows = cast(list[dict], await cur.fetchall())
            namespaces = [_decode_ns_bytes(row["truncated_prefix"]) for row in rows]
            results[idx] = namespaces

-    @classmethod
    @asynccontextmanager
-    async def from_conn_string(
-        cls,
-        conn_string: str,
-    ) -> AsyncIterator["AsyncPostgresStore"]:
-        """Create a new AsyncPostgresStore instance from a connection string.
+    async def _cursor(
+        self, *, pipeline: bool = False
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncCursor[DictRow]]:
+        """Create a database cursor as a context manager.

        Args:
-            conn_string (str): The Postgres connection info string.
-
-        Returns:
-            AsyncPostgresStore: A new AsyncPostgresStore instance.
+            pipeline: whether to use pipeline for the DB operations inside the context manager.
+                Will be applied regardless of whether the PostgresStore instance was initialized with a pipeline.
+                If pipeline mode is not supported, will fall back to using transaction context manager.
        """
-        async with await AsyncConnection.connect(
-            conn_string, autocommit=True, prepare_threshold=0, row_factory=dict_row
-        ) as conn:
-            yield cls(conn=conn)
-
-    async def setup(self) -> None:
-        """Set up the store database asynchronously.
-
-        This method creates the necessary tables in the Postgres database if they don't
-        already exist and runs database migrations. It MUST be called directly by the user
-        the first time the store is used.
-        """
-        async with self.conn.cursor() as cur:
-            try:
-                await cur.execute(
-                    "SELECT v FROM store_migrations ORDER BY v DESC LIMIT 1"
-                )
-                row = cast(dict, await cur.fetchone())
-                if row is None:
-                    version = -1
+        async with _ainternal.get_connection(self.conn) as conn:
+            if self.pipe:
+                # a connection in pipeline mode can be used concurrently
+                # in multiple threads/coroutines, but only one cursor can be
+                # used at a time
+                try:
+                    async with conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur:
+                        yield cur
+                finally:
+                    if pipeline:
+                        await self.pipe.sync()
+            elif pipeline:
+                # a connection not in pipeline mode can only be used by one
+                # thread/coroutine at a time, so we acquire a lock
+                if self.supports_pipeline:
+                    async with (
+                        self.lock,
+                        conn.pipeline(),
+                        conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur,
+                    ):
+                        yield cur
                else:
-                    version = row["v"]
-            except UndefinedTable:
-                version = -1
-                # Create store_migrations table if it doesn't exist
-                await cur.execute(
-                    """
-                    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS store_migrations (
-                        v INTEGER PRIMARY KEY
-                    )
-                    """
-                )
-            for v, migration in enumerate(
-                self.MIGRATIONS[version + 1 :], start=version + 1
-            ):
-                await cur.execute(migration)
-                await cur.execute("INSERT INTO store_migrations (v) VALUES (%s)", (v,))
+                    async with (
+                        self.lock,
+                        conn.transaction(),
+                        conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur,
+                    ):
+                        yield cur
+            else:
+                async with (
+                    self.lock,
+                    conn.cursor(binary=True) as cur,
+                ):
+                    yield cur
@@ -1,44 +1,64 @@
 import asyncio
 import json
 import logging
+import threading
 from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, Sequence
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from datetime import datetime
 from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
    Callable,
    Generic,
-    Iterable,
-    Iterator,
+    Literal,
+    NamedTuple,
    Optional,
-    Sequence,
    TypeVar,
    Union,
    cast,
 )

 import orjson
-from psycopg import BaseConnection, Connection, Cursor
+from psycopg import Capabilities, Connection, Cursor, Pipeline
 from psycopg.errors import UndefinedTable
-from psycopg.rows import dict_row
+from psycopg.rows import DictRow, dict_row
 from psycopg.types.json import Jsonb
+from psycopg_pool import ConnectionPool
 from typing_extensions import TypedDict

+from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import _ainternal as _ainternal
+from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import _internal as _pg_internal
 from langgraph.store.base import (
    BaseStore,
    GetOp,
+    IndexConfig,
    Item,
    ListNamespacesOp,
    Op,
    PutOp,
    Result,
+    SearchItem,
    SearchOp,
+    ensure_embeddings,
+    get_text_at_path,
+    tokenize_path,
 )

+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


-MIGRATIONS = [
+class Migration(NamedTuple):
+    """A database migration with optional conditions and parameters."""
+
+    sql: str
+    params: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+
+
+MIGRATIONS: Sequence[str] = [
    """
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS store (
    -- 'prefix' represents the doc's 'namespace'
@@ -56,13 +76,100 @@ CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS store_prefix_idx ON store USING btree (prefix text_pa
 """,
 ]

-C = TypeVar("C", bound=BaseConnection)
+VECTOR_MIGRATIONS: Sequence[Migration] = [
+    Migration(
+        """
+CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector;
+""",
+    ),
+    Migration(
+        """
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS store_vectors (
+    prefix text NOT NULL,
+    key text NOT NULL,
+    field_name text NOT NULL,
+    embedding %(vector_type)s(%(dims)s),
+    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    PRIMARY KEY (prefix, key, field_name),
+    FOREIGN KEY (prefix, key) REFERENCES store(prefix, key) ON DELETE CASCADE
+);
+""",
+        params={
+            "dims": lambda store: store.index_config["dims"],
+            "vector_type": lambda store: (
+                cast(PostgresIndexConfig, store.index_config)
+                .get("ann_index_config", {})
+                .get("vector_type", "vector")
+            ),
+        },
+    ),
+    # TODO: Add an HNSW or IVFFlat index depending on config
+    # First must improve the search query when filtering by
+    # namespace
+]
+
+C = TypeVar("C", bound=Union[_pg_internal.Conn, _ainternal.Conn])
+
+
+class PoolConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Connection pool settings for PostgreSQL connections.
+
+    Controls connection lifecycle and resource utilization:
+    - Small pools (1-5) suit low-concurrency workloads
+    - Larger pools handle concurrent requests but consume more resources
+    - Setting max_size prevents resource exhaustion under load
+    """
+
+    min_size: int
+    """Minimum number of connections maintained in the pool. Defaults to 1."""
+
+    max_size: Optional[int]
+    """Maximum number of connections allowed in the pool. None means unlimited."""
+
+    kwargs: dict
+    """Additional connection arguments passed to each connection in the pool.
+    
+    Default kwargs set automatically:
+    - autocommit: True
+    - prepare_threshold: 0
+    - row_factory: dict_row
+    """
+
+
+class ANNIndexConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Configuration for vector index in PostgreSQL store."""
+
+    vector_type: Literal["vector", "halfvec"]
+    """Type of vector storage to use.
+    Options:
+    - 'vector': Regular vectors (default)
+    - 'halfvec': Half-precision vectors for reduced memory usage
+    """
+
+
+class PostgresIndexConfig(IndexConfig, total=False):
+    """Configuration for vector embeddings in PostgreSQL store with pgvector-specific options.
+
+    Extends EmbeddingConfig with additional configuration for pgvector index and vector types.
+    """
+
+    ann_index_config: ANNIndexConfig
+    """Specific configuration for the chosen index type (HNSW or IVF Flat)."""
+    distance_type: Literal["l2", "inner_product", "cosine"]
+    """Distance metric to use for vector similarity search:
+    - 'l2': Euclidean distance
+    - 'inner_product': Dot product
+    - 'cosine': Cosine similarity
+    """


 class BasePostgresStore(Generic[C]):
    MIGRATIONS = MIGRATIONS
+    VECTOR_MIGRATIONS = VECTOR_MIGRATIONS
    conn: C
    _deserializer: Optional[Callable[[Union[bytes, orjson.Fragment]], dict[str, Any]]]
+    index_config: Optional[PostgresIndexConfig]

    def _get_batch_GET_ops_queries(
        self,
@@ -84,13 +191,21 @@ class BasePostgresStore(Generic[C]):
            results.append((query, params, namespace, items))
        return results

-    def _get_batch_PUT_queries(
+    def _prepare_batch_PUT_queries(
        self,
        put_ops: Sequence[tuple[int, PutOp]],
-    ) -> list[tuple[str, Sequence]]:
+    ) -> tuple[
+        list[tuple[str, Sequence]],
+        Optional[tuple[str, Sequence[tuple[str, str, str, str]]]],
+    ]:
+        # Last-write wins
+        dedupped_ops: dict[tuple[tuple[str, ...], str], PutOp] = {}
+        for _, op in put_ops:
+            dedupped_ops[(op.namespace, op.key)] = op
+
        inserts: list[PutOp] = []
        deletes: list[PutOp] = []
-        for _, op in put_ops:
+        for op in dedupped_ops.values():
            if op.value is None:
                deletes.append(op)
            else:
@@ -109,60 +224,182 @@ class BasePostgresStore(Generic[C]):
                )
                params = (_namespace_to_text(namespace), *keys)
                queries.append((query, params))
+        embedding_request: Optional[tuple[str, Sequence[tuple[str, str, str, str]]]] = (
+            None
+        )
        if inserts:
            values = []
            insertion_params = []
+            vector_values = []
+            embedding_request_params = []
+
+            # First handle main store insertions
            for op in inserts:
                values.append("(%s, %s, %s, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)")
                insertion_params.extend(
                    [
                        _namespace_to_text(op.namespace),
                        op.key,
-                        Jsonb(op.value),
+                        Jsonb(cast(dict, op.value)),
                    ]
                )
+
+            # Then handle embeddings if configured
+            if self.index_config:
+                for op in inserts:
+                    if op.index is False:
+                        continue
+                    value = op.value
+                    ns = _namespace_to_text(op.namespace)
+                    k = op.key
+
+                    if op.index is None:
+                        paths = self.index_config["__tokenized_fields"]
+                    else:
+                        paths = [(ix, tokenize_path(ix)) for ix in op.index]
+
+                    for path, tokenized_path in paths:
+                        texts = get_text_at_path(value, tokenized_path)
+                        for i, text in enumerate(texts):
+                            pathname = f"{path}.{i}" if len(texts) > 1 else path
+                            vector_values.append(
+                                "(%s, %s, %s, %s, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)"
+                            )
+                            embedding_request_params.append((ns, k, pathname, text))
+
            values_str = ",".join(values)
            query = f"""
                INSERT INTO store (prefix, key, value, created_at, updated_at)
                VALUES {values_str}
                ON CONFLICT (prefix, key) DO UPDATE
-                SET value = EXCLUDED.value, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+                SET value = EXCLUDED.value,
+                    updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
            """
            queries.append((query, insertion_params))

-        return queries
+            if vector_values:
+                values_str = ",".join(vector_values)
+                query = f"""
+                    INSERT INTO store_vectors (prefix, key, field_name, embedding, created_at, updated_at)
+                    VALUES {values_str}
+                    ON CONFLICT (prefix, key, field_name) DO UPDATE
+                    SET embedding = EXCLUDED.embedding,
+                        updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+                """
+                embedding_request = (query, embedding_request_params)

-    def _get_batch_search_queries(
+        return queries, embedding_request
+
+    def _prepare_batch_search_queries(
        self,
        search_ops: Sequence[tuple[int, SearchOp]],
-    ) -> list[tuple[str, Sequence]]:
-        queries: list[tuple[str, Sequence]] = []
-        for _, op in search_ops:
-            query = """
-                SELECT prefix, key, value, created_at, updated_at
-                FROM store
-                WHERE prefix LIKE %s
-            """
-            params: list = [f"{_namespace_to_text(op.namespace_prefix)}%"]
+    ) -> tuple[
+        list[tuple[str, list[Union[None, str, list[float]]]]],  # queries, params
+        list[tuple[int, str]],  # idx, query_text pairs to embed
+    ]:
+        queries = []
+        embedding_requests = []

+        for idx, (_, op) in enumerate(search_ops):
+            # Build filter conditions first
+            filter_params = []
+            filter_conditions = []
            if op.filter:
-                filter_conditions = []
                for key, value in op.filter.items():
-                    if isinstance(value, list):
-                        filter_conditions.append("value->%s @> %s::jsonb")
-                        params.extend([key, json.dumps(value)])
+                    if isinstance(value, dict):
+                        for op_name, val in value.items():
+                            condition, filter_params_ = self._get_filter_condition(
+                                key, op_name, val
+                            )
+                            filter_conditions.append(condition)
+                            filter_params.extend(filter_params_)
                    else:
                        filter_conditions.append("value->%s = %s::jsonb")
-                        params.extend([key, json.dumps(value)])
-                query += " AND " + " AND ".join(filter_conditions)
+                        filter_params.extend([key, json.dumps(value)])

-            # Note: we will need to not do this if sim/keyword search
-            # is used
-            query += " ORDER BY updated_at DESC LIMIT %s OFFSET %s"
-            params.extend([op.limit, op.offset])
+            # Vector search branch
+            if op.query and self.index_config:
+                embedding_requests.append((idx, op.query))

-            queries.append((query, params))
-        return queries
+                score_operator = _get_distance_operator(self)
+                vector_type = (
+                    cast(PostgresIndexConfig, self.index_config)
+                    .get("ann_index_config", {})
+                    .get("vector_type", "vector")
+                )
+
+                if (
+                    vector_type == "bit"
+                    and self.index_config.get("distance_type") == "hamming"
+                ):
+                    score_operator = score_operator % (
+                        "%s",
+                        self.index_config["dims"],
+                    )
+                else:
+                    score_operator = score_operator % (
+                        "%s",
+                        vector_type,
+                    )
+
+                vectors_per_doc_estimate = self.index_config["__estimated_num_vectors"]
+                expanded_limit = (op.limit * vectors_per_doc_estimate * 2) + 1
+
+                # Vector search with CTE for proper score handling
+                filter_str = (
+                    ""
+                    if not filter_conditions
+                    else " AND " + " AND ".join(filter_conditions)
+                )
+                base_query = f"""
+                    WITH scored AS (
+                        SELECT s.prefix, s.key, s.value, s.created_at, s.updated_at, {score_operator} AS score
+                        FROM store s
+                        JOIN store_vectors sv ON s.prefix = sv.prefix AND s.key = sv.key
+                        WHERE s.prefix LIKE %s {filter_str}
+                        ORDER BY {score_operator} DESC 
+                        LIMIT %s
+                    )
+                    SELECT * FROM (
+                        SELECT DISTINCT ON (prefix, key) 
+                            prefix, key, value, created_at, updated_at, score 
+                        FROM scored 
+                        ORDER BY prefix, key, score DESC
+                    ) AS unique_docs
+                    ORDER BY score DESC
+                    LIMIT %s
+                    OFFSET %s
+                """
+                params = [
+                    _PLACEHOLDER,  # Vector placeholder
+                    f"{_namespace_to_text(op.namespace_prefix)}%",
+                    *filter_params,
+                    _PLACEHOLDER,
+                    expanded_limit,
+                    op.limit,
+                    op.offset,
+                ]
+
+            # Regular search branch
+            else:
+                base_query = """
+                    SELECT prefix, key, value, created_at, updated_at
+                    FROM store
+                    WHERE prefix LIKE %s
+                """
+                params = [f"{_namespace_to_text(op.namespace_prefix)}%"]
+
+                if filter_conditions:
+                    params.extend(filter_params)
+                    base_query += " AND " + " AND ".join(filter_conditions)
+
+                base_query += " ORDER BY updated_at DESC"
+                base_query += " LIMIT %s OFFSET %s"
+                params.extend([op.limit, op.offset])
+
+            queries.append((base_query, params))
+
+        return queries, embedding_requests

    def _get_batch_list_namespaces_queries(
        self,
@@ -214,45 +451,167 @@ class BasePostgresStore(Generic[C]):

            query += " ORDER BY truncated_prefix LIMIT %s OFFSET %s"
            params.extend([op.limit, op.offset])
-            queries.append((query, params))
+            queries.append((query, tuple(params)))

        return queries

+    def _get_filter_condition(self, key: str, op: str, value: Any) -> tuple[str, list]:
+        """Helper to generate filter conditions."""
+        if op == "$eq":
+            return "value->%s = %s::jsonb", [key, json.dumps(value)]
+        elif op == "$gt":
+            return "value->>%s > %s", [key, str(value)]
+        elif op == "$gte":
+            return "value->>%s >= %s", [key, str(value)]
+        elif op == "$lt":
+            return "value->>%s < %s", [key, str(value)]
+        elif op == "$lte":
+            return "value->>%s <= %s", [key, str(value)]
+        elif op == "$ne":
+            return "value->%s != %s::jsonb", [key, json.dumps(value)]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported operator: {op}")

-class PostgresStore(BaseStore, BasePostgresStore[Connection]):
-    __slots__ = ("_deserializer",)
+
+class PostgresStore(BaseStore, BasePostgresStore[_pg_internal.Conn]):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_deserializer",
+        "pipe",
+        "lock",
+        "supports_pipeline",
+        "index_config",
+        "embeddings",
+    )

    def __init__(
        self,
-        conn: Connection[Any],
+        conn: _pg_internal.Conn,
        *,
+        pipe: Optional[Pipeline] = None,
        deserializer: Optional[
            Callable[[Union[bytes, orjson.Fragment]], dict[str, Any]]
        ] = None,
+        index: Optional[PostgresIndexConfig] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self._deserializer = deserializer
        self.conn = conn
+        self.pipe = pipe
+        self.supports_pipeline = Capabilities().has_pipeline()
+        self.lock = threading.Lock()
+        self.index_config = index
+        if self.index_config:
+            self.embeddings, self.index_config = _ensure_index_config(self.index_config)
+        else:
+            self.embeddings = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    @contextmanager
+    def from_conn_string(
+        cls,
+        conn_string: str,
+        *,
+        pipeline: bool = False,
+        pool_config: Optional[PoolConfig] = None,
+        index: Optional[PostgresIndexConfig] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator["PostgresStore"]:
+        """Create a new PostgresStore instance from a connection string.
+
+        Args:
+            conn_string (str): The Postgres connection info string.
+            pipeline (bool): whether to use Pipeline
+            pool_config (Optional[PoolArgs]): Configuration for the connection pool.
+                If provided, will create a connection pool and use it instead of a single connection.
+                This overrides the `pipeline` argument.
+            index (Optional[PostgresIndexConfig]): The index configuration for the store.
+
+        Returns:
+            PostgresStore: A new PostgresStore instance.
+        """
+        if pool_config is not None:
+            pc = pool_config.copy()
+            with cast(
+                ConnectionPool[Connection[DictRow]],
+                ConnectionPool(
+                    conn_string,
+                    min_size=pc.pop("min_size", 1),
+                    max_size=pc.pop("max_size", None),
+                    kwargs={
+                        "autocommit": True,
+                        "prepare_threshold": 0,
+                        "row_factory": dict_row,
+                        **(pc.pop("kwargs", None) or {}),
+                    },
+                    **cast(dict, pc),
+                ),
+            ) as pool:
+                yield cls(conn=pool, index=index)
+        else:
+            with Connection.connect(
+                conn_string, autocommit=True, prepare_threshold=0, row_factory=dict_row
+            ) as conn:
+                if pipeline:
+                    with conn.pipeline() as pipe:
+                        yield cls(conn, pipe=pipe, index=index)
+                else:
+                    yield cls(conn, index=index)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _cursor(self, *, pipeline: bool = False) -> Iterator[Cursor[DictRow]]:
+        """Create a database cursor as a context manager.
+
+        Args:
+            pipeline (bool): whether to use pipeline for the DB operations inside the context manager.
+                Will be applied regardless of whether the PostgresStore instance was initialized with a pipeline.
+                If pipeline mode is not supported, will fall back to using transaction context manager.
+        """
+        with _pg_internal.get_connection(self.conn) as conn:
+            if self.pipe:
+                # a connection in pipeline mode can be used concurrently
+                # in multiple threads/coroutines, but only one cursor can be
+                # used at a time
+                try:
+                    with conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur:
+                        yield cur
+                finally:
+                    if pipeline:
+                        self.pipe.sync()
+            elif pipeline:
+                # a connection not in pipeline mode can only be used by one
+                # thread/coroutine at a time, so we acquire a lock
+                if self.supports_pipeline:
+                    with (
+                        self.lock,
+                        conn.pipeline(),
+                        conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur,
+                    ):
+                        yield cur
+                else:
+                    with (
+                        self.lock,
+                        conn.transaction(),
+                        conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur,
+                    ):
+                        yield cur
+            else:
+                with conn.cursor(binary=True, row_factory=dict_row) as cur:
+                    yield cur

    def batch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
        grouped_ops, num_ops = _group_ops(ops)
        results: list[Result] = [None] * num_ops

-        with self.conn.pipeline():
+        with self._cursor(pipeline=True) as cur:
            if GetOp in grouped_ops:
                self._batch_get_ops(
-                    cast(Sequence[tuple[int, GetOp]], grouped_ops[GetOp]), results
-                )
-
-            if PutOp in grouped_ops:
-                self._batch_put_ops(
-                    cast(Sequence[tuple[int, PutOp]], grouped_ops[PutOp])
+                    cast(Sequence[tuple[int, GetOp]], grouped_ops[GetOp]), results, cur
                )

            if SearchOp in grouped_ops:
                self._batch_search_ops(
                    cast(Sequence[tuple[int, SearchOp]], grouped_ops[SearchOp]),
                    results,
+                    cur,
                )

            if ListNamespacesOp in grouped_ops:
@@ -262,25 +621,23 @@ class PostgresStore(BaseStore, BasePostgresStore[Connection]):
                        grouped_ops[ListNamespacesOp],
                    ),
                    results,
+                    cur,
+                )
+            if PutOp in grouped_ops:
+                self._batch_put_ops(
+                    cast(Sequence[tuple[int, PutOp]], grouped_ops[PutOp]), cur
                )

        return results

-    async def abatch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
-        return await asyncio.get_running_loop().run_in_executor(None, self.batch, ops)
-
    def _batch_get_ops(
        self,
        get_ops: Sequence[tuple[int, GetOp]],
        results: list[Result],
+        cur: Cursor[DictRow],
    ) -> None:
-        cursors = []
        for query, params, namespace, items in self._get_batch_GET_ops_queries(get_ops):
-            cur = self.conn.cursor(binary=True)
            cur.execute(query, params)
-            cursors.append((cur, namespace, items))
-
-        for cur, namespace, items in cursors:
            rows = cast(list[Row], cur.fetchall())
            key_to_row = {row["key"]: row for row in rows}
            for idx, key in items:
@@ -295,70 +652,80 @@ class PostgresStore(BaseStore, BasePostgresStore[Connection]):
    def _batch_put_ops(
        self,
        put_ops: Sequence[tuple[int, PutOp]],
+        cur: Cursor[DictRow],
    ) -> None:
-        queries = self._get_batch_PUT_queries(put_ops)
+        queries, embedding_request = self._prepare_batch_PUT_queries(put_ops)
+        if embedding_request:
+            if self.embeddings is None:
+                # Should not get here since the embedding config is required
+                # to return an embedding_request above
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Embedding configuration is required for vector operations "
+                    f"(for semantic search). "
+                    f"Please provide an Embeddings when initializing the {self.__class__.__name__}."
+                )
+            query, txt_params = embedding_request
+            # Update the params to replace the raw text with the vectors
+            vectors = self.embeddings.embed_documents(
+                [param[-1] for param in txt_params]
+            )
+            queries.append(
+                (
+                    query,
+                    [
+                        p
+                        for (ns, k, pathname, _), vector in zip(txt_params, vectors)
+                        for p in (ns, k, pathname, vector)
+                    ],
+                )
+            )
+
        for query, params in queries:
-            cur = self.conn.cursor(binary=True)
            cur.execute(query, params)

    def _batch_search_ops(
        self,
        search_ops: Sequence[tuple[int, SearchOp]],
        results: list[Result],
+        cur: Cursor[DictRow],
    ) -> None:
-        queries = self._get_batch_search_queries(search_ops)
-        cursors: list[tuple[Cursor[Any], int]] = []
+        queries, embedding_requests = self._prepare_batch_search_queries(search_ops)

-        for (query, params), (idx, _) in zip(queries, search_ops):
-            cur = self.conn.cursor(binary=True)
+        if embedding_requests and self.embeddings:
+            embeddings = self.embeddings.embed_documents(
+                [query for _, query in embedding_requests]
+            )
+            for (idx, _), embedding in zip(embedding_requests, embeddings):
+                _paramslist = queries[idx][1]
+                for i in range(len(_paramslist)):
+                    if _paramslist[i] is _PLACEHOLDER:
+                        _paramslist[i] = embedding
+
+        for (idx, _), (query, params) in zip(search_ops, queries):
+            # Execute the actual query
            cur.execute(query, params)
-            cursors.append((cur, idx))
-
-        for cur, idx in cursors:
            rows = cast(list[Row], cur.fetchall())
-            items = [
-                _row_to_item(
+            results[idx] = [
+                _row_to_search_item(
                    _decode_ns_bytes(row["prefix"]), row, loader=self._deserializer
                )
                for row in rows
            ]
-            results[idx] = items

    def _batch_list_namespaces_ops(
        self,
        list_ops: Sequence[tuple[int, ListNamespacesOp]],
        results: list[Result],
+        cur: Cursor[DictRow],
    ) -> None:
-        queries = self._get_batch_list_namespaces_queries(list_ops)
-        cursors: list[tuple[Cursor[Any], int]] = []
-        for (query, params), (idx, _) in zip(queries, list_ops):
-            cur = self.conn.cursor(binary=True)
+        for (query, params), (idx, _) in zip(
+            self._get_batch_list_namespaces_queries(list_ops), list_ops
+        ):
            cur.execute(query, params)
-            cursors.append((cur, idx))
+            results[idx] = [_decode_ns_bytes(row["truncated_prefix"]) for row in cur]

-        for cur, idx in cursors:
-            rows = cast(list[dict], cur.fetchall())
-            namespaces = [_decode_ns_bytes(row["truncated_prefix"]) for row in rows]
-            results[idx] = namespaces
-
-    @classmethod
-    @contextmanager
-    def from_conn_string(
-        cls,
-        conn_string: str,
-    ) -> Iterator["PostgresStore"]:
-        """Create a new BasePostgresStore instance from a connection string.
-
-        Args:
-            conn_string (str): The Postgres connection info string.
-
-        Returns:
-            BasePostgresStore: A new BasePostgresStore instance.
-        """
-        with Connection.connect(
-            conn_string, autocommit=True, prepare_threshold=0, row_factory=dict_row
-        ) as conn:
-            yield cls(conn=conn)
+    async def abatch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
+        return await asyncio.get_running_loop().run_in_executor(None, self.batch, ops)

    def setup(self) -> None:
        """Set up the store database.
@@ -367,31 +734,47 @@ class PostgresStore(BaseStore, BasePostgresStore[Connection]):
        already exist and runs database migrations. It MUST be called directly by the user
        the first time the store is used.
        """
-        with self.conn.cursor(binary=True) as cur:
+
+        def _get_version(cur: Cursor[dict[str, Any]], table: str) -> int:
            try:
-                cur.execute("SELECT v FROM store_migrations ORDER BY v DESC LIMIT 1")
+                cur.execute(f"SELECT v FROM {table} ORDER BY v DESC LIMIT 1")
                row = cast(dict, cur.fetchone())
                if row is None:
                    version = -1
                else:
                    version = row["v"]
            except UndefinedTable:
-                self.conn.rollback()
                version = -1
-                # Create store_migrations table if it doesn't exist
                cur.execute(
-                    """
-                    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS store_migrations (
+                    f"""
+                    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {table} (
                        v INTEGER PRIMARY KEY
                    )
                """
                )
-            for v, migration in enumerate(
-                self.MIGRATIONS[version + 1 :], start=version + 1
-            ):
-                cur.execute(migration)
+            return version
+
+        with self._cursor() as cur:
+            version = _get_version(cur, table="store_migrations")
+            for v, sql in enumerate(self.MIGRATIONS[version + 1 :], start=version + 1):
+                cur.execute(sql)
                cur.execute("INSERT INTO store_migrations (v) VALUES (%s)", (v,))

+            if self.index_config:
+                version = _get_version(cur, table="vector_migrations")
+                for v, migration in enumerate(
+                    self.VECTOR_MIGRATIONS[version + 1 :], start=version + 1
+                ):
+                    sql = migration.sql
+                    if migration.params:
+                        params = {
+                            k: v(self) if v is not None and callable(v) else v
+                            for k, v in migration.params.items()
+                        }
+                        sql = sql % params
+                    cur.execute(sql)
+                    cur.execute("INSERT INTO vector_migrations (v) VALUES (%s)", (v,))
+

 class Row(TypedDict):
    key: str
@@ -401,6 +784,45 @@ class Row(TypedDict):
    updated_at: datetime


+# Private utilities
+
+_DEFAULT_ANN_CONFIG = ANNIndexConfig(
+    vector_type="vector",
+)
+
+
+def _get_vector_type_ops(store: BasePostgresStore) -> str:
+    """Get the vector type operator class based on config."""
+    if not store.index_config:
+        return "vector_cosine_ops"
+
+    config = cast(PostgresIndexConfig, store.index_config)
+    index_config = config.get("ann_index_config", _DEFAULT_ANN_CONFIG).copy()
+    vector_type = cast(str, index_config.get("vector_type", "vector"))
+    if vector_type not in ("vector", "halfvec"):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Vector type must be 'vector' or 'halfvec', got {vector_type}"
+        )
+
+    distance_type = config.get("distance_type", "cosine")
+
+    # For regular vectors
+    type_prefix = {"vector": "vector", "halfvec": "halfvec"}[vector_type]
+
+    if distance_type not in ("l2", "inner_product", "cosine"):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Vector type {vector_type} only supports 'l2', 'inner_product', or 'cosine' distance, got {distance_type}"
+        )
+
+    distance_suffix = {
+        "l2": "l2_ops",
+        "inner_product": "ip_ops",
+        "cosine": "cosine_ops",
+    }[distance_type]
+
+    return f"{type_prefix}_{distance_suffix}"
+
+
 def _namespace_to_text(
    namespace: tuple[str, ...], handle_wildcards: bool = False
 ) -> str:
@@ -416,15 +838,51 @@ def _row_to_item(
    *,
    loader: Optional[Callable[[Union[bytes, orjson.Fragment]], dict[str, Any]]] = None,
 ) -> Item:
+    """Convert a row from the database into an Item.
+
+    Args:
+        namespace: Item namespace
+        row: Database row
+        loader: Optional value loader for non-dict values
+    """
+    val = row["value"]
+    if not isinstance(val, dict):
+        val = (loader or _json_loads)(val)
+
+    kwargs = {
+        "key": row["key"],
+        "namespace": namespace,
+        "value": val,
+        "created_at": row["created_at"],
+        "updated_at": row["updated_at"],
+    }
+
+    return Item(**kwargs)
+
+
+def _row_to_search_item(
+    namespace: tuple[str, ...],
+    row: Row,
+    *,
+    loader: Optional[Callable[[Union[bytes, orjson.Fragment]], dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+) -> SearchItem:
    """Convert a row from the database into an Item."""
    loader = loader or _json_loads
    val = row["value"]
-    return Item(
+    score = row.get("score")
+    if score is not None:
+        try:
+            score = float(score)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        except ValueError:
+            logger.warning("Invalid score: %s", score)
+            score = None
+    return SearchItem(
        value=val if isinstance(val, dict) else loader(val),
        key=row["key"],
        namespace=namespace,
        created_at=row["created_at"],
        updated_at=row["updated_at"],
+        score=score,
    )


@@ -455,3 +913,62 @@ def _decode_ns_bytes(namespace: Union[str, bytes, list]) -> tuple[str, ...]:
    if isinstance(namespace, bytes):
        namespace = namespace.decode()[1:]
    return tuple(namespace.split("."))
+
+
+def _get_distance_operator(store: Any) -> str:
+    """Get the distance operator and score expression based on config."""
+    # Note: Today, we are not using ANN indices due to restrictions
+    # on PGVector's support for mixing vector and non-vector filters
+    # To use the index, PGVector expects:
+    #  - ORDER BY the operator NOT an expression (even negation blocks it)
+    #  - ASCENDING order
+    #  - Any WHERE clause should be over a partial index.
+    # If we violate any of these, it will use a sequential scan
+    # See https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/issues/216 and the
+    # pgvector documentation for more details.
+    if not store.index_config:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Embedding configuration is required for vector operations "
+            f"(for semantic search). "
+            f"Please provide an Embeddings when initializing the {store.__class__.__name__}."
+        )
+
+    config = cast(PostgresIndexConfig, store.index_config)
+    distance_type = config.get("distance_type", "cosine")
+
+    if distance_type == "l2":
+        return "1 - (sv.embedding <-> %s::%s)"
+    elif distance_type == "inner_product":
+        return "-(sv.embedding <#> %s::%s)"
+    else:  # cosine
+        return "1 - (sv.embedding <=> %s::%s)"
+
+
+def _ensure_index_config(
+    index_config: PostgresIndexConfig,
+) -> tuple[Optional["Embeddings"], PostgresIndexConfig]:
+    index_config = index_config.copy()
+    tokenized: list[tuple[str, Union[Literal["$"], list[str]]]] = []
+    tot = 0
+    text_fields = index_config.get("text_fields") or ["$"]
+    if isinstance(text_fields, str):
+        text_fields = [text_fields]
+    if not isinstance(text_fields, list):
+        raise ValueError(f"Text fields must be a list or a string. Got {text_fields}")
+    for p in text_fields:
+        if p == "$":
+            tokenized.append((p, "$"))
+            tot += 1
+        else:
+            toks = tokenize_path(p)
+            tokenized.append((p, toks))
+            tot += len(toks)
+    index_config["__tokenized_fields"] = tokenized
+    index_config["__estimated_num_vectors"] = tot
+    embeddings = ensure_embeddings(
+        index_config.get("embed"),
+    )
+    return embeddings, index_config
+
+
+_PLACEHOLDER = object()
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [tool.poetry]
 name = "langgraph-checkpoint-postgres"
-version = "2.0.3"
+version = "2.0.6"
 description = "Library with a Postgres implementation of LangGraph checkpoint saver."
 authors = []
 license = "MIT"
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ packages = [{ include = "langgraph" }]

 [tool.poetry.dependencies]
 python = "^3.9.0,<4.0"
-langgraph-checkpoint = "^2.0.2"
+langgraph-checkpoint = "^2.0.7"
 orjson = ">=3.10.1"
-psycopg = "^3.0.0"
-psycopg-pool = "^3.0.0"
+psycopg = "^3.2.0"
+psycopg-pool = "^3.2.0"

 [tool.poetry.group.dev.dependencies]
 ruff = "^0.6.2"
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 services:
  postgres-test:
-    image: postgres:${POSTGRES_VERSION:-16}
+    image: pgvector/pgvector:pg${POSTGRES_VERSION:-16}
    ports:
      - "5441:5432"
    environment:
      POSTGRES_DB: postgres
      POSTGRES_USER: postgres
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: postgres
+    command: ["postgres", "-c", "shared_preload_libraries=vector"]
    healthcheck:
      test: pg_isready -U postgres
      start_period: 10s
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-from typing import AsyncIterator
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator

 import pytest
 from psycopg import AsyncConnection
 from psycopg.errors import UndefinedTable
 from psycopg.rows import DictRow, dict_row

+from tests.embed_test_utils import CharacterEmbeddings
+
 DEFAULT_URI = "postgres://postgres:postgres@localhost:5441/postgres?sslmode=disable"


@@ -24,6 +26,18 @@ async def clear_test_db(conn: AsyncConnection[DictRow]) -> None:
        await conn.execute("DELETE FROM checkpoint_blobs")
        await conn.execute("DELETE FROM checkpoint_writes")
        await conn.execute("DELETE FROM checkpoint_migrations")
-        await conn.execute("DELETE FROM store_migrations")
    except UndefinedTable:
        pass
+    try:
+        await conn.execute("DELETE FROM store_migrations")
+        await conn.execute("DELETE FROM store")
+    except UndefinedTable:
+        pass
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def fake_embeddings() -> CharacterEmbeddings:
+    return CharacterEmbeddings(dims=500)
+
+
+VECTOR_TYPES = ["vector", "halfvec"]
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+"""Embedding utilities for testing."""
+
+import math
+import random
+from collections import Counter, defaultdict
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+
+
+class CharacterEmbeddings(Embeddings):
+    """Simple character-frequency based embeddings using random projections."""
+
+    def __init__(self, dims: int = 50, seed: int = 42):
+        """Initialize with embedding dimensions and random seed."""
+        self._rng = random.Random(seed)
+        self.dims = dims
+        # Create projection vector for each character lazily
+        self._char_projections: defaultdict[str, list[float]] = defaultdict(
+            lambda: [
+                self._rng.gauss(0, 1 / math.sqrt(self.dims)) for _ in range(self.dims)
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def _embed_one(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Embed a single text."""
+        counts = Counter(text)
+        total = sum(counts.values())
+
+        if total == 0:
+            return [0.0] * self.dims
+
+        embedding = [0.0] * self.dims
+        for char, count in counts.items():
+            weight = count / total
+            char_proj = self._char_projections[char]
+            for i, proj in enumerate(char_proj):
+                embedding[i] += weight * proj
+
+        norm = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in embedding))
+        if norm > 0:
+            embedding = [x / norm for x in embedding]
+
+        return embedding
+
+    def embed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        """Embed a list of documents."""
+        return [self._embed_one(text) for text in texts]
+
+    def embed_query(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Embed a query string."""
+        return self._embed_one(text)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, CharacterEmbeddings) and self.dims == other.dims
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from typing import Any

 import pytest
-from conftest import DEFAULT_URI  # type: ignore
 from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig

 from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
@@ -11,6 +10,7 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
    empty_checkpoint,
 )
 from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.aio import AsyncPostgresSaver
+from tests.conftest import DEFAULT_URI


 class TestAsyncPostgresSaver:
@@ -1,114 +1,84 @@
 # type: ignore
+import itertools
+import sys
 import uuid
-from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Any
-from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from typing import Any, Optional

 import pytest
-from conftest import DEFAULT_URI  # type: ignore
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+from psycopg import AsyncConnection

 from langgraph.store.base import GetOp, Item, ListNamespacesOp, PutOp, SearchOp
 from langgraph.store.postgres import AsyncPostgresStore
+from tests.conftest import (
+    DEFAULT_URI,
+    VECTOR_TYPES,
+    CharacterEmbeddings,
+)


-class MockAsyncCursor:
-    def __init__(self, fetch_result: Any) -> None:
-        self.fetch_result = fetch_result
-        self.execute = AsyncMock()
-        self.fetchall = AsyncMock(return_value=self.fetch_result)
+@pytest.fixture(scope="function", params=["default", "pipe", "pool"])
+async def store(request) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncPostgresStore]:
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+        pytest.skip("Async Postgres tests require Python 3.10+")

+    database = f"test_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:16]}"
+    uri_parts = DEFAULT_URI.split("/")
+    uri_base = "/".join(uri_parts[:-1])
+    query_params = ""
+    if "?" in uri_parts[-1]:
+        db_name, query_params = uri_parts[-1].split("?", 1)
+        query_params = "?" + query_params

-class MockAsyncConnection:
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.cursor = MagicMock()
-        self.pipeline = MagicMock(
-            return_value=AsyncMock(__aenter__=AsyncMock(), __aexit__=AsyncMock())
-        )
+    conn_string = f"{uri_base}/{database}{query_params}"
+    admin_conn_string = DEFAULT_URI

+    async with await AsyncConnection.connect(
+        admin_conn_string, autocommit=True
+    ) as conn:
+        await conn.execute(f"CREATE DATABASE {database}")
+    try:
+        async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(conn_string) as store:
+            await store.setup()

-@pytest.fixture
-def mock_connection() -> MockAsyncConnection:
-    return MockAsyncConnection()
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-async def store(mock_connection: MockAsyncConnection) -> AsyncPostgresStore:
-    return AsyncPostgresStore(mock_connection)
+        if request.param == "pipe":
+            async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(
+                conn_string, pipeline=True
+            ) as store:
+                yield store
+        elif request.param == "pool":
+            async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(
+                conn_string, pool_config={"min_size": 1, "max_size": 10}
+            ) as store:
+                yield store
+        else:  # default
+            async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(conn_string) as store:
+                yield store
+    finally:
+        async with await AsyncConnection.connect(
+            admin_conn_string, autocommit=True
+        ) as conn:
+            await conn.execute(f"DROP DATABASE {database}")


 async def test_abatch_order(store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:
-    mock_connection = store.conn
-    mock_get_cursor = MockAsyncCursor(
-        [
-            {
-                "key": "key1",
-                "value": '{"data": "value1"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.foo",
-            },
-            {
-                "key": "key2",
-                "value": '{"data": "value2"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.bar",
-            },
-        ]
-    )
-    mock_search_cursor = MockAsyncCursor(
-        [
-            {
-                "key": "key1",
-                "value": '{"data": "value1"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.foo",
-            },
-        ]
-    )
-    mock_list_namespaces_cursor = MockAsyncCursor(
-        [
-            {"truncated_prefix": b"\x01test"},
-        ]
-    )
-
-    failures = []
-
-    def cursor_side_effect(binary: bool = False) -> Any:
-        cursor = MagicMock()
-
-        async def execute_side_effect(query: str, *params: Any) -> None:
-            # My super sophisticated database.
-            if "SELECT prefix, key," in query:
-                cursor.fetchall = mock_search_cursor.fetchall
-            elif "SELECT DISTINCT ON (truncated_prefix)" in query:
-                cursor.fetchall = mock_list_namespaces_cursor.fetchall
-            elif "WHERE prefix = %s AND key" in query:
-                cursor.fetchall = mock_get_cursor.fetchall
-            elif "INSERT INTO " in query:
-                pass
-            else:
-                e = ValueError(f"Unmatched query: {query}")
-                failures.append(e)
-                raise e
-
-        cursor.execute = AsyncMock(side_effect=execute_side_effect)
-        return cursor
-
-    mock_connection.cursor.side_effect = cursor_side_effect  # type: ignore
+    # Setup test data
+    await store.aput(("test", "foo"), "key1", {"data": "value1"})
+    await store.aput(("test", "bar"), "key2", {"data": "value2"})

    ops = [
-        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key1"),
-        PutOp(namespace=("test",), key="key2", value={"data": "value2"}),
+        GetOp(namespace=("test", "foo"), key="key1"),
+        PutOp(namespace=("test", "bar"), key="key2", value={"data": "value2"}),
        SearchOp(
            namespace_prefix=("test",), filter={"data": "value1"}, limit=10, offset=0
        ),
        ListNamespacesOp(match_conditions=None, max_depth=None, limit=10, offset=0),
        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key3"),
    ]
+
    results = await store.abatch(ops)
-    assert not failures
    assert len(results) == 5
    assert isinstance(results[0], Item)
    assert isinstance(results[0].value, dict)
@@ -118,27 +88,29 @@ async def test_abatch_order(store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:
    assert isinstance(results[2], list)
    assert len(results[2]) == 1
    assert isinstance(results[3], list)
-    assert results[3] == [("test",)]
+    assert ("test", "foo") in results[3] and ("test", "bar") in results[3]
    assert results[4] is None

    ops_reordered = [
        SearchOp(namespace_prefix=("test",), filter=None, limit=5, offset=0),
-        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key2"),
+        GetOp(namespace=("test", "bar"), key="key2"),
        ListNamespacesOp(match_conditions=None, max_depth=None, limit=5, offset=0),
        PutOp(namespace=("test",), key="key3", value={"data": "value3"}),
-        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key1"),
+        GetOp(namespace=("test", "foo"), key="key1"),
    ]

    results_reordered = await store.abatch(ops_reordered)
-    assert not failures
    assert len(results_reordered) == 5
    assert isinstance(results_reordered[0], list)
-    assert len(results_reordered[0]) == 1
+    assert len(results_reordered[0]) == 2
    assert isinstance(results_reordered[1], Item)
    assert results_reordered[1].value == {"data": "value2"}
    assert results_reordered[1].key == "key2"
    assert isinstance(results_reordered[2], list)
-    assert results_reordered[2] == [("test",)]
+    assert ("test", "foo") in results_reordered[2] and (
+        "test",
+        "bar",
+    ) in results_reordered[2]
    assert results_reordered[3] is None
    assert isinstance(results_reordered[4], Item)
    assert results_reordered[4].value == {"data": "value1"}
@@ -146,26 +118,9 @@ async def test_abatch_order(store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:


 async def test_batch_get_ops(store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:
-    mock_connection = store.conn
-    mock_cursor = MockAsyncCursor(
-        [
-            {
-                "key": "key1",
-                "value": '{"data": "value1"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.foo",
-            },
-            {
-                "key": "key2",
-                "value": '{"data": "value2"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.bar",
-            },
-        ]
-    )
-    mock_connection.cursor.return_value = mock_cursor
+    # Setup test data
+    await store.aput(("test",), "key1", {"data": "value1"})
+    await store.aput(("test",), "key2", {"data": "value2"})

    ops = [
        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key1"),
@@ -184,10 +139,6 @@ async def test_batch_get_ops(store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:


 async def test_batch_put_ops(store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:
-    mock_connection = store.conn
-    mock_cursor = MockAsyncCursor([])
-    mock_connection.cursor.return_value = mock_cursor
-
    ops = [
        PutOp(namespace=("test",), key="key1", value={"data": "value1"}),
        PutOp(namespace=("test",), key="key2", value={"data": "value2"}),
@@ -198,30 +149,16 @@ async def test_batch_put_ops(store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:

    assert len(results) == 3
    assert all(result is None for result in results)
-    assert mock_cursor.execute.call_count == 2
+
+    # Verify the puts worked
+    items = await store.asearch(["test"], limit=10)
+    assert len(items) == 2  # key3 had None value so wasn't stored


 async def test_batch_search_ops(store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:
-    mock_connection = store.conn
-    mock_cursor = MockAsyncCursor(
-        [
-            {
-                "key": "key1",
-                "value": '{"data": "value1"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.foo",
-            },
-            {
-                "key": "key2",
-                "value": '{"data": "value2"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.bar",
-            },
-        ]
-    )
-    mock_connection.cursor.return_value = mock_cursor
+    # Setup test data
+    await store.aput(("test", "foo"), "key1", {"data": "value1"})
+    await store.aput(("test", "bar"), "key2", {"data": "value2"})

    ops = [
        SearchOp(
@@ -233,297 +170,338 @@ async def test_batch_search_ops(store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:
    results = await store.abatch(ops)

    assert len(results) == 2
-    assert len(results[0]) == 2
-    assert len(results[1]) == 2
+    assert len(results[0]) == 1  # Filtered results
+    assert len(results[1]) == 2  # All results


 async def test_batch_list_namespaces_ops(store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:
-    mock_connection = store.conn
-    mock_cursor = MockAsyncCursor(
-        [
-            {"truncated_prefix": b"\x01test.namespace1"},
-            {"truncated_prefix": b"\x01test.namespace2"},
-        ]
-    )
-    mock_connection.cursor.return_value = mock_cursor
+    # Setup test data
+    await store.aput(("test", "namespace1"), "key1", {"data": "value1"})
+    await store.aput(("test", "namespace2"), "key2", {"data": "value2"})

    ops = [ListNamespacesOp(match_conditions=None, max_depth=None, limit=10, offset=0)]

    results = await store.abatch(ops)

    assert len(results) == 1
-    assert results[0] == [("test", "namespace1"), ("test", "namespace2")]
+    assert len(results[0]) == 2
+    assert ("test", "namespace1") in results[0]
+    assert ("test", "namespace2") in results[0]


-# The following use the actual DB connection
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def _create_vector_store(
+    vector_type: str,
+    distance_type: str,
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+    text_fields: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncPostgresStore]:
+    """Create a store with vector search enabled."""
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+        pytest.skip("Async Postgres tests require Python 3.10+")

+    database = f"test_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:16]}"
+    uri_parts = DEFAULT_URI.split("/")
+    uri_base = "/".join(uri_parts[:-1])
+    query_params = ""
+    if "?" in uri_parts[-1]:
+        db_name, query_params = uri_parts[-1].split("?", 1)
+        query_params = "?" + query_params

-class TestAsyncPostgresStore:
-    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
-    async def setup(self) -> None:
-        async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as store:
+    conn_string = f"{uri_base}/{database}{query_params}"
+    admin_conn_string = DEFAULT_URI
+
+    index_config = {
+        "dims": fake_embeddings.dims,
+        "embed": fake_embeddings,
+        "ann_index_config": {
+            "vector_type": vector_type,
+        },
+        "distance_type": distance_type,
+        "text_fields": text_fields,
+    }
+
+    async with await AsyncConnection.connect(
+        admin_conn_string, autocommit=True
+    ) as conn:
+        await conn.execute(f"CREATE DATABASE {database}")
+    try:
+        async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(
+            conn_string,
+            index=index_config,
+        ) as store:
            await store.setup()
+            yield store
+    finally:
+        async with await AsyncConnection.connect(
+            admin_conn_string, autocommit=True
+        ) as conn:
+            await conn.execute(f"DROP DATABASE {database}")

-    async def test_basic_store_ops(self) -> None:
-        async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as store:
-            namespace = ("test", "documents")
-            item_id = "doc1"
-            item_value = {"title": "Test Document", "content": "Hello, World!"}

-            await store.aput(namespace, item_id, item_value)
-            item = await store.aget(namespace, item_id)
+@pytest.fixture(
+    scope="function",
+    params=[
+        (vector_type, distance_type)
+        for vector_type in VECTOR_TYPES
+        for distance_type in (
+            ["hamming"] if vector_type == "bit" else ["l2", "inner_product", "cosine"]
+        )
+    ],
+    ids=lambda p: f"{p[0]}_{p[1]}",
+)
+async def vector_store(
+    request,
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncPostgresStore]:
+    """Create a store with vector search enabled."""
+    vector_type, distance_type = request.param
+    async with _create_vector_store(
+        vector_type, distance_type, fake_embeddings
+    ) as store:
+        yield store

-            assert item
-            assert item.namespace == namespace
-            assert item.key == item_id
-            assert item.value == item_value

-            updated_value = {
-                "title": "Updated Test Document",
-                "content": "Hello, LangGraph!",
-            }
-            await store.aput(namespace, item_id, updated_value)
-            updated_item = await store.aget(namespace, item_id)
+async def test_vector_store_initialization(
+    vector_store: AsyncPostgresStore, fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings
+) -> None:
+    """Test store initialization with embedding config."""
+    assert vector_store.index_config is not None
+    assert vector_store.index_config["dims"] == fake_embeddings.dims
+    if isinstance(vector_store.index_config["embed"], Embeddings):
+        assert vector_store.index_config["embed"] == fake_embeddings

-            assert updated_item.value == updated_value
-            assert updated_item.updated_at > item.updated_at
-            different_namespace = ("test", "other_documents")
-            item_in_different_namespace = await store.aget(different_namespace, item_id)
-            assert item_in_different_namespace is None

-            new_item_id = "doc2"
-            new_item_value = {"title": "Another Document", "content": "Greetings!"}
-            await store.aput(namespace, new_item_id, new_item_value)
+async def test_vector_insert_with_auto_embedding(
+    vector_store: AsyncPostgresStore,
+) -> None:
+    """Test inserting items that get auto-embedded."""
+    docs = [
+        ("doc1", {"text": "short text"}),
+        ("doc2", {"text": "longer text document"}),
+        ("doc3", {"text": "longest text document here"}),
+        ("doc4", {"description": "text in description field"}),
+        ("doc5", {"content": "text in content field"}),
+        ("doc6", {"body": "text in body field"}),
+    ]

-            search_results = await store.asearch(["test"], limit=10)
-            items = search_results
-            assert len(items) == 2
-            assert any(item.key == item_id for item in items)
-            assert any(item.key == new_item_id for item in items)
+    for key, value in docs:
+        await vector_store.aput(("test",), key, value)

-            namespaces = await store.alist_namespaces(prefix=["test"])
-            assert ("test", "documents") in namespaces
+    results = await vector_store.asearch(("test",), query="long text")
+    assert len(results) > 0

-            await store.adelete(namespace, item_id)
-            await store.adelete(namespace, new_item_id)
-            deleted_item = await store.aget(namespace, item_id)
-            assert deleted_item is None
+    doc_order = [r.key for r in results]
+    assert "doc2" in doc_order
+    assert "doc3" in doc_order

-            deleted_item = await store.aget(namespace, new_item_id)
-            assert deleted_item is None

-            empty_search_results = await store.asearch(["test"], limit=10)
-            assert len(empty_search_results) == 0
+async def test_vector_update_with_embedding(vector_store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:
+    """Test that updating items properly updates their embeddings."""
+    await vector_store.aput(("test",), "doc1", {"text": "zany zebra Xerxes"})
+    await vector_store.aput(("test",), "doc2", {"text": "something about dogs"})
+    await vector_store.aput(("test",), "doc3", {"text": "text about birds"})

-    async def test_list_namespaces(self) -> None:
-        async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as store:
-            test_pref = str(uuid.uuid4())
-            test_namespaces = [
-                (test_pref, "test", "documents", "public", test_pref),
-                (test_pref, "test", "documents", "private", test_pref),
-                (test_pref, "test", "images", "public", test_pref),
-                (test_pref, "test", "images", "private", test_pref),
-                (test_pref, "prod", "documents", "public", test_pref),
-                (
-                    test_pref,
-                    "prod",
-                    "documents",
-                    "some",
-                    "nesting",
-                    "public",
-                    test_pref,
-                ),
-                (test_pref, "prod", "documents", "private", test_pref),
-            ]
+    results_initial = await vector_store.asearch(("test",), query="Zany Xerxes")
+    assert len(results_initial) > 0
+    assert results_initial[0].key == "doc1"
+    initial_score = results_initial[0].score

-            for namespace in test_namespaces:
-                await store.aput(namespace, "dummy", {"content": "dummy"})
+    await vector_store.aput(("test",), "doc1", {"text": "new text about dogs"})

-            prefix_result = await store.alist_namespaces(prefix=[test_pref, "test"])
-            assert len(prefix_result) == 4
-            assert all([ns[1] == "test" for ns in prefix_result])
+    results_after = await vector_store.asearch(("test",), query="Zany Xerxes")
+    after_score = next((r.score for r in results_after if r.key == "doc1"), 0.0)
+    assert after_score < initial_score

-            specific_prefix_result = await store.alist_namespaces(
-                prefix=[test_pref, "test", "documents"]
-            )
-            assert len(specific_prefix_result) == 2
-            assert all(
-                [ns[1:3] == ("test", "documents") for ns in specific_prefix_result]
-            )
+    results_new = await vector_store.asearch(("test",), query="new text about dogs")
+    for r in results_new:
+        if r.key == "doc1":
+            assert r.score > after_score

-            suffix_result = await store.alist_namespaces(suffix=["public", test_pref])
-            assert len(suffix_result) == 4
-            assert all(ns[-2] == "public" for ns in suffix_result)
+    # Don't index this one
+    await vector_store.aput(
+        ("test",), "doc4", {"text": "new text about dogs"}, index=False
+    )
+    results_new = await vector_store.asearch(
+        ("test",), query="new text about dogs", limit=3
+    )
+    assert not any(r.key == "doc4" for r in results_new)

-            prefix_suffix_result = await store.alist_namespaces(
-                prefix=[test_pref, "test"], suffix=["public", test_pref]
-            )
-            assert len(prefix_suffix_result) == 2
-            assert all(
-                ns[1] == "test" and ns[-2] == "public" for ns in prefix_suffix_result
-            )

-            wildcard_prefix_result = await store.alist_namespaces(
-                prefix=[test_pref, "*", "documents"]
-            )
-            assert len(wildcard_prefix_result) == 5
-            assert all(ns[2] == "documents" for ns in wildcard_prefix_result)
+async def test_vector_search_with_filters(vector_store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:
+    """Test combining vector search with filters."""
+    docs = [
+        ("doc1", {"text": "red apple", "color": "red", "score": 4.5}),
+        ("doc2", {"text": "red car", "color": "red", "score": 3.0}),
+        ("doc3", {"text": "green apple", "color": "green", "score": 4.0}),
+        ("doc4", {"text": "blue car", "color": "blue", "score": 3.5}),
+    ]

-            wildcard_suffix_result = await store.alist_namespaces(
-                suffix=["*", "public", test_pref]
-            )
-            assert len(wildcard_suffix_result) == 4
-            assert all(ns[-2] == "public" for ns in wildcard_suffix_result)
-            wildcard_single = await store.alist_namespaces(
-                suffix=["some", "*", "public", test_pref]
-            )
-            assert len(wildcard_single) == 1
-            assert wildcard_single[0] == (
-                test_pref,
-                "prod",
-                "documents",
-                "some",
-                "nesting",
-                "public",
-                test_pref,
-            )
+    for key, value in docs:
+        await vector_store.aput(("test",), key, value)

-            max_depth_result = await store.alist_namespaces(max_depth=3)
-            assert all([len(ns) <= 3 for ns in max_depth_result])
-            max_depth_result = await store.alist_namespaces(
-                max_depth=4, prefix=[test_pref, "*", "documents"]
-            )
-            assert (
-                len(set(tuple(res) for res in max_depth_result))
-                == len(max_depth_result)
-                == 5
-            )
+    results = await vector_store.asearch(
+        ("test",), query="apple", filter={"color": "red"}
+    )
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key == "doc1"

-            limit_result = await store.alist_namespaces(prefix=[test_pref], limit=3)
-            assert len(limit_result) == 3
+    results = await vector_store.asearch(
+        ("test",), query="car", filter={"color": "red"}
+    )
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key == "doc2"

-            offset_result = await store.alist_namespaces(prefix=[test_pref], offset=3)
-            assert len(offset_result) == len(test_namespaces) - 3
+    results = await vector_store.asearch(
+        ("test",), query="bbbbluuu", filter={"score": {"$gt": 3.2}}
+    )
+    assert len(results) == 3
+    assert results[0].key == "doc4"

-            empty_prefix_result = await store.alist_namespaces(prefix=[test_pref])
-            assert len(empty_prefix_result) == len(test_namespaces)
-            assert set(tuple(ns) for ns in empty_prefix_result) == set(
-                tuple(ns) for ns in test_namespaces
-            )
+    results = await vector_store.asearch(
+        ("test",), query="apple", filter={"score": {"$gte": 4.0}, "color": "green"}
+    )
+    assert len(results) == 1
+    assert results[0].key == "doc3"

-            for namespace in test_namespaces:
-                await store.adelete(namespace, "dummy")

-    async def test_search(self):
-        async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as store:
-            test_namespaces = [
-                ("test_search", "documents", "user1"),
-                ("test_search", "documents", "user2"),
-                ("test_search", "reports", "department1"),
-                ("test_search", "reports", "department2"),
-            ]
-            test_items = [
-                {"title": "Doc 1", "author": "John Doe", "tags": ["important"]},
-                {"title": "Doc 2", "author": "Jane Smith", "tags": ["draft"]},
-                {"title": "Report A", "author": "John Doe", "tags": ["final"]},
-                {"title": "Report B", "author": "Alice Johnson", "tags": ["draft"]},
-            ]
-            empty = await store.asearch(
-                (
-                    "scoped",
-                    "assistant_id",
-                    "shared",
-                    "6c5356f6-63ab-4158-868d-cd9fd14c736e",
-                ),
-                limit=10,
-                offset=0,
-            )
-            assert len(empty) == 0
+async def test_vector_search_pagination(vector_store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:
+    """Test pagination with vector search."""
+    for i in range(5):
+        await vector_store.aput(
+            ("test",), f"doc{i}", {"text": f"test document number {i}"}
+        )

-            for namespace, item in zip(test_namespaces, test_items):
-                await store.aput(namespace, f"item_{namespace[-1]}", item)
+    results_page1 = await vector_store.asearch(("test",), query="test", limit=2)
+    results_page2 = await vector_store.asearch(
+        ("test",), query="test", limit=2, offset=2
+    )

-            docs_result = await store.asearch(["test_search", "documents"])
-            assert len(docs_result) == 2
-            assert all([item.namespace[1] == "documents" for item in docs_result]), [
-                item.namespace for item in docs_result
-            ]
+    assert len(results_page1) == 2
+    assert len(results_page2) == 2
+    assert results_page1[0].key != results_page2[0].key

-            reports_result = await store.asearch(["test_search", "reports"])
-            assert len(reports_result) == 2
-            assert all(item.namespace[1] == "reports" for item in reports_result)
+    all_results = await vector_store.asearch(("test",), query="test", limit=10)
+    assert len(all_results) == 5

-            limited_result = await store.asearch(["test_search"], limit=2)
-            assert len(limited_result) == 2
-            offset_result = await store.asearch(["test_search"])
-            assert len(offset_result) == 4

-            offset_result = await store.asearch(["test_search"], offset=2)
-            assert len(offset_result) == 2
-            assert all(item not in limited_result for item in offset_result)
+async def test_vector_search_edge_cases(vector_store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None:
+    """Test edge cases in vector search."""
+    await vector_store.aput(("test",), "doc1", {"text": "test document"})

-            john_doe_result = await store.asearch(
-                ["test_search"], filter={"author": "John Doe"}
-            )
-            assert len(john_doe_result) == 2
-            assert all(item.value["author"] == "John Doe" for item in john_doe_result)
+    perfect_match = await vector_store.asearch(("test",), query="text test document")
+    perfect_score = perfect_match[0].score

-            draft_result = await store.asearch(
-                ["test_search"], filter={"tags": ["draft"]}
-            )
-            assert len(draft_result) == 2
-            assert all("draft" in item.value["tags"] for item in draft_result)
+    results = await vector_store.asearch(("test",), query="")
+    assert len(results) == 1
+    assert results[0].score is None

-            page1 = await store.asearch(["test_search"], limit=2, offset=0)
-            page2 = await store.asearch(["test_search"], limit=2, offset=2)
-            all_items = page1 + page2
-            assert len(all_items) == 4
-            assert len(set(item.key for item in all_items)) == 4
-            empty = await store.asearch(
-                (
-                    "scoped",
-                    "assistant_id",
-                    "shared",
-                    "again",
-                    "maybe",
-                    "some-long",
-                    "6be5cb0e-2eb4-42e6-bb6b-fba3c269db25",
-                ),
-                limit=10,
-                offset=0,
-            )
-            assert len(empty) == 0
+    results = await vector_store.asearch(("test",), query=None)
+    assert len(results) == 1
+    assert results[0].score is None

-            # Test with a namespace beginning with a number (like a UUID)
-            uuid_namespace = (str(uuid.uuid4()), "documents")
-            uuid_item_id = "uuid_doc"
-            uuid_item_value = {
-                "title": "UUID Document",
-                "content": "This document has a UUID namespace.",
-            }
+    long_query = "foo " * 100
+    results = await vector_store.asearch(("test",), query=long_query)
+    assert len(results) == 1
+    assert results[0].score < perfect_score

-            # Insert the item with the UUID namespace
-            await store.aput(uuid_namespace, uuid_item_id, uuid_item_value)
+    special_query = "test!@#$%^&*()"
+    results = await vector_store.asearch(("test",), query=special_query)
+    assert len(results) == 1
+    assert results[0].score < perfect_score

-            # Retrieve the item to verify it was stored correctly
-            retrieved_item = await store.aget(uuid_namespace, uuid_item_id)
-            assert retrieved_item is not None
-            assert retrieved_item.namespace == uuid_namespace
-            assert retrieved_item.key == uuid_item_id
-            assert retrieved_item.value == uuid_item_value

-            # Search for the item using the UUID namespace
-            search_result = await store.asearch([uuid_namespace[0]])
-            assert len(search_result) == 1
-            assert search_result[0].key == uuid_item_id
-            assert search_result[0].value == uuid_item_value
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "vector_type,distance_type",
+    [
+        *itertools.product(["vector", "halfvec"], ["cosine", "inner_product", "l2"]),
+    ],
+)
+async def test_embed_with_path(
+    request: Any,
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+    vector_type: str,
+    distance_type: str,
+) -> None:
+    """Test vector search with specific text fields in Postgres store."""
+    async with _create_vector_store(
+        vector_type,
+        distance_type,
+        fake_embeddings,
+        text_fields=["key0", "key1", "key3"],
+    ) as store:
+        # This will have 2 vectors representing it
+        doc1 = {
+            # Omit key0 - check it doesn't raise an error
+            "key1": "xxx",
+            "key2": "yyy",
+            "key3": "zzz",
+        }
+        # This will have 3 vectors representing it
+        doc2 = {
+            "key0": "uuu",
+            "key1": "vvv",
+            "key2": "www",
+            "key3": "xxx",
+        }
+        await store.aput(("test",), "doc1", doc1)
+        await store.aput(("test",), "doc2", doc2)

-            # Clean up: delete the item with the UUID namespace
-            await store.adelete(uuid_namespace, uuid_item_id)
+        # doc2.key3 and doc1.key1 both would have the highest score
+        results = await store.asearch(("test",), query="xxx")
+        assert len(results) == 2
+        assert results[0].key != results[1].key
+        ascore = results[0].score
+        bscore = results[1].score
+        assert ascore == pytest.approx(bscore, abs=1e-3)

-            # Verify the item was deleted
-            deleted_item = await store.aget(uuid_namespace, uuid_item_id)
-            assert deleted_item is None
+        results = await store.asearch(("test",), query="uuu")
+        assert len(results) == 2
+        assert results[0].key != results[1].key
+        assert results[0].key == "doc2"
+        assert results[0].score > results[1].score
+        assert ascore == pytest.approx(results[0].score, abs=1e-3)

-            for namespace in test_namespaces:
-                await store.adelete(namespace, f"item_{namespace[-1]}")
+        # Un-indexed - will have low results for both. Not zero (because we're projecting)
+        # but less than the above.
+        results = await store.asearch(("test",), query="www")
+        assert len(results) == 2
+        assert results[0].score < ascore
+        assert results[1].score < ascore
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "vector_type,distance_type",
+    [
+        *itertools.product(["vector", "halfvec"], ["cosine", "inner_product", "l2"]),
+    ],
+)
+async def test_search_sorting(
+    request: Any,
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+    vector_type: str,
+    distance_type: str,
+) -> None:
+    """Test operation-level field configuration for vector search."""
+    async with _create_vector_store(
+        vector_type,
+        distance_type,
+        fake_embeddings,
+        text_fields=["key1"],  # Default fields that won't match our test data
+    ) as store:
+        amatch = {
+            "key1": "mmm",
+        }
+
+        await store.aput(("test", "M"), "M", amatch)
+        N = 100
+        for i in range(N):
+            await store.aput(("test", "A"), f"A{i}", {"key1": "no"})
+        for i in range(N):
+            await store.aput(("test", "Z"), f"Z{i}", {"key1": "no"})
+
+        results = await store.asearch(("test",), query="mmm", limit=10)
+        assert len(results) == 10
+        assert len(set(r.key for r in results)) == 10
+        assert results[0].key == "M"
+        assert results[0].score > results[1].score
@@ -1,174 +1,125 @@
 # type: ignore
-import uuid
-from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Any
-from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from typing import Any, Optional
+from uuid import uuid4

 import pytest
-from conftest import DEFAULT_URI  # type: ignore
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+from psycopg import Connection

-from langgraph.store.base import GetOp, Item, ListNamespacesOp, PutOp, SearchOp
+from langgraph.store.base import (
+    GetOp,
+    Item,
+    ListNamespacesOp,
+    MatchCondition,
+    PutOp,
+    SearchOp,
+)
 from langgraph.store.postgres import PostgresStore
+from tests.conftest import (
+    DEFAULT_URI,
+    VECTOR_TYPES,
+    CharacterEmbeddings,
+)


-class MockCursor:
-    def __init__(self, fetch_result: Any) -> None:
-        self.fetch_result = fetch_result
-        self.execute = MagicMock()
-        self.fetchall = MagicMock(return_value=self.fetch_result)
+@pytest.fixture(scope="function", params=["default", "pipe", "pool"])
+def store(request) -> PostgresStore:
+    database = f"test_{uuid4().hex[:16]}"
+    uri_parts = DEFAULT_URI.split("/")
+    uri_base = "/".join(uri_parts[:-1])
+    query_params = ""
+    if "?" in uri_parts[-1]:
+        db_name, query_params = uri_parts[-1].split("?", 1)
+        query_params = "?" + query_params

+    conn_string = f"{uri_base}/{database}{query_params}"
+    admin_conn_string = DEFAULT_URI

-class MockConnection:
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.cursor = MagicMock()
-        self.pipeline = MagicMock()
+    with Connection.connect(admin_conn_string, autocommit=True) as conn:
+        conn.execute(f"CREATE DATABASE {database}")
+    try:
+        with PostgresStore.from_conn_string(conn_string) as store:
+            store.setup()

-
-@pytest.fixture
-def mock_connection() -> MockConnection:
-    return MockConnection()
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-def store(mock_connection: MockConnection) -> PostgresStore:
-    return PostgresStore(mock_connection)
+        if request.param == "pipe":
+            with PostgresStore.from_conn_string(conn_string, pipeline=True) as store:
+                yield store
+        elif request.param == "pool":
+            with PostgresStore.from_conn_string(
+                conn_string, pool_config={"min_size": 1, "max_size": 10}
+            ) as store:
+                yield store
+        else:  # default
+            with PostgresStore.from_conn_string(conn_string) as store:
+                yield store
+    finally:
+        with Connection.connect(admin_conn_string, autocommit=True) as conn:
+            conn.execute(f"DROP DATABASE {database}")


 def test_batch_order(store: PostgresStore) -> None:
-    mock_connection = store.conn
-    mock_get_cursor = MockCursor(
-        [
-            {
-                "key": "key1",
-                "value": '{"data": "value1"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.foo",
-            },
-            {
-                "key": "key2",
-                "value": '{"data": "value2"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.bar",
-            },
-        ]
-    )
-    mock_search_cursor = MockCursor(
-        [
-            {
-                "key": "key1",
-                "value": '{"data": "value1"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.foo",
-            },
-        ]
-    )
-    mock_list_namespaces_cursor = MockCursor(
-        [
-            {"truncated_prefix": b"\x01test"},
-        ]
-    )
-
-    failures = []
-
-    def cursor_side_effect(binary: bool = False) -> Any:
-        cursor = MagicMock()
-
-        def execute_side_effect(query: str, *params: Any) -> None:
-            # My super sophisticated database.
-            if "SELECT prefix, key, value" in query:
-                cursor.fetchall = mock_search_cursor.fetchall
-            elif "SELECT DISTINCT ON (truncated_prefix)" in query:
-                cursor.fetchall = mock_list_namespaces_cursor.fetchall
-            elif "WHERE prefix = %s AND key" in query:
-                cursor.fetchall = mock_get_cursor.fetchall
-            elif "INSERT INTO " in query:
-                pass
-            else:
-                e = ValueError(f"Unmatched query: {query}")
-                failures.append(e)
-                raise e
-
-        cursor.execute = MagicMock(side_effect=execute_side_effect)
-        return cursor
-
-    mock_connection.cursor.side_effect = cursor_side_effect
+    # Setup test data
+    store.put(("test", "foo"), "key1", {"data": "value1"})
+    store.put(("test", "bar"), "key2", {"data": "value2"})

    ops = [
-        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key1"),
-        PutOp(namespace=("test",), key="key2", value={"data": "value2"}),
+        GetOp(namespace=("test", "foo"), key="key1"),
+        PutOp(namespace=("test", "bar"), key="key2", value={"data": "value2"}),
        SearchOp(
            namespace_prefix=("test",), filter={"data": "value1"}, limit=10, offset=0
        ),
        ListNamespacesOp(match_conditions=None, max_depth=None, limit=10, offset=0),
        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key3"),
    ]
+
    results = store.batch(ops)
-    assert not failures
    assert len(results) == 5
    assert isinstance(results[0], Item)
    assert isinstance(results[0].value, dict)
    assert results[0].value == {"data": "value1"}
    assert results[0].key == "key1"
-    assert results[1] is None
+    assert results[1] is None  # Put operation returns None
    assert isinstance(results[2], list)
    assert len(results[2]) == 1
    assert isinstance(results[3], list)
-    assert results[3] == [("test",)]
-    assert results[4] is None
+    assert len(results[3]) > 0  # Should contain at least our test namespaces
+    assert results[4] is None  # Non-existent key returns None

+    # Test reordered operations
    ops_reordered = [
        SearchOp(namespace_prefix=("test",), filter=None, limit=5, offset=0),
-        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key2"),
+        GetOp(namespace=("test", "bar"), key="key2"),
        ListNamespacesOp(match_conditions=None, max_depth=None, limit=5, offset=0),
        PutOp(namespace=("test",), key="key3", value={"data": "value3"}),
-        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key1"),
+        GetOp(namespace=("test", "foo"), key="key1"),
    ]

    results_reordered = store.batch(ops_reordered)
-    assert not failures
    assert len(results_reordered) == 5
    assert isinstance(results_reordered[0], list)
-    assert len(results_reordered[0]) == 1
+    assert len(results_reordered[0]) >= 2  # Should find at least our two test items
    assert isinstance(results_reordered[1], Item)
    assert results_reordered[1].value == {"data": "value2"}
    assert results_reordered[1].key == "key2"
    assert isinstance(results_reordered[2], list)
-    assert results_reordered[2] == [("test",)]
-    assert results_reordered[3] is None
+    assert len(results_reordered[2]) > 0
+    assert results_reordered[3] is None  # Put operation returns None
    assert isinstance(results_reordered[4], Item)
    assert results_reordered[4].value == {"data": "value1"}
    assert results_reordered[4].key == "key1"


 def test_batch_get_ops(store: PostgresStore) -> None:
-    mock_connection = store.conn
-    mock_cursor = MockCursor(
-        [
-            {
-                "key": "key1",
-                "value": '{"data": "value1"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.foo",
-            },
-            {
-                "key": "key2",
-                "value": '{"data": "value2"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.bar",
-            },
-        ]
-    )
-    mock_connection.cursor.return_value = mock_cursor
+    # Setup test data
+    store.put(("test",), "key1", {"data": "value1"})
+    store.put(("test",), "key2", {"data": "value2"})

    ops = [
        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key1"),
        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key2"),
-        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key3"),
+        GetOp(namespace=("test",), key="key3"),  # Non-existent key
    ]

    results = store.batch(ops)
@@ -182,75 +133,90 @@ def test_batch_get_ops(store: PostgresStore) -> None:


 def test_batch_put_ops(store: PostgresStore) -> None:
-    mock_connection = store.conn
-    mock_cursor = MockCursor([])
-    mock_connection.cursor.return_value = mock_cursor
-
    ops = [
        PutOp(namespace=("test",), key="key1", value={"data": "value1"}),
        PutOp(namespace=("test",), key="key2", value={"data": "value2"}),
-        PutOp(namespace=("test",), key="key3", value=None),
+        PutOp(namespace=("test",), key="key3", value=None),  # Delete operation
    ]

    results = store.batch(ops)
-
    assert len(results) == 3
    assert all(result is None for result in results)
-    assert mock_cursor.execute.call_count == 2
+
+    # Verify the puts worked
+    item1 = store.get(("test",), "key1")
+    item2 = store.get(("test",), "key2")
+    item3 = store.get(("test",), "key3")
+
+    assert item1 and item1.value == {"data": "value1"}
+    assert item2 and item2.value == {"data": "value2"}
+    assert item3 is None


 def test_batch_search_ops(store: PostgresStore) -> None:
-    mock_connection = store.conn
-    mock_cursor = MockCursor(
-        [
-            {
-                "key": "key1",
-                "value": '{"data": "value1"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.foo",
-            },
-            {
-                "key": "key2",
-                "value": '{"data": "value2"}',
-                "created_at": datetime.now(),
-                "updated_at": datetime.now(),
-                "prefix": "test.bar",
-            },
-        ]
-    )
-    mock_connection.cursor.return_value = mock_cursor
+    # Setup test data
+    test_data = [
+        (("test", "foo"), "key1", {"data": "value1", "tag": "a"}),
+        (("test", "bar"), "key2", {"data": "value2", "tag": "a"}),
+        (("test", "baz"), "key3", {"data": "value3", "tag": "b"}),
+    ]
+    for namespace, key, value in test_data:
+        store.put(namespace, key, value)

    ops = [
-        SearchOp(
-            namespace_prefix=("test",), filter={"data": "value1"}, limit=10, offset=0
-        ),
-        SearchOp(namespace_prefix=("test",), filter=None, limit=5, offset=0),
+        SearchOp(namespace_prefix=("test",), filter={"tag": "a"}, limit=10, offset=0),
+        SearchOp(namespace_prefix=("test",), filter=None, limit=2, offset=0),
+        SearchOp(namespace_prefix=("test", "foo"), filter=None, limit=10, offset=0),
    ]

    results = store.batch(ops)
+    assert len(results) == 3

-    assert len(results) == 2
+    # First search should find items with tag "a"
    assert len(results[0]) == 2
+    assert all(item.value["tag"] == "a" for item in results[0])
+
+    # Second search should return first 2 items
    assert len(results[1]) == 2

+    # Third search should only find items in test/foo namespace
+    assert len(results[2]) == 1
+    assert results[2][0].namespace == ("test", "foo")
+

 def test_batch_list_namespaces_ops(store: PostgresStore) -> None:
-    mock_connection = store.conn
-    mock_cursor = MockCursor(
-        [
-            {"truncated_prefix": b"\x01test.namespace1"},
-            {"truncated_prefix": b"\x01test.namespace2"},
-        ]
-    )
-    mock_connection.cursor.return_value = mock_cursor
+    # Setup test data with various namespaces
+    test_data = [
+        (("test", "documents", "public"), "doc1", {"content": "public doc"}),
+        (("test", "documents", "private"), "doc2", {"content": "private doc"}),
+        (("test", "images", "public"), "img1", {"content": "public image"}),
+        (("prod", "documents", "public"), "doc3", {"content": "prod doc"}),
+    ]
+    for namespace, key, value in test_data:
+        store.put(namespace, key, value)

-    ops = [ListNamespacesOp(match_conditions=None, max_depth=None, limit=10, offset=0)]
+    ops = [
+        ListNamespacesOp(match_conditions=None, max_depth=None, limit=10, offset=0),
+        ListNamespacesOp(match_conditions=None, max_depth=2, limit=10, offset=0),
+        ListNamespacesOp(
+            match_conditions=[MatchCondition("suffix", "public")],
+            max_depth=None,
+            limit=10,
+            offset=0,
+        ),
+    ]

    results = store.batch(ops)
+    assert len(results) == 3

-    assert len(results) == 1
-    assert results[0] == [("test", "namespace1"), ("test", "namespace2")]
+    # First operation should list all namespaces
+    assert len(results[0]) == len(test_data)
+
+    # Second operation should only return namespaces up to depth 2
+    assert all(len(ns) <= 2 for ns in results[1])
+
+    # Third operation should only return namespaces ending with "public"
+    assert all(ns[-1] == "public" for ns in results[2])


 class TestPostgresStore:
@@ -273,195 +239,459 @@ class TestPostgresStore:
            assert item.key == item_id
            assert item.value == item_value

-            updated_value = {
-                "title": "Updated Test Document",
-                "content": "Hello, LangGraph!",
-            }
+            # Test update
+            updated_value = {"title": "Updated Document", "content": "Hello, Updated!"}
            store.put(namespace, item_id, updated_value)
            updated_item = store.get(namespace, item_id)

            assert updated_item.value == updated_value
            assert updated_item.updated_at > item.updated_at
+
+            # Test get from non-existent namespace
            different_namespace = ("test", "other_documents")
            item_in_different_namespace = store.get(different_namespace, item_id)
            assert item_in_different_namespace is None

-            new_item_id = "doc2"
-            new_item_value = {"title": "Another Document", "content": "Greetings!"}
-            store.put(namespace, new_item_id, new_item_value)
-
-            search_results = store.search(["test"], limit=10)
-            items = search_results
-            assert len(items) == 2
-            assert any(item.key == item_id for item in items)
-            assert any(item.key == new_item_id for item in items)
-
-            namespaces = store.list_namespaces(prefix=["test"])
-            assert ("test", "documents") in namespaces
-
+            # Test delete
            store.delete(namespace, item_id)
-            store.delete(namespace, new_item_id)
            deleted_item = store.get(namespace, item_id)
            assert deleted_item is None

-            deleted_item = store.get(namespace, new_item_id)
-            assert deleted_item is None
-
-            empty_search_results = store.search(["test"], limit=10)
-            assert len(empty_search_results) == 0
-
    def test_list_namespaces(self) -> None:
        with PostgresStore.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as store:
-            test_pref = str(uuid.uuid4())
+            # Create test data with various namespaces
            test_namespaces = [
-                (test_pref, "test", "documents", "public", test_pref),
-                (test_pref, "test", "documents", "private", test_pref),
-                (test_pref, "test", "images", "public", test_pref),
-                (test_pref, "test", "images", "private", test_pref),
-                (test_pref, "prod", "documents", "public", test_pref),
-                (
-                    test_pref,
-                    "prod",
-                    "documents",
-                    "some",
-                    "nesting",
-                    "public",
-                    test_pref,
-                ),
-                (test_pref, "prod", "documents", "private", test_pref),
+                ("test", "documents", "public"),
+                ("test", "documents", "private"),
+                ("test", "images", "public"),
+                ("test", "images", "private"),
+                ("prod", "documents", "public"),
+                ("prod", "documents", "private"),
            ]

+            # Insert test data
            for namespace in test_namespaces:
                store.put(namespace, "dummy", {"content": "dummy"})

-            prefix_result = store.list_namespaces(prefix=[test_pref, "test"])
-            assert len(prefix_result) == 4
-            assert all([ns[1] == "test" for ns in prefix_result])
+            # Test listing with various filters
+            all_namespaces = store.list_namespaces()
+            assert len(all_namespaces) == len(test_namespaces)

-            specific_prefix_result = store.list_namespaces(
-                prefix=[test_pref, "test", "documents"]
-            )
-            assert len(specific_prefix_result) == 2
-            assert all(
-                [ns[1:3] == ("test", "documents") for ns in specific_prefix_result]
-            )
+            # Test prefix filtering
+            test_prefix_namespaces = store.list_namespaces(prefix=["test"])
+            assert len(test_prefix_namespaces) == 4
+            assert all(ns[0] == "test" for ns in test_prefix_namespaces)

-            suffix_result = store.list_namespaces(suffix=["public", test_pref])
-            assert len(suffix_result) == 4
-            assert all(ns[-2] == "public" for ns in suffix_result)
+            # Test suffix filtering
+            public_namespaces = store.list_namespaces(suffix=["public"])
+            assert len(public_namespaces) == 3
+            assert all(ns[-1] == "public" for ns in public_namespaces)

-            prefix_suffix_result = store.list_namespaces(
-                prefix=[test_pref, "test"], suffix=["public", test_pref]
-            )
-            assert len(prefix_suffix_result) == 2
-            assert all(
-                ns[1] == "test" and ns[-2] == "public" for ns in prefix_suffix_result
-            )
+            # Test max depth
+            depth_2_namespaces = store.list_namespaces(max_depth=2)
+            assert all(len(ns) <= 2 for ns in depth_2_namespaces)

-            wildcard_prefix_result = store.list_namespaces(
-                prefix=[test_pref, "*", "documents"]
-            )
-            assert len(wildcard_prefix_result) == 5
-            assert all(ns[2] == "documents" for ns in wildcard_prefix_result)
-
-            wildcard_suffix_result = store.list_namespaces(
-                suffix=["*", "public", test_pref]
-            )
-            assert len(wildcard_suffix_result) == 4
-            assert all(ns[-2] == "public" for ns in wildcard_suffix_result)
-            wildcard_single = store.list_namespaces(
-                suffix=["some", "*", "public", test_pref]
-            )
-            assert len(wildcard_single) == 1
-            assert wildcard_single[0] == (
-                test_pref,
-                "prod",
-                "documents",
-                "some",
-                "nesting",
-                "public",
-                test_pref,
-            )
-
-            max_depth_result = store.list_namespaces(max_depth=3)
-            assert all([len(ns) <= 3 for ns in max_depth_result])
-
-            max_depth_result = store.list_namespaces(
-                max_depth=4, prefix=[test_pref, "*", "documents"]
-            )
-            assert (
-                len(set(tuple(res) for res in max_depth_result))
-                == len(max_depth_result)
-                == 5
-            )
-
-            limit_result = store.list_namespaces(prefix=[test_pref], limit=3)
-            assert len(limit_result) == 3
-
-            offset_result = store.list_namespaces(prefix=[test_pref], offset=3)
-            assert len(offset_result) == len(test_namespaces) - 3
-
-            empty_prefix_result = store.list_namespaces(prefix=[test_pref])
-            assert len(empty_prefix_result) == len(test_namespaces)
-            assert set(tuple(ns) for ns in empty_prefix_result) == set(
-                tuple(ns) for ns in test_namespaces
-            )
+            # Test pagination
+            paginated_namespaces = store.list_namespaces(limit=3)
+            assert len(paginated_namespaces) == 3

+            # Cleanup
            for namespace in test_namespaces:
                store.delete(namespace, "dummy")

-    def test_search(self):
+    def test_search(self) -> None:
        with PostgresStore.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as store:
-            test_namespaces = [
-                ("test_search", "documents", "user1"),
-                ("test_search", "documents", "user2"),
-                ("test_search", "reports", "department1"),
-                ("test_search", "reports", "department2"),
-            ]
-            test_items = [
-                {"title": "Doc 1", "author": "John Doe", "tags": ["important"]},
-                {"title": "Doc 2", "author": "Jane Smith", "tags": ["draft"]},
-                {"title": "Report A", "author": "John Doe", "tags": ["final"]},
-                {"title": "Report B", "author": "Alice Johnson", "tags": ["draft"]},
+            # Create test data
+            test_data = [
+                (
+                    ("test", "docs"),
+                    "doc1",
+                    {"title": "First Doc", "author": "Alice", "tags": ["important"]},
+                ),
+                (
+                    ("test", "docs"),
+                    "doc2",
+                    {"title": "Second Doc", "author": "Bob", "tags": ["draft"]},
+                ),
+                (
+                    ("test", "images"),
+                    "img1",
+                    {"title": "Image 1", "author": "Alice", "tags": ["final"]},
+                ),
            ]

-            for namespace, item in zip(test_namespaces, test_items):
-                store.put(namespace, f"item_{namespace[-1]}", item)
+            for namespace, key, value in test_data:
+                store.put(namespace, key, value)

-            docs_result = store.search(["test_search", "documents"])
-            assert len(docs_result) == 2
-            assert all(
-                [item.namespace[1] == "documents" for item in docs_result]
-            ), docs_result
+            # Test basic search
+            all_items = store.search(["test"])
+            assert len(all_items) == 3

-            reports_result = store.search(["test_search", "reports"])
-            assert len(reports_result) == 2
-            assert all(item.namespace[1] == "reports" for item in reports_result)
+            # Test namespace filtering
+            docs_items = store.search(["test", "docs"])
+            assert len(docs_items) == 2
+            assert all(item.namespace == ("test", "docs") for item in docs_items)

-            limited_result = store.search(["test_search"], limit=2)
-            assert len(limited_result) == 2
-            offset_result = store.search(["test_search"])
-            assert len(offset_result) == 4
+            # Test value filtering
+            alice_items = store.search(["test"], filter={"author": "Alice"})
+            assert len(alice_items) == 2
+            assert all(item.value["author"] == "Alice" for item in alice_items)

-            offset_result = store.search(["test_search"], offset=2)
-            assert len(offset_result) == 2
-            assert all(item not in limited_result for item in offset_result)
+            # Test pagination
+            paginated_items = store.search(["test"], limit=2)
+            assert len(paginated_items) == 2

-            john_doe_result = store.search(
-                ["test_search"], filter={"author": "John Doe"}
-            )
-            assert len(john_doe_result) == 2
-            assert all(item.value["author"] == "John Doe" for item in john_doe_result)
+            offset_items = store.search(["test"], offset=2)
+            assert len(offset_items) == 1

-            draft_result = store.search(["test_search"], filter={"tags": ["draft"]})
-            assert len(draft_result) == 2
-            assert all("draft" in item.value["tags"] for item in draft_result)
+            # Cleanup
+            for namespace, key, _ in test_data:
+                store.delete(namespace, key)

-            page1 = store.search(["test_search"], limit=2, offset=0)
-            page2 = store.search(["test_search"], limit=2, offset=2)
-            all_items = page1 + page2
-            assert len(all_items) == 4
-            assert len(set(item.key for item in all_items)) == 4

-            for namespace in test_namespaces:
-                store.delete(namespace, f"item_{namespace[-1]}")
+@contextmanager
+def _create_vector_store(
+    vector_type: str,
+    distance_type: str,
+    fake_embeddings: Embeddings,
+    text_fields: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+) -> PostgresStore:
+    """Create a store with vector search enabled."""
+    database = f"test_{uuid4().hex[:16]}"
+    uri_parts = DEFAULT_URI.split("/")
+    uri_base = "/".join(uri_parts[:-1])
+    query_params = ""
+    if "?" in uri_parts[-1]:
+        db_name, query_params = uri_parts[-1].split("?", 1)
+        query_params = "?" + query_params
+
+    conn_string = f"{uri_base}/{database}{query_params}"
+    admin_conn_string = DEFAULT_URI
+
+    index_config = {
+        "dims": fake_embeddings.dims,
+        "embed": fake_embeddings,
+        "ann_index_config": {
+            "vector_type": vector_type,
+        },
+        "distance_type": distance_type,
+        "text_fields": text_fields,
+    }
+
+    with Connection.connect(admin_conn_string, autocommit=True) as conn:
+        conn.execute(f"CREATE DATABASE {database}")
+    try:
+        with PostgresStore.from_conn_string(
+            conn_string,
+            index=index_config,
+        ) as store:
+            store.setup()
+            yield store
+    finally:
+        with Connection.connect(admin_conn_string, autocommit=True) as conn:
+            conn.execute(f"DROP DATABASE {database}")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(
+    scope="function",
+    params=[
+        (vector_type, distance_type)
+        for vector_type in VECTOR_TYPES
+        for distance_type in (
+            ["hamming"] if vector_type == "bit" else ["l2", "inner_product", "cosine"]
+        )
+    ],
+    ids=lambda p: f"{p[0]}_{p[1]}",
+)
+def vector_store(
+    request,
+    fake_embeddings: Embeddings,
+) -> PostgresStore:
+    """Create a store with vector search enabled."""
+    vector_type, distance_type = request.param
+    with _create_vector_store(vector_type, distance_type, fake_embeddings) as store:
+        yield store
+
+
+def test_vector_store_initialization(
+    vector_store: PostgresStore, fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings
+) -> None:
+    """Test store initialization with embedding config."""
+    # Store should be initialized with embedding config
+    assert vector_store.index_config is not None
+    assert vector_store.index_config["dims"] == fake_embeddings.dims
+    assert vector_store.index_config["embed"] == fake_embeddings
+
+
+def test_vector_insert_with_auto_embedding(vector_store: PostgresStore) -> None:
+    """Test inserting items that get auto-embedded."""
+    docs = [
+        ("doc1", {"text": "short text"}),
+        ("doc2", {"text": "longer text document"}),
+        ("doc3", {"text": "longest text document here"}),
+        ("doc4", {"description": "text in description field"}),
+        ("doc5", {"content": "text in content field"}),
+        ("doc6", {"body": "text in body field"}),
+    ]
+
+    for key, value in docs:
+        vector_store.put(("test",), key, value)
+
+    results = vector_store.search(("test",), query="long text")
+    assert len(results) > 0
+
+    doc_order = [r.key for r in results]
+    assert "doc2" in doc_order
+    assert "doc3" in doc_order
+
+
+def test_vector_update_with_embedding(vector_store: PostgresStore) -> None:
+    """Test that updating items properly updates their embeddings."""
+    vector_store.put(("test",), "doc1", {"text": "zany zebra Xerxes"})
+    vector_store.put(("test",), "doc2", {"text": "something about dogs"})
+    vector_store.put(("test",), "doc3", {"text": "text about birds"})
+
+    results_initial = vector_store.search(("test",), query="Zany Xerxes")
+    assert len(results_initial) > 0
+    assert results_initial[0].key == "doc1"
+    initial_score = results_initial[0].score
+
+    vector_store.put(("test",), "doc1", {"text": "new text about dogs"})
+
+    results_after = vector_store.search(("test",), query="Zany Xerxes")
+    after_score = next((r.score for r in results_after if r.key == "doc1"), 0.0)
+    assert after_score < initial_score
+
+    results_new = vector_store.search(("test",), query="new text about dogs")
+    for r in results_new:
+        if r.key == "doc1":
+            assert r.score > after_score
+
+    # Don't index this one
+    vector_store.put(("test",), "doc4", {"text": "new text about dogs"}, index=False)
+    results_new = vector_store.search(("test",), query="new text about dogs", limit=3)
+    assert not any(r.key == "doc4" for r in results_new)
+
+
+def test_vector_search_with_filters(vector_store: PostgresStore) -> None:
+    """Test combining vector search with filters."""
+    # Insert test documents
+    docs = [
+        ("doc1", {"text": "red apple", "color": "red", "score": 4.5}),
+        ("doc2", {"text": "red car", "color": "red", "score": 3.0}),
+        ("doc3", {"text": "green apple", "color": "green", "score": 4.0}),
+        ("doc4", {"text": "blue car", "color": "blue", "score": 3.5}),
+    ]
+
+    for key, value in docs:
+        vector_store.put(("test",), key, value)
+
+    results = vector_store.search(("test",), query="apple", filter={"color": "red"})
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key == "doc1"
+
+    results = vector_store.search(("test",), query="car", filter={"color": "red"})
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key == "doc2"
+
+    results = vector_store.search(
+        ("test",), query="bbbbluuu", filter={"score": {"$gt": 3.2}}
+    )
+    assert len(results) == 3
+    assert results[0].key == "doc4"
+
+    # Multiple filters
+    results = vector_store.search(
+        ("test",), query="apple", filter={"score": {"$gte": 4.0}, "color": "green"}
+    )
+    assert len(results) == 1
+    assert results[0].key == "doc3"
+
+
+def test_vector_search_pagination(vector_store: PostgresStore) -> None:
+    """Test pagination with vector search."""
+    # Insert multiple similar documents
+    for i in range(5):
+        vector_store.put(("test",), f"doc{i}", {"text": f"test document number {i}"})
+
+    # Test with different page sizes
+    results_page1 = vector_store.search(("test",), query="test", limit=2)
+    results_page2 = vector_store.search(("test",), query="test", limit=2, offset=2)
+
+    assert len(results_page1) == 2
+    assert len(results_page2) == 2
+    assert results_page1[0].key != results_page2[0].key
+
+    # Get all results
+    all_results = vector_store.search(("test",), query="test", limit=10)
+    assert len(all_results) == 5
+
+
+def test_vector_search_edge_cases(vector_store: PostgresStore) -> None:
+    """Test edge cases in vector search."""
+    vector_store.put(("test",), "doc1", {"text": "test document"})
+
+    results = vector_store.search(("test",), query="")
+    assert len(results) == 1
+
+    results = vector_store.search(("test",), query=None)
+    assert len(results) == 1
+
+    long_query = "test " * 100
+    results = vector_store.search(("test",), query=long_query)
+    assert len(results) == 1
+
+    special_query = "test!@#$%^&*()"
+    results = vector_store.search(("test",), query=special_query)
+    assert len(results) == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "vector_type,distance_type",
+    [
+        ("vector", "cosine"),
+        ("vector", "inner_product"),
+        ("halfvec", "cosine"),
+        ("halfvec", "inner_product"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_embed_with_path_sync(
+    request: Any,
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+    vector_type: str,
+    distance_type: str,
+) -> None:
+    """Test vector search with specific text fields in Postgres store."""
+    with _create_vector_store(
+        vector_type,
+        distance_type,
+        fake_embeddings,
+        text_fields=["key0", "key1", "key3"],
+    ) as store:
+        # This will have 2 vectors representing it
+        doc1 = {
+            # Omit key0 - check it doesn't raise an error
+            "key1": "xxx",
+            "key2": "yyy",
+            "key3": "zzz",
+        }
+        # This will have 3 vectors representing it
+        doc2 = {
+            "key0": "uuu",
+            "key1": "vvv",
+            "key2": "www",
+            "key3": "xxx",
+        }
+        store.put(("test",), "doc1", doc1)
+        store.put(("test",), "doc2", doc2)
+
+        # doc2.key3 and doc1.key1 both would have the highest score
+        results = store.search(("test",), query="xxx")
+        assert len(results) == 2
+        assert results[0].key != results[1].key
+        ascore = results[0].score
+        bscore = results[1].score
+        assert ascore == pytest.approx(bscore, abs=1e-3)
+
+        # ~Only match doc2
+        results = store.search(("test",), query="uuu")
+        assert len(results) == 2
+        assert results[0].key != results[1].key
+        assert results[0].key == "doc2"
+        assert results[0].score > results[1].score
+        assert ascore == pytest.approx(results[0].score, abs=1e-3)
+
+        # ~Only match doc1
+        results = store.search(("test",), query="zzz")
+        assert len(results) == 2
+        assert results[0].key != results[1].key
+        assert results[0].key == "doc1"
+        assert results[0].score > results[1].score
+        assert ascore == pytest.approx(results[0].score, abs=1e-3)
+
+        # Un-indexed - will have low results for both. Not zero (because we're projecting)
+        # but less than the above.
+        results = store.search(("test",), query="www")
+        assert len(results) == 2
+        assert results[0].key != results[1].key
+        assert results[0].score < ascore
+        assert results[1].score < ascore
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "vector_type,distance_type",
+    [
+        ("vector", "cosine"),
+        ("vector", "inner_product"),
+        ("halfvec", "cosine"),
+        ("halfvec", "inner_product"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_embed_with_path_operation_config(
+    request: Any,
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+    vector_type: str,
+    distance_type: str,
+) -> None:
+    """Test operation-level field configuration for vector search."""
+    with _create_vector_store(
+        vector_type,
+        distance_type,
+        fake_embeddings,
+        text_fields=["key17"],  # Default fields that won't match our test data
+    ) as store:
+        doc3 = {
+            "key0": "aaa",
+            "key1": "bbb",
+            "key2": "ccc",
+            "key3": "ddd",
+        }
+        doc4 = {
+            "key0": "eee",
+            "key1": "bbb",  # Same as doc3.key1
+            "key2": "fff",
+            "key3": "ggg",
+        }
+
+        store.put(("test",), "doc3", doc3, index=["key0", "key1"])
+        store.put(("test",), "doc4", doc4, index=["key1", "key3"])
+
+        results = store.search(("test",), query="aaa")
+        assert len(results) == 2
+        assert results[0].key == "doc3"
+        assert len(set(r.key for r in results)) == 2
+        assert results[0].score > results[1].score
+
+        results = store.search(("test",), query="ggg")
+        assert len(results) == 2
+        assert results[0].key == "doc4"
+        assert results[0].score > results[1].score
+
+        results = store.search(("test",), query="bbb")
+        assert len(results) == 2
+        assert results[0].key != results[1].key
+        assert results[0].score == pytest.approx(results[1].score, abs=1e-3)
+
+        results = store.search(("test",), query="ccc")
+        assert len(results) == 2
+        assert all(
+            r.score < 0.9 for r in results
+        )  # Unindexed field should have low scores
+
+        # Test index=False behavior
+        doc5 = {
+            "key0": "hhh",
+            "key1": "iii",
+        }
+        store.put(("test",), "doc5", doc5, index=False)
+        results = store.search(("test",))
+        assert len(results) == 3
+        assert all(r.score is None for r in results)
+        assert any(r.key == "doc5" for r in results)
+
+        results = store.search(("test",), query="hhh")
+        # TODO: We don't currently fill in additional results if there are not enough
+        # returned during vector search.
+        # assert len(results) == 3
+        # doc5_result = next(r for r in results if r.key == "doc5")
+        # assert doc5_result.score is None
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from typing import Any

 import pytest
-from conftest import DEFAULT_URI  # type: ignore
 from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig

 from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
@@ -11,6 +10,7 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
    empty_checkpoint,
 )
 from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import PostgresSaver
+from tests.conftest import DEFAULT_URI


 class TestPostgresSaver:
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
 # TESTING AND COVERAGE
 ######################

+TEST ?= .
+
 test:
-	poetry run pytest tests
+	poetry run pytest $(TEST)

 test_watch:
-	poetry run ptw .
+	poetry run ptw $(TEST)

 ######################
 # LINTING AND FORMATTING
@@ -1,12 +1,27 @@
 """Base classes and types for persistent key-value stores.

-Stores enable persistence and memory that can be shared across threads,
-scoped to user IDs, assistant IDs, or other arbitrary namespaces.
+Stores provide long-term memory that persists across threads and conversations.
+Supports hierarchical namespaces, key-value storage, and optional vector search.
+
+Core types:
+- BaseStore: Store interface with sync/async operations
+- Item: Stored key-value pairs with metadata
+- Op: Get/Put/Search/List operations
 """

 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Literal, NamedTuple, Optional, Union, cast
+from typing import Any, Iterable, Literal, NamedTuple, Optional, TypedDict, Union, cast
+
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+
+from langgraph.store.base.embed import (
+    AEmbeddingsFunc,
+    EmbeddingsFunc,
+    ensure_embeddings,
+    get_text_at_path,
+    tokenize_path,
+)


 class Item:
@@ -73,112 +88,415 @@ class Item:
        }


+class SearchItem(Item):
+    """Represents a result item with additional response metadata."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("score",)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        namespace: tuple[str, ...],
+        key: str,
+        value: dict[str, Any],
+        created_at: datetime,
+        updated_at: datetime,
+        score: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a result item.
+
+        Args:
+            namespace: Hierarchical path to the item.
+            key: Unique identifier within the namespace.
+            value: The stored value.
+            created_at: When the item was first created.
+            updated_at: When the item was last updated.
+            score: Relevance/similarity score if from a ranked operation.
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            value=value,
+            key=key,
+            namespace=namespace,
+            created_at=created_at,
+            updated_at=updated_at,
+        )
+        self.score = score
+
+    def dict(self) -> dict:
+        result = super().dict()
+        result["score"] = self.score
+        return result
+
+
 class GetOp(NamedTuple):
-    """Operation to retrieve an item by namespace and key."""
+    """Operation to retrieve a specific item by its namespace and key.
+
+    This operation allows precise retrieval of stored items using their full path
+    (namespace) and unique identifier (key) combination.
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+
+        Basic item retrieval:
+        ```python
+        GetOp(namespace=("users", "profiles"), key="user123")
+        GetOp(namespace=("cache", "embeddings"), key="doc456")
+        ```
+    """

    namespace: tuple[str, ...]
-    """Hierarchical path for the item."""
+    """Hierarchical path that uniquely identifies the item's location.
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+
+        ```python
+        ("users",)  # Root level users namespace
+        ("users", "profiles")  # Profiles within users namespace
+        ```
+    """
+
    key: str
-    """Unique identifier within the namespace."""
+    """Unique identifier for the item within its specific namespace.
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+
+        ```python
+        "user123"  # For a user profile
+        "doc456"  # For a document
+        ```
+    """


 class SearchOp(NamedTuple):
-    """Operation to search for items within a namespace prefix."""
+    """Operation to search for items within a specified namespace hierarchy.
+
+    This operation supports both structured filtering and natural language search
+    within a given namespace prefix. It provides pagination through limit and offset
+    parameters.
+
+    Note:
+        Natural language search support depends on your store implementation.
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+        Search with filters and pagination:
+        ```python
+        SearchOp(
+            namespace_prefix=("documents",),
+            filter={"type": "report", "status": "active"},
+            limit=5,
+            offset=10
+        )
+        ```
+
+        Natural language search:
+        ```python
+        SearchOp(
+            namespace_prefix=("users", "content"),
+            query="technical documentation about APIs",
+            limit=20
+        )
+        ```
+    """

    namespace_prefix: tuple[str, ...]
-    """Hierarchical path prefix to search within."""
+    """Hierarchical path prefix defining the search scope.
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+
+        ```python
+        ()  # Search entire store
+        ("documents",)  # Search all documents
+        ("users", "content")  # Search within user content
+        ```
+    """
+
    filter: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
-    """Key-value pairs to filter results."""
+    """Key-value pairs for filtering results based on exact matches or comparison operators.
+
+    The filter supports both exact matches and operator-based comparisons.
+
+    Supported Operators:
+        - $eq: Equal to (same as direct value comparison)
+        - $ne: Not equal to
+        - $gt: Greater than
+        - $gte: Greater than or equal to
+        - $lt: Less than
+        - $lte: Less than or equal to
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+
+        Simple exact match:
+
+        ```python
+        {"status": "active"}
+        ```
+
+        Comparison operators:
+
+        ```python
+        {"score": {"$gt": 4.99}}  # Score greater than 4.99
+        ```
+
+        Multiple conditions:
+
+        ```python
+        {
+            "score": {"$gte": 3.0},
+            "color": "red"
+        }
+        ```
+
+    Note:
+        Comparison operator support depends on your store implementation.
+    """
+
    limit: int = 10
-    """Maximum number of items to return."""
+    """Maximum number of items to return in the search results."""
+
    offset: int = 0
-    """Number of items to skip before returning results."""
+    """Number of matching items to skip for pagination."""

+    query: Optional[str] = None
+    """Natural language search query for semantic search capabilities.

-class PutOp(NamedTuple):
-    """Operation to store, update, or delete an item."""
-
-    namespace: tuple[str, ...]
-    """Hierarchical path for the item.
-    
-    Represented as a tuple of strings, allowing for nested categorization.
-    For example: ("documents", "user123")
-    """
-
-    key: str
-    """Unique identifier for the document.
-    
-    Should be distinct within its namespace.
-    """
-
-    value: Optional[dict[str, Any]]
-    """Data to be stored, or None to delete the item.
-    
-    Schema:
-    - Should be a dictionary where:
-      - Keys are strings representing field names
-      - Values can be of any serializable type
-    - If None, it indicates that the item should be deleted
+    ??? example "Examples"
+        - "technical documentation about REST APIs"
+        - "machine learning papers from 2023"
    """


-NameSpacePath = tuple[Union[str, Literal["*"]], ...]
+# Type representing a namespace path that can include wildcards
+NamespacePath = tuple[Union[str, Literal["*"]], ...]
+"""A tuple representing a namespace path that can include wildcards.

+Examples:
+    ("users",)  # Exact users namespace
+    ("documents", "*")  # Any sub-namespace under documents
+    ("cache", "*", "v1")  # Any cache category with v1 version
+"""
+
+# Type for specifying how to match namespaces
 NamespaceMatchType = Literal["prefix", "suffix"]
+"""Specifies how to match namespace paths.
+
+Values:
+    "prefix": Match from the start of the namespace
+    "suffix": Match from the end of the namespace
+"""


 class MatchCondition(NamedTuple):
-    """Represents a single match condition."""
+    """Represents a pattern for matching namespaces in the store.
+
+    This class combines a match type (prefix or suffix) with a namespace path
+    pattern that can include wildcards to flexibly match different namespace
+    hierarchies.
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+        Prefix matching:
+        ```python
+        MatchCondition(match_type="prefix", path=("users", "profiles"))
+        ```
+
+        Suffix matching with wildcard:
+        ```python
+        MatchCondition(match_type="suffix", path=("cache", "*"))
+        ```
+
+        Simple suffix matching:
+        ```python
+        MatchCondition(match_type="suffix", path=("v1",))
+        ```
+    """

    match_type: NamespaceMatchType
-    path: NameSpacePath
+    """Type of namespace matching to perform."""
+
+    path: NamespacePath
+    """Namespace path pattern that can include wildcards."""


 class ListNamespacesOp(NamedTuple):
-    """Operation to list namespaces with optional match conditions."""
+    """Operation to list and filter namespaces in the store.
+
+    This operation allows exploring the organization of data, finding specific
+    collections, and navigating the namespace hierarchy.
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+
+        List all namespaces under the "documents" path:
+        ```python
+        ListNamespacesOp(
+            match_conditions=(MatchCondition(match_type="prefix", path=("documents",)),),
+            max_depth=2
+        )
+        ```
+
+        List all namespaces that end with "v1":
+        ```python
+        ListNamespacesOp(
+            match_conditions=(MatchCondition(match_type="suffix", path=("v1",)),),
+            limit=50
+        )
+        ```
+
+    """

    match_conditions: Optional[tuple[MatchCondition, ...]] = None
-    """A tuple of match conditions to apply to namespaces."""
+    """Optional conditions for filtering namespaces.
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+        All user namespaces:
+        ```python
+        (MatchCondition(match_type="prefix", path=("users",)),)
+        ```
+
+        All namespaces that start with "docs" and end with "draft":
+        ```python
+        (
+            MatchCondition(match_type="prefix", path=("docs",)),
+            MatchCondition(match_type="suffix", path=("draft",))
+        ) 
+        ```
+    """

    max_depth: Optional[int] = None
-    """Return namespaces up to this depth in the hierarchy."""
+    """Maximum depth of namespace hierarchy to return.
+
+    Note:
+        Namespaces deeper than this level will be truncated.
+    """

    limit: int = 100
    """Maximum number of namespaces to return."""

    offset: int = 0
-    """Number of namespaces to skip before returning results."""
+    """Number of namespaces to skip for pagination."""
+
+
+class PutOp(NamedTuple):
+    """Operation to store, update, or delete an item in the store.
+
+    This class represents a single operation to modify the store's contents,
+    whether adding new items, updating existing ones, or removing them.
+    """
+
+    namespace: tuple[str, ...]
+    """Hierarchical path that identifies the location of the item.
+
+    The namespace acts as a folder-like structure to organize items.
+    Each element in the tuple represents one level in the hierarchy.
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+        Root level documents
+        ```python
+        ("documents",)
+        ```
+        
+        User-specific documents
+        ```python
+        ("documents", "user123")
+        ```
+        
+        Nested cache structure
+        ```python
+        ("cache", "embeddings", "v1")
+        ```
+    """
+
+    key: str
+    """Unique identifier for the item within its namespace.
+
+    The key must be unique within the specific namespace to avoid conflicts.
+    Together with the namespace, it forms a complete path to the item.
+
+    Example:
+        If namespace is ("documents", "user123") and key is "report1",
+        the full path would effectively be "documents/user123/report1"
+    """
+
+    value: Optional[dict[str, Any]]
+    """The data to store, or None to mark the item for deletion.
+
+    The value must be a dictionary with string keys and JSON-serializable values.
+    Setting this to None signals that the item should be deleted.
+
+    Example:
+        {
+            "field1": "string value",
+            "field2": 123,
+            "nested": {"can": "contain", "any": "serializable data"}
+        }
+    """
+
+    index: Optional[Union[Literal[False], list[str]]] = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    """Controls how the item's fields are indexed for search operations.
+
+    Indexing configuration determines how the item can be found through search:
+    - None (default): Uses the store's default indexing configuration (if provided)
+    - False: Disables indexing for this item
+    - list[str]: Specifies which json path fields to index for search
+
+    The item remains accessible through direct get() operations regardless of indexing.
+    When indexed, fields can be searched using natural language queries through
+    vector similarity search (if supported by the store implementation).
+
+    Path Syntax:
+        - Simple field access: "field"
+        - Nested fields: "parent.child.grandchild"
+        - Array indexing:
+          - Specific index: "array[0]"
+          - Last element: "array[-1]"
+          - All elements (each individually): "array[*]"
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+        - None - Use store defaults
+        - False - Don't index this item
+        - list[str] - List of fields to index
+        
+        ```python
+        [
+            "metadata.title",                    # Nested field access
+            "chapters[*].content",               # Index content from all chapters as separate vectors
+            "authors[0].name",                   # First author's name
+            "revisions[-1].changes",             # Most recent revision's changes
+            "sections[*].paragraphs[*].text",    # All text from all paragraphs in all sections
+            "metadata.tags[*]",                  # All tags in metadata
+        ]
+        ```
+    """


 Op = Union[GetOp, SearchOp, PutOp, ListNamespacesOp]
-Result = Union[Item, list[Item], list[tuple[str, ...]], None]
+Result = Union[Item, list[Item], list[SearchItem], list[tuple[str, ...]], None]


 class InvalidNamespaceError(ValueError):
    """Provided namespace is invalid."""


-def _validate_namespace(namespace: tuple[str, ...]) -> None:
-    if not namespace:
-        raise InvalidNamespaceError("Namespace cannot be empty.")
-    for label in namespace:
-        if not isinstance(label, str):
-            raise InvalidNamespaceError(
-                f"Invalid namespace label '{label}' found in {namespace}. Namespace labels"
-                f" must be strings, but got {type(label).__name__}."
-            )
-        if "." in label:
-            raise InvalidNamespaceError(
-                f"Invalid namespace label '{label}' found in {namespace}. Namespace labels cannot contain periods ('.')."
-            )
-        elif not label:
-            raise InvalidNamespaceError(
-                f"Namespace labels cannot be empty strings. Got {label} in {namespace}"
-            )
-    if namespace[0] == "langgraph":
-        raise InvalidNamespaceError(
-            f'Root label for namespace cannot be "langgraph". Got: {namespace}'
-        )
+class IndexConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Configuration for indexing documents for semantic search in the store."""
+
+    dims: int
+    """Number of dimensions in the embedding vectors.
+    
+    Common embedding models have the following dimensions:
+        - OpenAI text-embedding-3-large: 256, 1024, or 3072
+        - OpenAI text-embedding-3-small: 512 or 1536
+        - OpenAI text-embedding-ada-002: 1536
+        - Cohere embed-english-v3.0: 1024
+        - Cohere embed-english-light-v3.0: 384
+        - Cohere embed-multilingual-v3.0: 1024
+        - Cohere embed-multilingual-light-v3.0: 384
+    """
+
+    embed: Union[Embeddings, EmbeddingsFunc, AEmbeddingsFunc]
+    """Optional function to generate embeddings from text."""
+
+    fields: Optional[list[str]]
+    """Fields to extract text from for embedding generation.
+    
+    Defaults to the root ["$"], which embeds the json object as a whole.
+    """


 class BaseStore(ABC):
@@ -231,14 +549,16 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
        namespace_prefix: tuple[str, ...],
        /,
        *,
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
        filter: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
        limit: int = 10,
        offset: int = 0,
-    ) -> list[Item]:
+    ) -> list[SearchItem]:
        """Search for items within a namespace prefix.

        Args:
            namespace_prefix: Hierarchical path prefix to search within.
+            query: Optional query for natural language search.
            filter: Key-value pairs to filter results.
            limit: Maximum number of items to return.
            offset: Number of items to skip before returning results.
@@ -246,18 +566,54 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
        Returns:
            List of items matching the search criteria.
        """
-        return self.batch([SearchOp(namespace_prefix, filter, limit, offset)])[0]
+        return self.batch([SearchOp(namespace_prefix, filter, limit, offset, query)])[0]

-    def put(self, namespace: tuple[str, ...], key: str, value: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-        """Store or update an item.
+    def put(
+        self,
+        namespace: tuple[str, ...],
+        key: str,
+        value: dict[str, Any],
+        index: Optional[Union[Literal[False], list[str]]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Store or update an item in the store.

        Args:
-            namespace: Hierarchical path for the item.
-            key: Unique identifier within the namespace.
-            value: Dictionary containing the item's data.
+            namespace: Hierarchical path for the item, represented as a tuple of strings.
+                Example: ("documents", "user123")
+            key: Unique identifier within the namespace. Together with namespace forms
+                the complete path to the item.
+            value: Dictionary containing the item's data. Must contain string keys
+                and JSON-serializable values.
+            index: Controls how the item's fields are indexed for search:
+                - None (default): Use store's default indexing configuration
+                - False: Disable indexing for this item
+                - list[str]: List of field paths to index, supporting:
+                    - Nested fields: "metadata.title"
+                    - Array access: "chapters[*].content" (each indexed separately)
+                    - Specific indices: "authors[0].name"
+
+        Note:
+            Indexing capabilities depend on your store implementation.
+            Some implementations may support only a subset of indexing features.
+
+        ??? example "Examples"
+            Simple storage without special indexing (respects store defaults)
+            ```python
+            store.put(("docs",), "report", {"title": "Annual Report"})
+            ```
+
+            Index specific fields for search
+            ```python
+            store.put(("docs",), "report", {"title": "Annual Report"}, index=["title"])
+            ```
+
+            Do not index for semantic search
+            ```python
+            store.put(("docs",), "report", {"title": "Annual Report"}, index=False)
+            ```
        """
        _validate_namespace(namespace)
-        self.batch([PutOp(namespace, key, value)])
+        self.batch([PutOp(namespace, key, value, index=index)])

    def delete(self, namespace: tuple[str, ...], key: str) -> None:
        """Delete an item.
@@ -271,8 +627,8 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
    def list_namespaces(
        self,
        *,
-        prefix: Optional[NameSpacePath] = None,
-        suffix: Optional[NameSpacePath] = None,
+        prefix: Optional[NamespacePath] = None,
+        suffix: Optional[NamespacePath] = None,
        max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
        limit: int = 100,
        offset: int = 0,
@@ -286,7 +642,7 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
            prefix (Optional[Tuple[str, ...]]): Filter namespaces that start with this path.
            suffix (Optional[Tuple[str, ...]]): Filter namespaces that end with this path.
            max_depth (Optional[int]): Return namespaces up to this depth in the hierarchy.
-                Namespaces deeper than this level will be truncated to this depth.
+                Namespaces deeper than this level will be truncated.
            limit (int): Maximum number of namespaces to return (default 100).
            offset (int): Number of namespaces to skip for pagination (default 0).

@@ -294,16 +650,18 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
            List[Tuple[str, ...]]: A list of namespace tuples that match the criteria.
            Each tuple represents a full namespace path up to `max_depth`.

-        Examples:
-
+        ??? example "Examples":
            Setting max_depth=3. Given the namespaces:
-                # ("a", "b", "c")
-                # ("a", "b", "d", "e")
-                # ("a", "b", "d", "i")
-                # ("a", "b", "f")
-                # ("a", "c", "f")
-                store.list_namespaces(prefix=("a", "b"), max_depth=3)
-                # [("a", "b", "c"), ("a", "b", "d"), ("a", "b", "f")]
+            ```python
+            # Example if you have the following namespaces:
+            # ("a", "b", "c")
+            # ("a", "b", "d", "e")
+            # ("a", "b", "d", "i")
+            # ("a", "b", "f")
+            # ("a", "c", "f")
+            store.list_namespaces(prefix=("a", "b"), max_depth=3)
+            # [("a", "b", "c"), ("a", "b", "d"), ("a", "b", "f")]
+            ```
        """
        match_conditions = []
        if prefix:
@@ -336,14 +694,16 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
        namespace_prefix: tuple[str, ...],
        /,
        *,
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
        filter: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
        limit: int = 10,
        offset: int = 0,
-    ) -> list[Item]:
+    ) -> list[SearchItem]:
        """Asynchronously search for items within a namespace prefix.

        Args:
            namespace_prefix: Hierarchical path prefix to search within.
+            query: Optional query for natural language search.
            filter: Key-value pairs to filter results.
            limit: Maximum number of items to return.
            offset: Number of items to skip before returning results.
@@ -351,22 +711,61 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
        Returns:
            List of items matching the search criteria.
        """
-        return (await self.abatch([SearchOp(namespace_prefix, filter, limit, offset)]))[
-            0
-        ]
+        return (
+            await self.abatch(
+                [SearchOp(namespace_prefix, filter, limit, offset, query)]
+            )
+        )[0]

    async def aput(
-        self, namespace: tuple[str, ...], key: str, value: dict[str, Any]
+        self,
+        namespace: tuple[str, ...],
+        key: str,
+        value: dict[str, Any],
+        index: Optional[Union[Literal[False], list[str]]] = None,
    ) -> None:
-        """Asynchronously store or update an item.
+        """Asynchronously store or update an item in the store.

        Args:
-            namespace: Hierarchical path for the item.
-            key: Unique identifier within the namespace.
-            value: Dictionary containing the item's data.
+            namespace: Hierarchical path for the item, represented as a tuple of strings.
+                Example: ("documents", "user123")
+            key: Unique identifier within the namespace. Together with namespace forms
+                the complete path to the item.
+            value: Dictionary containing the item's data. Must contain string keys
+                and JSON-serializable values.
+            index: Controls how the item's fields are indexed for search:
+                - None (default): Use store's default indexing configuration
+                - False: Disable indexing for this item
+                - list[str]: List of field paths to index, supporting:
+                    - Nested fields: "metadata.title"
+                    - Array access: "chapters[*].content" (each indexed separately)
+                    - Specific indices: "authors[0].name"
+
+        Note:
+            Indexing capabilities depend on your store implementation.
+            Some implementations may support only a subset of indexing features.
+
+        ??? example "Examples"
+            Simple storage without special indexing:
+            ```python
+            await store.aput(("docs",), "report", {"title": "Annual Report"})
+            ```
+
+            Index specific fields for search:
+            ```python
+            await store.aput(
+                ("docs",),
+                "report",
+                {
+                    "title": "Q4 Report",
+                    "chapters": [{"content": "..."}, {"content": "..."}]
+                },
+                index=["title", "chapters[*].content"]
+            )
+            ```
        """
        _validate_namespace(namespace)
-        await self.abatch([PutOp(namespace, key, value)])
+        await self.abatch([PutOp(namespace, key, value, index=index)])

    async def adelete(self, namespace: tuple[str, ...], key: str) -> None:
        """Asynchronously delete an item.
@@ -380,8 +779,8 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
    async def alist_namespaces(
        self,
        *,
-        prefix: Optional[NameSpacePath] = None,
-        suffix: Optional[NameSpacePath] = None,
+        prefix: Optional[NamespacePath] = None,
+        suffix: Optional[NamespacePath] = None,
        max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
        limit: int = 100,
        offset: int = 0,
@@ -403,16 +802,19 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
            List[Tuple[str, ...]]: A list of namespace tuples that match the criteria.
            Each tuple represents a full namespace path up to `max_depth`.

-        Examples:
+        ??? example "Examples"
+            Setting max_depth=3 with existing namespaces:
+            ```python
+            # Given the following namespaces:
+            # ("a", "b", "c")
+            # ("a", "b", "d", "e")
+            # ("a", "b", "d", "i")
+            # ("a", "b", "f")
+            # ("a", "c", "f")

-            Setting max_depth=3. Given the namespaces:
-                # ("a", "b", "c")
-                # ("a", "b", "d", "e")
-                # ("a", "b", "d", "i")
-                # ("a", "b", "f")
-                # ("a", "c", "f")
-                await store.alist_namespaces(prefix=("a", "b"), max_depth=3)
-                # [("a", "b", "c"), ("a", "b", "d"), ("a", "b", "f")]
+            await store.alist_namespaces(prefix=("a", "b"), max_depth=3)
+            # Returns: [("a", "b", "c"), ("a", "b", "d"), ("a", "b", "f")]
+            ```
        """
        match_conditions = []
        if prefix:
@@ -427,3 +829,44 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
            offset=offset,
        )
        return (await self.abatch([op]))[0]
+
+
+def _validate_namespace(namespace: tuple[str, ...]) -> None:
+    if not namespace:
+        raise InvalidNamespaceError("Namespace cannot be empty.")
+    for label in namespace:
+        if not isinstance(label, str):
+            raise InvalidNamespaceError(
+                f"Invalid namespace label '{label}' found in {namespace}. Namespace labels"
+                f" must be strings, but got {type(label).__name__}."
+            )
+        if "." in label:
+            raise InvalidNamespaceError(
+                f"Invalid namespace label '{label}' found in {namespace}. Namespace labels cannot contain periods ('.')."
+            )
+        elif not label:
+            raise InvalidNamespaceError(
+                f"Namespace labels cannot be empty strings. Got {label} in {namespace}"
+            )
+    if namespace[0] == "langgraph":
+        raise InvalidNamespaceError(
+            f'Root label for namespace cannot be "langgraph". Got: {namespace}'
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseStore",
+    "Item",
+    "Op",
+    "PutOp",
+    "GetOp",
+    "SearchOp",
+    "ListNamespacesOp",
+    "MatchCondition",
+    "NamespacePath",
+    "NamespaceMatchType",
+    "Embeddings",
+    "ensure_embeddings",
+    "tokenize_path",
+    "get_text_at_path",
+]
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 import asyncio
 import weakref
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, Union

 from langgraph.store.base import (
    BaseStore,
    GetOp,
    Item,
+    ListNamespacesOp,
+    MatchCondition,
+    NamespacePath,
    Op,
    PutOp,
+    SearchItem,
    SearchOp,
    _validate_namespace,
 )
@@ -40,12 +44,13 @@ class AsyncBatchedBaseStore(BaseStore):
        namespace_prefix: tuple[str, ...],
        /,
        *,
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
        filter: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
        limit: int = 10,
        offset: int = 0,
-    ) -> list[Item]:
+    ) -> list[SearchItem]:
        fut = self._loop.create_future()
-        self._aqueue[fut] = SearchOp(namespace_prefix, filter, limit, offset)
+        self._aqueue[fut] = SearchOp(namespace_prefix, filter, limit, offset, query)
        return await fut

    async def aput(
@@ -53,10 +58,11 @@ class AsyncBatchedBaseStore(BaseStore):
        namespace: tuple[str, ...],
        key: str,
        value: dict[str, Any],
+        index: Optional[Union[Literal[False], list[str]]] = None,
    ) -> None:
        _validate_namespace(namespace)
        fut = self._loop.create_future()
-        self._aqueue[fut] = PutOp(namespace, key, value)
+        self._aqueue[fut] = PutOp(namespace, key, value, index)
        return await fut

    async def adelete(
@@ -68,6 +74,74 @@ class AsyncBatchedBaseStore(BaseStore):
        self._aqueue[fut] = PutOp(namespace, key, None)
        return await fut

+    async def alist_namespaces(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prefix: Optional[NamespacePath] = None,
+        suffix: Optional[NamespacePath] = None,
+        max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        limit: int = 100,
+        offset: int = 0,
+    ) -> list[tuple[str, ...]]:
+        fut = self._loop.create_future()
+        match_conditions = []
+        if prefix:
+            match_conditions.append(MatchCondition(match_type="prefix", path=prefix))
+        if suffix:
+            match_conditions.append(MatchCondition(match_type="suffix", path=suffix))
+
+        op = ListNamespacesOp(
+            match_conditions=tuple(match_conditions),
+            max_depth=max_depth,
+            limit=limit,
+            offset=offset,
+        )
+        self._aqueue[fut] = op
+        return await fut
+
+
+def _dedupe_ops(values: list[Op]) -> tuple[Optional[list[int]], list[Op]]:
+    """Dedupe operations while preserving order for results.
+
+    Args:
+        values: List of operations to dedupe
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (listen indices, deduped operations)
+        where listen indices map deduped operation results back to original positions
+    """
+    if len(values) <= 1:
+        return None, list(values)
+
+    dedupped: list[Op] = []
+    listen: list[int] = []
+    puts: dict[tuple[tuple[str, ...], str], int] = {}
+
+    for op in values:
+        if isinstance(op, (GetOp, SearchOp, ListNamespacesOp)):
+            try:
+                listen.append(dedupped.index(op))
+            except ValueError:
+                listen.append(len(dedupped))
+                dedupped.append(op)
+        elif isinstance(op, PutOp):
+            putkey = (op.namespace, op.key)
+            if putkey in puts:
+                # Overwrite previous put
+                ix = puts[putkey]
+                dedupped[ix] = op
+                listen.append(ix)
+            else:
+                puts[putkey] = len(dedupped)
+                listen.append(len(dedupped))
+                dedupped.append(op)
+
+        else:  # Any new ops will be treated regularly
+            listen.append(len(dedupped))
+            dedupped.append(op)
+
+    return listen, dedupped
+

 async def _run(
    aqueue: dict[asyncio.Future, Op], store: weakref.ReferenceType[BaseStore]
@@ -81,7 +155,12 @@ async def _run(
            taken = aqueue.copy()
            # action each operation
            try:
-                results = await s.abatch(taken.values())
+                values = list(taken.values())
+                listen, dedupped = _dedupe_ops(values)
+                results = await s.abatch(dedupped)
+                if listen is not None:
+                    results = [results[ix] for ix in listen]
+
                # set the results of each operation
                for fut, result in zip(taken, results):
                    fut.set_result(result)
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+"""Utilities for working with embedding functions and LangChain's Embeddings interface.
+
+This module provides tools to wrap arbitrary embedding functions (both sync and async)
+into LangChain's Embeddings interface. This enables using custom embedding functions
+with LangChain-compatible tools while maintaining support for both synchronous and
+asynchronous operations.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import json
+from typing import Any, Awaitable, Callable, Optional, Sequence, Union
+
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+
+EmbeddingsFunc = Callable[[Sequence[str]], list[list[float]]]
+"""Type for synchronous embedding functions.
+
+The function should take a sequence of strings and return a list of embeddings,
+where each embedding is a list of floats. The dimensionality of the embeddings
+should be consistent for all inputs.
+"""
+
+AEmbeddingsFunc = Callable[[Sequence[str]], Awaitable[list[list[float]]]]
+"""Type for asynchronous embedding functions.
+
+Similar to EmbeddingsFunc, but returns an awaitable that resolves to the embeddings.
+"""
+
+
+def ensure_embeddings(
+    embed: Union[Embeddings, EmbeddingsFunc, AEmbeddingsFunc, None],
+) -> Embeddings:
+    """Ensure that an embedding function conforms to LangChain's Embeddings interface.
+
+    This function wraps arbitrary embedding functions to make them compatible with
+    LangChain's Embeddings interface. It handles both synchronous and asynchronous
+    functions.
+
+    Args:
+        embed: Either an existing Embeddings instance, or a function that converts
+            text to embeddings. If the function is async, it will be used for both
+            sync and async operations.
+
+    Returns:
+        An Embeddings instance that wraps the provided function(s).
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+        Wrap a synchronous embedding function:
+        ```python
+        def my_embed_fn(texts):
+            return [[0.1, 0.2] for _ in texts]
+
+        embeddings = ensure_embeddings(my_embed_fn)
+        result = embeddings.embed_query("hello")  # Returns [0.1, 0.2]
+        ```
+
+        Wrap an asynchronous embedding function:
+        ```python
+        async def my_async_fn(texts):
+            return [[0.1, 0.2] for _ in texts]
+
+        embeddings = ensure_embeddings(my_async_fn)
+        result = await embeddings.aembed_query("hello")  # Returns [0.1, 0.2]
+        ```
+    """
+    if embed is None:
+        raise ValueError("embed must be provided")
+    if isinstance(embed, Embeddings):
+        return embed
+    return EmbeddingsLambda(embed)
+
+
+class EmbeddingsLambda(Embeddings):
+    """Wrapper to convert embedding functions into LangChain's Embeddings interface.
+
+    This class allows arbitrary embedding functions to be used with LangChain-compatible
+    tools. It supports both synchronous and asynchronous operations, and can handle:
+    1. A synchronous function for sync operations (async operations will use sync function)
+    2. An async function for both sync/async operations (sync operations will raise an error)
+
+    The embedding functions should convert text into fixed-dimensional vectors that
+    capture the semantic meaning of the text.
+
+    Args:
+        func: Function that converts text to embeddings. Can be sync or async.
+            If async, it will be used for async operations, but sync operations
+            will raise an error. If sync, it will be used for both sync and async operations.
+
+    ??? example "Examples"
+        With a sync function:
+        ```python
+        def my_embed_fn(texts):
+            # Return 2D embeddings for each text
+            return [[0.1, 0.2] for _ in texts]
+
+        embeddings = EmbeddingsLambda(my_embed_fn)
+        result = embeddings.embed_query("hello")  # Returns [0.1, 0.2]
+        await embeddings.aembed_query("hello")  # Also returns [0.1, 0.2]
+        ```
+
+        With an async function:
+        ```python
+        async def my_async_fn(texts):
+            return [[0.1, 0.2] for _ in texts]
+
+        embeddings = EmbeddingsLambda(my_async_fn)
+        await embeddings.aembed_query("hello")  # Returns [0.1, 0.2]
+        # Note: embed_query() would raise an error
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Union[EmbeddingsFunc, AEmbeddingsFunc],
+    ) -> None:
+        if func is None:
+            raise ValueError("func must be provided")
+        if _is_async_callable(func):
+            self.afunc = func
+        else:
+            self.func = func
+
+    def embed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        """Embed a list of texts into vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            texts: list of texts to convert to embeddings.
+
+        Returns:
+            list of embeddings, one per input text. Each embedding is a list of floats.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the instance was initialized with only an async function.
+        """
+        func = getattr(self, "func", None)
+        if func is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "EmbeddingsLambda was initialized with an async function but no sync function. "
+                "Use aembed_documents for async operation or provide a sync function."
+            )
+        return func(texts)
+
+    def embed_query(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Embed a single piece of text.
+
+        Args:
+            text: Text to convert to an embedding.
+
+        Returns:
+            Embedding vector as a list of floats.
+
+        Note:
+            This is equivalent to calling embed_documents with a single text
+            and taking the first result.
+        """
+        return self.embed_documents([text])[0]
+
+    async def aembed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        """Asynchronously embed a list of texts into vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            texts: list of texts to convert to embeddings.
+
+        Returns:
+            list of embeddings, one per input text. Each embedding is a list of floats.
+
+        Note:
+            If no async function was provided, this falls back to the sync implementation.
+        """
+        afunc = getattr(self, "afunc", None)
+        if afunc is None:
+            return await super().aembed_documents(texts)
+        return await afunc(texts)
+
+    async def aembed_query(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Asynchronously embed a single piece of text.
+
+        Args:
+            text: Text to convert to an embedding.
+
+        Returns:
+            Embedding vector as a list of floats.
+
+        Note:
+            This is equivalent to calling aembed_documents with a single text
+            and taking the first result.
+        """
+        afunc = getattr(self, "afunc", None)
+        if afunc is None:
+            return await super().aembed_query(text)
+        return (await afunc([text]))[0]
+
+
+def get_text_at_path(obj: Any, path: Union[str, list[str]]) -> list[str]:
+    """Extract text from an object using a path expression or pre-tokenized path.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The object to extract text from
+        path: Either a path string or pre-tokenized path list.
+
+    !!! info "Path types handled"
+        - Simple paths: "field1.field2"
+        - Array indexing: "[0]", "[*]", "[-1]"
+        - Wildcards: "*"
+        - Multi-field selection: "{field1,field2}"
+        - Nested paths in multi-field: "{field1,nested.field2}"
+    """
+    if not path or path == "$":
+        return [json.dumps(obj, sort_keys=True)]
+
+    tokens = tokenize_path(path) if isinstance(path, str) else path
+
+    def _extract_from_obj(obj: Any, tokens: list[str], pos: int) -> list[str]:
+        if pos >= len(tokens):
+            if isinstance(obj, (str, int, float, bool)):
+                return [str(obj)]
+            elif obj is None:
+                return []
+            elif isinstance(obj, (list, dict)):
+                return [json.dumps(obj, sort_keys=True)]
+            return []
+
+        token = tokens[pos]
+        results = []
+
+        if token.startswith("[") and token.endswith("]"):
+            if not isinstance(obj, list):
+                return []
+
+            index = token[1:-1]
+            if index == "*":
+                for item in obj:
+                    results.extend(_extract_from_obj(item, tokens, pos + 1))
+            else:
+                try:
+                    idx = int(index)
+                    if idx < 0:
+                        idx = len(obj) + idx
+                    if 0 <= idx < len(obj):
+                        results.extend(_extract_from_obj(obj[idx], tokens, pos + 1))
+                except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                    return []
+
+        elif token.startswith("{") and token.endswith("}"):
+            if not isinstance(obj, dict):
+                return []
+
+            fields = [f.strip() for f in token[1:-1].split(",")]
+            for field in fields:
+                nested_tokens = tokenize_path(field)
+                if nested_tokens:
+                    current_obj: Optional[dict] = obj
+                    for nested_token in nested_tokens:
+                        if (
+                            isinstance(current_obj, dict)
+                            and nested_token in current_obj
+                        ):
+                            current_obj = current_obj[nested_token]
+                        else:
+                            current_obj = None
+                            break
+                    if current_obj is not None:
+                        if isinstance(current_obj, (str, int, float, bool)):
+                            results.append(str(current_obj))
+                        elif isinstance(current_obj, (list, dict)):
+                            results.append(json.dumps(current_obj, sort_keys=True))
+
+        # Handle wildcard
+        elif token == "*":
+            if isinstance(obj, dict):
+                for value in obj.values():
+                    results.extend(_extract_from_obj(value, tokens, pos + 1))
+            elif isinstance(obj, list):
+                for item in obj:
+                    results.extend(_extract_from_obj(item, tokens, pos + 1))
+
+        # Handle regular field
+        else:
+            if isinstance(obj, dict) and token in obj:
+                results.extend(_extract_from_obj(obj[token], tokens, pos + 1))
+
+        return results
+
+    return _extract_from_obj(obj, tokens, 0)
+
+
+# Private utility functions
+
+
+def tokenize_path(path: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Tokenize a path into components.
+
+    !!! info "Types handled"
+        - Simple paths: "field1.field2"
+        - Array indexing: "[0]", "[*]", "[-1]"
+        - Wildcards: "*"
+        - Multi-field selection: "{field1,field2}"
+    """
+    if not path:
+        return []
+
+    tokens = []
+    current: list[str] = []
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(path):
+        char = path[i]
+
+        if char == "[":  # Handle array index
+            if current:
+                tokens.append("".join(current))
+                current = []
+            bracket_count = 1
+            index_chars = ["["]
+            i += 1
+            while i < len(path) and bracket_count > 0:
+                if path[i] == "[":
+                    bracket_count += 1
+                elif path[i] == "]":
+                    bracket_count -= 1
+                index_chars.append(path[i])
+                i += 1
+            tokens.append("".join(index_chars))
+            continue
+
+        elif char == "{":  # Handle multi-field selection
+            if current:
+                tokens.append("".join(current))
+                current = []
+            brace_count = 1
+            field_chars = ["{"]
+            i += 1
+            while i < len(path) and brace_count > 0:
+                if path[i] == "{":
+                    brace_count += 1
+                elif path[i] == "}":
+                    brace_count -= 1
+                field_chars.append(path[i])
+                i += 1
+            tokens.append("".join(field_chars))
+            continue
+
+        elif char == ".":  # Handle regular field
+            if current:
+                tokens.append("".join(current))
+                current = []
+        else:
+            current.append(char)
+        i += 1
+
+    if current:
+        tokens.append("".join(current))
+
+    return tokens
+
+
+def _is_async_callable(
+    func: Any,
+) -> bool:
+    """Check if a function is async.
+
+    This includes both async def functions and classes with async __call__ methods.
+
+    Args:
+        func: Function or callable object to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        True if the function is async, False otherwise.
+    """
+    return (
+        asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func)
+        or hasattr(func, "__call__")  # noqa: B004
+        and asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func.__call__)
+    )
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ensure_embeddings",
+    "EmbeddingsFunc",
+    "AEmbeddingsFunc",
+]
@@ -1,79 +1,379 @@
+"""In-memory key-value store.
+
+A lightweight store implementation using Python dictionaries. Supports basic
+key-value operations and vector search when configured with embeddings.
+
+Examples:
+    Basic key-value storage:
+        store = InMemoryStore()
+        store.put(("users", "123"), "prefs", {"theme": "dark"})
+        item = store.get(("users", "123"), "prefs")
+
+    Vector search with embeddings:
+        from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
+        store = InMemoryStore(index={
+            "dims": 1536,
+            "embed": OpenAIEmbeddings(model="text-embedding-3-small"),
+        })
+
+        # Store documents
+        store.put(("docs",), "doc1", {"text": "Python tutorial"})
+        store.put(("docs",), "doc2", {"text": "TypeScript guide"})
+
+        # Search by similarity
+        results = store.search(("docs",), query="python programming")
+
+
+Note:
+    For production use cases requiring persistence, use a database-backed store instead.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import concurrent.futures as cf
+import functools
+import logging
 from collections import defaultdict
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
-from typing import Iterable
+from importlib import util
+from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings

 from langgraph.store.base import (
    BaseStore,
    GetOp,
+    IndexConfig,
    Item,
    ListNamespacesOp,
    MatchCondition,
    Op,
    PutOp,
    Result,
+    SearchItem,
    SearchOp,
+    ensure_embeddings,
+    get_text_at_path,
+    tokenize_path,
 )

+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+

 class InMemoryStore(BaseStore):
-    """A KV store backed by an in-memory python dictionary.
+    """In-memory dictionary-backed store with optional vector search.

-    Useful for testing/experimentation and lightweight PoC's.
-    For actual persistence, use a Store backed by a proper database.
+    Examples:
+        Basic key-value storage:
+            store = InMemoryStore()
+            store.put(("users", "123"), "prefs", {"theme": "dark"})
+            item = store.get(("users", "123"), "prefs")
+
+        Vector search with embeddings:
+            from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
+            store = InMemoryStore(index={
+                "dims": 1536,
+                "embed": OpenAIEmbeddings(model="text-embedding-3-small"),
+            })
+
+            # Store documents
+            store.put(("docs",), "doc1", {"text": "Python tutorial"})
+            store.put(("docs",), "doc2", {"text": "TypeScript guide"})
+
+            # Search by similarity
+            results = store.search(("docs",), query="python programming")
+
+    Warning:
+        This store keeps all data in memory. Data is lost when the process exits.
+        For persistence, use a database-backed store like PostgresStore.
+
+    Tip:
+        For vector search, install numpy for better performance:
+        ```bash
+        pip install numpy
+        ```
    """

-    __slots__ = ("_data",)
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_data",
+        "_vectors",
+        "index_config",
+        "embeddings",
+    )

-    def __init__(self) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, index: Optional[IndexConfig] = None) -> None:
+        # Both _data and _vectors are wrapped in the In-memory API
+        # Do not change their names
        self._data: dict[tuple[str, ...], dict[str, Item]] = defaultdict(dict)
+        # [ns][key][path]
+        self._vectors: dict[tuple[str, ...], dict[str, dict[str, list[float]]]] = (
+            defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(dict))
+        )
+        self.index_config = index
+        if self.index_config:
+            self.index_config = self.index_config.copy()
+            self.embeddings: Optional[Embeddings] = ensure_embeddings(
+                self.index_config.get("embed"),
+            )
+            self.index_config["__tokenized_fields"] = [
+                (p, tokenize_path(p)) if p != "$" else (p, p)
+                for p in (self.index_config.get("fields") or ["$"])
+            ]
+
+        else:
+            self.index_config = None
+            self.embeddings = None

    def batch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
+        # The batch/abatch methods are treated as internal.
+        # Users should access via put/search/get/list_namespaces/etc.
+        results, put_ops, search_ops = self._prepare_ops(ops)
+        if search_ops:
+            queryinmem_store = self._embed_search_queries(search_ops)
+            self._batch_search(search_ops, queryinmem_store, results)
+
+        to_embed = self._extract_texts(put_ops)
+        if to_embed and self.index_config and self.embeddings:
+            embeddings = self.embeddings.embed_documents(list(to_embed))
+            self._insertinmem_store(to_embed, embeddings)
+        self._apply_put_ops(put_ops)
+        return results
+
+    async def abatch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
+        # The batch/abatch methods are treated as internal.
+        # Users should access via put/search/get/list_namespaces/etc.
+        results, put_ops, search_ops = self._prepare_ops(ops)
+        if search_ops:
+            queryinmem_store = await self._aembed_search_queries(search_ops)
+            self._batch_search(search_ops, queryinmem_store, results)
+
+        to_embed = self._extract_texts(put_ops)
+        if to_embed and self.index_config and self.embeddings:
+            embeddings = await self.embeddings.aembed_documents(list(to_embed))
+            self._insertinmem_store(to_embed, embeddings)
+        self._apply_put_ops(put_ops)
+        return results
+
+    # Helpers
+
+    def _filter_items(self, op: SearchOp) -> list[tuple[Item, list[list[float]]]]:
+        """Filter items by namespace and filter function, return items with their embeddings."""
+        namespace_prefix = op.namespace_prefix
+
+        def filter_func(item: Item) -> bool:
+            if not op.filter:
+                return True
+
+            return all(
+                _compare_values(item.value.get(key), filter_value)
+                for key, filter_value in op.filter.items()
+            )
+
+        filtered = []
+        for namespace in self._data:
+            if not (
+                namespace[: len(namespace_prefix)] == namespace_prefix
+                if len(namespace) >= len(namespace_prefix)
+                else False
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            for key, item in self._data[namespace].items():
+                if filter_func(item):
+                    if op.query and (embeddings := self._vectors[namespace].get(key)):
+                        filtered.append((item, list(embeddings.values())))
+                    else:
+                        filtered.append((item, []))
+        return filtered
+
+    def _embed_search_queries(
+        self,
+        search_ops: dict[int, tuple[SearchOp, list[tuple[Item, list[list[float]]]]]],
+    ) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        queryinmem_store = {}
+        if self.index_config and self.embeddings and search_ops:
+            queries = {op.query for (op, _) in search_ops.values() if op.query}
+
+            if queries:
+                with cf.ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
+                    futures = {
+                        q: executor.submit(self.embeddings.embed_query, q)
+                        for q in list(queries)
+                    }
+                    for query, future in futures.items():
+                        queryinmem_store[query] = future.result()
+
+        return queryinmem_store
+
+    async def _aembed_search_queries(
+        self,
+        search_ops: dict[int, tuple[SearchOp, list[tuple[Item, list[list[float]]]]]],
+    ) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        queryinmem_store = {}
+        if self.index_config and self.embeddings and search_ops:
+            queries = {op.query for (op, _) in search_ops.values() if op.query}
+
+            if queries:
+                coros = [self.embeddings.aembed_query(q) for q in list(queries)]
+                results = await asyncio.gather(*coros)
+                queryinmem_store = dict(zip(queries, results))
+
+        return queryinmem_store
+
+    def _batch_search(
+        self,
+        ops: dict[int, tuple[SearchOp, list[tuple[Item, list[list[float]]]]]],
+        queryinmem_store: dict[str, list[float]],
+        results: list[Result],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Perform batch similarity search for multiple queries."""
+        for i, (op, candidates) in ops.items():
+            if not candidates:
+                results[i] = []
+                continue
+            if op.query and queryinmem_store:
+                query_embedding = queryinmem_store[op.query]
+                flat_items, flat_vectors = [], []
+                scoreless = []
+                for item, vectors in candidates:
+                    for vector in vectors:
+                        flat_items.append(item)
+                        flat_vectors.append(vector)
+                    if not vectors:
+                        scoreless.append(item)
+
+                scores = _cosine_similarity(query_embedding, flat_vectors)
+                sorted_results = sorted(
+                    zip(scores, flat_items), key=lambda x: x[0], reverse=True
+                )
+                # max pooling
+                seen: set[tuple[tuple[str, ...], str]] = set()
+                kept: list[tuple[Optional[float], Item]] = []
+                for score, item in sorted_results:
+                    key = (item.namespace, item.key)
+                    if key in seen:
+                        continue
+                    ix = len(seen)
+                    seen.add(key)
+                    if ix >= op.offset + op.limit:
+                        break
+                    if ix < op.offset:
+                        continue
+
+                    kept.append((score, item))
+                if scoreless and len(kept) < op.limit:
+                    # Corner case: if we request more items than what we have embedded,
+                    # fill the rest with non-scored items
+                    kept.extend(
+                        (None, item) for item in scoreless[: op.limit - len(kept)]
+                    )
+
+                results[i] = [
+                    SearchItem(
+                        namespace=item.namespace,
+                        key=item.key,
+                        value=item.value,
+                        created_at=item.created_at,
+                        updated_at=item.updated_at,
+                        score=float(score) if score is not None else None,
+                    )
+                    for score, item in kept
+                ]
+            else:
+                results[i] = [
+                    SearchItem(
+                        namespace=item.namespace,
+                        key=item.key,
+                        value=item.value,
+                        created_at=item.created_at,
+                        updated_at=item.updated_at,
+                    )
+                    for (item, _) in candidates[op.offset : op.offset + op.limit]
+                ]
+
+    def _prepare_ops(
+        self, ops: Iterable[Op]
+    ) -> tuple[
+        list[Result],
+        dict[tuple[tuple[str, ...], str], PutOp],
+        dict[int, tuple[SearchOp, list[tuple[Item, list[list[float]]]]]],
+    ]:
        results: list[Result] = []
-        for op in ops:
+        put_ops: dict[tuple[tuple[str, ...], str], PutOp] = {}
+        search_ops: dict[
+            int, tuple[SearchOp, list[tuple[Item, list[list[float]]]]]
+        ] = {}
+        for i, op in enumerate(ops):
            if isinstance(op, GetOp):
                item = self._data[op.namespace].get(op.key)
                results.append(item)
            elif isinstance(op, SearchOp):
-                candidates = [
-                    item
-                    for namespace, items in self._data.items()
-                    if (
-                        namespace[: len(op.namespace_prefix)] == op.namespace_prefix
-                        if len(namespace) >= len(op.namespace_prefix)
-                        else False
-                    )
-                    for item in items.values()
-                ]
-                if op.filter:
-                    candidates = [
-                        item
-                        for item in candidates
-                        if item.value.items() >= op.filter.items()
-                    ]
-                results.append(candidates[op.offset : op.offset + op.limit])
-            elif isinstance(op, PutOp):
-                if op.value is None:
-                    self._data[op.namespace].pop(op.key, None)
-                elif op.key in self._data[op.namespace]:
-                    self._data[op.namespace][op.key].value = op.value
-                    self._data[op.namespace][op.key].updated_at = datetime.now(
-                        timezone.utc
-                    )
-                else:
-                    self._data[op.namespace][op.key] = Item(
-                        value=op.value,
-                        key=op.key,
-                        namespace=op.namespace,
-                        created_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
-                        updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
-                    )
+                search_ops[i] = (op, self._filter_items(op))
                results.append(None)
            elif isinstance(op, ListNamespacesOp):
                results.append(self._handle_list_namespaces(op))
-        return results
+            elif isinstance(op, PutOp):
+                put_ops[(op.namespace, op.key)] = op
+                results.append(None)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unknown operation type: {type(op)}")

-    async def abatch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
-        return self.batch(ops)
+        return results, put_ops, search_ops
+
+    def _apply_put_ops(self, put_ops: dict[tuple[tuple[str, ...], str], PutOp]) -> None:
+        for (namespace, key), op in put_ops.items():
+            if op.value is None:
+                self._data[namespace].pop(key, None)
+                self._vectors[namespace].pop(key, None)
+            else:
+                self._data[namespace][key] = Item(
+                    value=op.value,
+                    key=key,
+                    namespace=namespace,
+                    created_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+                    updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+                )
+
+    def _extract_texts(
+        self, put_ops: dict[tuple[tuple[str, ...], str], PutOp]
+    ) -> dict[str, list[tuple[tuple[str, ...], str, str]]]:
+        if put_ops and self.index_config and self.embeddings:
+            to_embed = defaultdict(list)
+
+            for op in put_ops.values():
+                if op.value is not None and op.index is not False:
+                    if op.index is None:
+                        paths = self.index_config["__tokenized_fields"]
+                    else:
+                        paths = [(ix, tokenize_path(ix)) for ix in op.index]
+                    for path, field in paths:
+                        texts = get_text_at_path(op.value, field)
+                        if texts:
+                            if len(texts) > 1:
+                                for i, text in enumerate(texts):
+                                    to_embed[text].append(
+                                        (op.namespace, op.key, f"{path}.{i}")
+                                    )
+
+                            else:
+                                to_embed[texts[0]].append((op.namespace, op.key, path))
+
+            return to_embed
+
+        return {}
+
+    def _insertinmem_store(
+        self,
+        to_embed: dict[str, list[tuple[tuple[str, ...], str, str]]],
+        embeddings: list[list[float]],
+    ) -> None:
+        indices = [index for indices in to_embed.values() for index in indices]
+        if len(indices) != len(embeddings):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Number of embeddings ({len(embeddings)}) does not"
+                f" match number of indices ({len(indices)})"
+            )
+        for embedding, (ns, key, path) in zip(embeddings, indices):
+            self._vectors[ns][key][path] = embedding

    def _handle_list_namespaces(self, op: ListNamespacesOp) -> list[tuple[str, ...]]:
        all_namespaces = list(
@@ -94,7 +394,52 @@ class InMemoryStore(BaseStore):
        return namespaces[op.offset : op.offset + op.limit]


+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _check_numpy() -> bool:
+    if bool(util.find_spec("numpy")):
+        return True
+    logger.warning(
+        "NumPy not found in the current Python environment. "
+        "The InMemoryStore will use a pure Python implementation for vector operations, "
+        "which may significantly impact performance, especially for large datasets or frequent searches. "
+        "For optimal speed and efficiency, consider installing NumPy: "
+        "pip install numpy"
+    )
+    return False
+
+
+def _cosine_similarity(X: list[float], Y: list[list[float]]) -> list[float]:
+    """
+    Compute cosine similarity between a vector X and a matrix Y.
+    Lazy import numpy for efficiency.
+    """
+    if _check_numpy():
+        import numpy as np  # type: ignore
+
+        X_arr = np.array(X) if not isinstance(X, np.ndarray) else X
+        Y_arr = np.array(Y) if not isinstance(Y, np.ndarray) else Y
+        X_norm = np.linalg.norm(X_arr)
+        Y_norm = np.linalg.norm(Y_arr, axis=1)
+
+        # Avoid division by zero
+        mask = Y_norm != 0
+        similarities = np.zeros_like(Y_norm)
+        similarities[mask] = np.dot(Y_arr[mask], X_arr) / (Y_norm[mask] * X_norm)
+        return similarities.tolist()
+
+    similarities = []
+    for y in Y:
+        dot_product = sum(a * b for a, b in zip(X, y))
+        norm1 = sum(a * a for a in X) ** 0.5
+        norm2 = sum(a * a for a in y) ** 0.5
+        similarity = dot_product / (norm1 * norm2) if norm1 > 0 and norm2 > 0 else 0.0
+        similarities.append(similarity)
+
+    return similarities
+
+
 def _does_match(match_condition: MatchCondition, key: tuple[str, ...]) -> bool:
+    """Whether a namespace key matches a match condition."""
    match_type = match_condition.match_type
    path = match_condition.path

@@ -117,3 +462,44 @@ def _does_match(match_condition: MatchCondition, key: tuple[str, ...]) -> bool:
        return True
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported match type: {match_type}")
+
+
+def _compare_values(item_value: Any, filter_value: Any) -> bool:
+    """Compare values in a JSONB-like way, handling nested objects."""
+    if isinstance(filter_value, dict):
+        if any(k.startswith("$") for k in filter_value):
+            return all(
+                _apply_operator(item_value, op_key, op_value)
+                for op_key, op_value in filter_value.items()
+            )
+        if not isinstance(item_value, dict):
+            return False
+        return all(
+            _compare_values(item_value.get(k), v) for k, v in filter_value.items()
+        )
+    elif isinstance(filter_value, (list, tuple)):
+        return (
+            isinstance(item_value, (list, tuple))
+            and len(item_value) == len(filter_value)
+            and all(_compare_values(iv, fv) for iv, fv in zip(item_value, filter_value))
+        )
+    else:
+        return item_value == filter_value
+
+
+def _apply_operator(value: Any, operator: str, op_value: Any) -> bool:
+    """Apply a comparison operator, matching PostgreSQL's JSONB behavior."""
+    if operator == "$eq":
+        return value == op_value
+    elif operator == "$gt":
+        return float(value) > float(op_value)
+    elif operator == "$gte":
+        return float(value) >= float(op_value)
+    elif operator == "$lt":
+        return float(value) < float(op_value)
+    elif operator == "$lte":
+        return float(value) <= float(op_value)
+    elif operator == "$ne":
+        return value != op_value
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported operator: {operator}")
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [tool.poetry]
 name = "langgraph-checkpoint"
-version = "2.0.5"
+version = "2.0.7"
 description = "Library with base interfaces for LangGraph checkpoint savers."
 authors = []
 license = "MIT"
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+"""Embedding utilities for testing."""
+
+import math
+import random
+from collections import Counter, defaultdict
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+
+
+class CharacterEmbeddings(Embeddings):
+    """Simple character-frequency based embeddings using random projections."""
+
+    def __init__(self, dims: int = 50, seed: int = 42):
+        """Initialize with embedding dimensions and random seed."""
+        self._rng = random.Random(seed)
+        self.dims = dims
+        # Create projection vector for each character lazily
+        self._char_projections: defaultdict[str, list[float]] = defaultdict(
+            lambda: [
+                self._rng.gauss(0, 1 / math.sqrt(self.dims)) for _ in range(self.dims)
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def _embed_one(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Embed a single text."""
+        counts = Counter(text)
+        total = sum(counts.values())
+
+        if total == 0:
+            return [0.0] * self.dims
+
+        embedding = [0.0] * self.dims
+        for char, count in counts.items():
+            weight = count / total
+            char_proj = self._char_projections[char]
+            for i, proj in enumerate(char_proj):
+                embedding[i] += weight * proj
+
+        norm = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in embedding))
+        if norm > 0:
+            embedding = [x / norm for x in embedding]
+
+        return embedding
+
+    def embed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        """Embed a list of documents."""
+        return [self._embed_one(text) for text in texts]
+
+    def embed_query(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Embed a query string."""
+        return self._embed_one(text)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, CharacterEmbeddings) and self.dims == other.dims
@@ -1,13 +1,104 @@
+# mypy: disable-error-code="operator"
 import asyncio
+import json
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Any, Iterable

 import pytest
 from pytest_mock import MockerFixture

-from langgraph.store.base import GetOp, InvalidNamespaceError, Item, Op, PutOp, Result
+from langgraph.store.base import (
+    GetOp,
+    InvalidNamespaceError,
+    Item,
+    Op,
+    PutOp,
+    Result,
+    get_text_at_path,
+)
 from langgraph.store.base.batch import AsyncBatchedBaseStore
 from langgraph.store.memory import InMemoryStore
+from tests.embed_test_utils import CharacterEmbeddings
+
+
+class MockAsyncBatchedStore(AsyncBatchedBaseStore):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._store = InMemoryStore(**kwargs)
+
+    def batch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
+        return self._store.batch(ops)
+
+    async def abatch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
+        return self._store.batch(ops)
+
+
+def test_get_text_at_path() -> None:
+    nested_data = {
+        "name": "test",
+        "info": {
+            "age": 25,
+            "tags": ["a", "b", "c"],
+            "metadata": {"created": "2024-01-01", "updated": "2024-01-02"},
+        },
+        "items": [
+            {"id": 1, "value": "first", "tags": ["x", "y"]},
+            {"id": 2, "value": "second", "tags": ["y", "z"]},
+            {"id": 3, "value": "third", "tags": ["z", "w"]},
+        ],
+        "empty": None,
+        "zeros": [0, 0.0, "0"],
+        "empty_list": [],
+        "empty_dict": {},
+    }
+
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "$") == [
+        json.dumps(nested_data, sort_keys=True)
+    ]
+
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "name") == ["test"]
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "info.age") == ["25"]
+
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "info.metadata.created") == ["2024-01-01"]
+
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "items[0].value") == ["first"]
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "items[-1].value") == ["third"]
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "items[1].tags[0]") == ["y"]
+
+    values = get_text_at_path(nested_data, "items[*].value")
+    assert set(values) == {"first", "second", "third"}
+
+    metadata_dates = get_text_at_path(nested_data, "info.metadata.*")
+    assert set(metadata_dates) == {"2024-01-01", "2024-01-02"}
+    name_and_age = get_text_at_path(nested_data, "{name,info.age}")
+    assert set(name_and_age) == {"test", "25"}
+
+    item_fields = get_text_at_path(nested_data, "items[*].{id,value}")
+    assert set(item_fields) == {"1", "2", "3", "first", "second", "third"}
+
+    all_tags = get_text_at_path(nested_data, "items[*].tags[*]")
+    assert set(all_tags) == {"x", "y", "z", "w"}
+
+    assert get_text_at_path(None, "any.path") == []
+    assert get_text_at_path({}, "any.path") == []
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "") == [
+        json.dumps(nested_data, sort_keys=True)
+    ]
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "nonexistent") == []
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "items[99].value") == []
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "items[*].nonexistent") == []
+
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "empty") == []
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "empty_list") == ["[]"]
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "empty_dict") == ["{}"]
+
+    zeros = get_text_at_path(nested_data, "zeros[*]")
+    assert set(zeros) == {"0", "0.0"}
+
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "items[].value") == []
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "items[abc].value") == []
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "{unclosed") == []
+    assert get_text_at_path(nested_data, "nested[{invalid}]") == []


 async def test_async_batch_store(mocker: MockerFixture) -> None:
@@ -292,12 +383,14 @@ async def test_cannot_put_empty_namespace() -> None:

    await store.aput(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), "bar", doc)
    assert (await store.aget(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), "bar")).value == doc  # type: ignore[union-attr]
-    assert (await store.asearch(("foo", "langgraph", "foo")))[0].value == doc
+    assert (await store.asearch(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), query="bar"))[
+        0
+    ].value == doc
    await store.adelete(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), "bar")
    assert (await store.aget(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), "bar")) is None
    store.put(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), "bar", doc)
    assert store.get(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), "bar").value == doc  # type: ignore[union-attr]
-    assert store.search(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"))[0].value == doc
+    assert store.search(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), query="bar")[0].value == doc
    store.delete(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), "bar")
    assert store.get(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), "bar") is None

@@ -313,17 +406,6 @@ async def test_cannot_put_empty_namespace() -> None:
    store.delete(("langgraph", "foo"), "bar")
    assert store.get(("langgraph", "foo"), "bar") is None

-    class MockAsyncBatchedStore(AsyncBatchedBaseStore):
-        def __init__(self) -> None:
-            super().__init__()
-            self._store = InMemoryStore()
-
-        def batch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
-            return self._store.batch(ops)
-
-        async def abatch(self, ops: Iterable[Op]) -> list[Result]:
-            return self._store.batch(ops)
-
    async_store = MockAsyncBatchedStore()
    doc = {"foo": "bar"}

@@ -344,6 +426,9 @@ async def test_cannot_put_empty_namespace() -> None:
    assert val is not None
    assert val.value == doc
    assert (await async_store.asearch(("foo", "langgraph", "foo")))[0].value == doc
+    assert (await async_store.asearch(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), query="bar"))[
+        0
+    ].value == doc
    await async_store.adelete(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), "bar")
    assert (await async_store.aget(("foo", "langgraph", "foo"), "bar")) is None

@@ -354,3 +439,511 @@ async def test_cannot_put_empty_namespace() -> None:
    assert (await async_store.asearch(("valid", "namespace")))[0].value == doc
    await async_store.adelete(("valid", "namespace"), "key")
    assert (await async_store.aget(("valid", "namespace"), "key")) is None
+
+
+async def test_async_batch_store_deduplication(mocker: MockerFixture) -> None:
+    abatch = mocker.spy(InMemoryStore, "batch")
+    store = MockAsyncBatchedStore()
+
+    same_doc = {"value": "same"}
+    diff_doc = {"value": "different"}
+    await asyncio.gather(
+        store.aput(namespace=("test",), key="same", value=same_doc),
+        store.aput(namespace=("test",), key="different", value=diff_doc),
+    )
+    abatch.reset_mock()
+
+    results = await asyncio.gather(
+        store.aget(namespace=("test",), key="same"),
+        store.aget(namespace=("test",), key="same"),
+        store.aget(namespace=("test",), key="different"),
+    )
+
+    assert len(results) == 3
+    assert results[0] == results[1]
+    assert results[0] != results[2]
+    assert results[0].value == same_doc  # type: ignore
+    assert results[2].value == diff_doc  # type: ignore
+    assert len(abatch.call_args_list) == 1
+    ops = list(abatch.call_args_list[0].args[1])
+    assert len(ops) == 2
+    assert GetOp(("test",), "same") in ops
+    assert GetOp(("test",), "different") in ops
+
+    abatch.reset_mock()
+
+    doc1 = {"value": 1}
+    doc2 = {"value": 2}
+    results = await asyncio.gather(
+        store.aput(namespace=("test",), key="key", value=doc1),
+        store.aput(namespace=("test",), key="key", value=doc2),
+    )
+    assert len(abatch.call_args_list) == 1
+    ops = list(abatch.call_args_list[0].args[1])
+    assert len(ops) == 1
+    assert ops[0] == PutOp(("test",), "key", doc2)
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert all(result is None for result in results)
+
+    result = await store.aget(namespace=("test",), key="key")
+    assert result is not None
+    assert result.value == doc2
+
+    abatch.reset_mock()
+
+    results = await asyncio.gather(
+        store.asearch(("test",), filter={"value": 2}),
+        store.asearch(("test",), filter={"value": 2}),
+    )
+    assert len(abatch.call_args_list) == 1
+    ops = list(abatch.call_args_list[0].args[1])
+    assert len(ops) == 1
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0] == results[1]
+    assert len(results[0]) == 1
+    assert results[0][0].value == doc2
+
+    abatch.reset_mock()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def fake_embeddings() -> CharacterEmbeddings:
+    return CharacterEmbeddings(dims=500)
+
+
+def test_vector_store_initialization(fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings) -> None:
+    """Test store initialization with embedding config."""
+    store = InMemoryStore(
+        index={"dims": fake_embeddings.dims, "embed": fake_embeddings}
+    )
+    assert store.index_config is not None
+    assert store.index_config["dims"] == fake_embeddings.dims
+    assert store.index_config["embed"] == fake_embeddings
+
+
+def test_vector_insert_with_auto_embedding(
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+) -> None:
+    """Test inserting items that get auto-embedded."""
+    store = InMemoryStore(
+        index={"dims": fake_embeddings.dims, "embed": fake_embeddings}
+    )
+    docs = [
+        ("doc1", {"text": "short text"}),
+        ("doc2", {"text": "longer text document"}),
+        ("doc3", {"text": "longest text document here"}),
+        ("doc4", {"description": "text in description field"}),
+        ("doc5", {"content": "text in content field"}),
+        ("doc6", {"body": "text in body field"}),
+    ]
+
+    for key, value in docs:
+        store.put(("test",), key, value)
+
+    results = store.search(("test",), query="long text")
+    assert len(results) > 0
+
+    doc_order = [r.key for r in results]
+    assert "doc2" in doc_order
+    assert "doc3" in doc_order
+
+
+async def test_async_vector_insert_with_auto_embedding(
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+) -> None:
+    """Test inserting items that get auto-embedded using async methods."""
+    store = InMemoryStore(
+        index={"dims": fake_embeddings.dims, "embed": fake_embeddings}
+    )
+    docs = [
+        ("doc1", {"text": "short text"}),
+        ("doc2", {"text": "longer text document"}),
+        ("doc3", {"text": "longest text document here"}),
+        ("doc4", {"description": "text in description field"}),
+        ("doc5", {"content": "text in content field"}),
+        ("doc6", {"body": "text in body field"}),
+    ]
+
+    for key, value in docs:
+        await store.aput(("test",), key, value)
+
+    results = await store.asearch(("test",), query="long text")
+    assert len(results) > 0
+
+    doc_order = [r.key for r in results]
+    assert "doc2" in doc_order
+    assert "doc3" in doc_order
+
+
+def test_vector_update_with_embedding(fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings) -> None:
+    """Test that updating items properly updates their embeddings."""
+    store = InMemoryStore(
+        index={"dims": fake_embeddings.dims, "embed": fake_embeddings}
+    )
+    store.put(("test",), "doc1", {"text": "zany zebra Xerxes"})
+    store.put(("test",), "doc2", {"text": "something about dogs"})
+    store.put(("test",), "doc3", {"text": "text about birds"})
+
+    results_initial = store.search(("test",), query="Zany Xerxes")
+    assert len(results_initial) > 0
+    assert results_initial[0].key == "doc1"
+    initial_score = results_initial[0].score
+    assert initial_score is not None
+
+    store.put(("test",), "doc1", {"text": "new text about dogs"})
+
+    results_after = store.search(("test",), query="Zany Xerxes")
+    after_score = next((r.score for r in results_after if r.key == "doc1"), 0.0)
+    assert after_score is not None
+    assert after_score < initial_score
+
+    results_new = store.search(("test",), query="new text about dogs")
+    for r in results_new:
+        if r.key == "doc1":
+            assert r.score > after_score
+
+    # Don't index this one
+    store.put(("test",), "doc4", {"text": "new text about dogs"}, index=False)
+    results_new = store.search(("test",), query="new text about dogs", limit=3)
+    assert not any(r.key == "doc4" for r in results_new)
+
+
+async def test_async_vector_update_with_embedding(
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+) -> None:
+    """Test that updating items properly updates their embeddings using async methods."""
+    store = InMemoryStore(
+        index={"dims": fake_embeddings.dims, "embed": fake_embeddings}
+    )
+    await store.aput(("test",), "doc1", {"text": "zany zebra Xerxes"})
+    await store.aput(("test",), "doc2", {"text": "something about dogs"})
+    await store.aput(("test",), "doc3", {"text": "text about birds"})
+
+    results_initial = await store.asearch(("test",), query="Zany Xerxes")
+    assert len(results_initial) > 0
+    assert results_initial[0].key == "doc1"
+    initial_score = results_initial[0].score
+
+    await store.aput(("test",), "doc1", {"text": "new text about dogs"})
+
+    results_after = await store.asearch(("test",), query="Zany Xerxes")
+    after_score = next((r.score for r in results_after if r.key == "doc1"), 0.0)
+    assert after_score is not None
+    assert after_score < initial_score
+
+    results_new = await store.asearch(("test",), query="new text about dogs")
+    for r in results_new:
+        if r.key == "doc1":
+            assert r.score is not None
+            assert r.score > after_score
+
+    # Don't index this one
+    await store.aput(("test",), "doc4", {"text": "new text about dogs"}, index=False)
+    results_new = await store.asearch(("test",), query="new text about dogs", limit=3)
+    assert not any(r.key == "doc4" for r in results_new)
+
+
+def test_vector_search_with_filters(fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings) -> None:
+    """Test combining vector search with filters."""
+    inmem_store = InMemoryStore(
+        index={"dims": fake_embeddings.dims, "embed": fake_embeddings}
+    )
+    # Insert test documents
+    docs = [
+        ("doc1", {"text": "red apple", "color": "red", "score": 4.5}),
+        ("doc2", {"text": "red car", "color": "red", "score": 3.0}),
+        ("doc3", {"text": "green apple", "color": "green", "score": 4.0}),
+        ("doc4", {"text": "blue car", "color": "blue", "score": 3.5}),
+    ]
+
+    for key, value in docs:
+        inmem_store.put(("test",), key, value)
+
+    results = inmem_store.search(("test",), query="apple", filter={"color": "red"})
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key == "doc1"
+
+    results = inmem_store.search(("test",), query="car", filter={"color": "red"})
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key == "doc2"
+
+    results = inmem_store.search(
+        ("test",), query="bbbbluuu", filter={"score": {"$gt": 3.2}}
+    )
+    assert len(results) == 3
+    assert results[0].key == "doc4"
+
+    # Multiple filters
+    results = inmem_store.search(
+        ("test",), query="apple", filter={"score": {"$gte": 4.0}, "color": "green"}
+    )
+    assert len(results) == 1
+    assert results[0].key == "doc3"
+
+
+async def test_async_vector_search_with_filters(
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+) -> None:
+    """Test combining vector search with filters using async methods."""
+    store = InMemoryStore(
+        index={"dims": fake_embeddings.dims, "embed": fake_embeddings}
+    )
+    # Insert test documents
+    docs = [
+        ("doc1", {"text": "red apple", "color": "red", "score": 4.5}),
+        ("doc2", {"text": "red car", "color": "red", "score": 3.0}),
+        ("doc3", {"text": "green apple", "color": "green", "score": 4.0}),
+        ("doc4", {"text": "blue car", "color": "blue", "score": 3.5}),
+    ]
+
+    for key, value in docs:
+        await store.aput(("test",), key, value)
+
+    results = await store.asearch(("test",), query="apple", filter={"color": "red"})
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key == "doc1"
+
+    results = await store.asearch(("test",), query="car", filter={"color": "red"})
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key == "doc2"
+
+    results = await store.asearch(
+        ("test",), query="bbbbluuu", filter={"score": {"$gt": 3.2}}
+    )
+    assert len(results) == 3
+    assert results[0].key == "doc4"
+
+    # Multiple filters
+    results = await store.asearch(
+        ("test",), query="apple", filter={"score": {"$gte": 4.0}, "color": "green"}
+    )
+    assert len(results) == 1
+    assert results[0].key == "doc3"
+
+
+async def test_async_batched_vector_search_concurrent(
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+) -> None:
+    """Test concurrent vector search operations using async batched store."""
+    store = MockAsyncBatchedStore(
+        index={"dims": fake_embeddings.dims, "embed": fake_embeddings}
+    )
+
+    colors = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow", "purple"]
+    items = ["apple", "car", "house", "book", "phone"]
+    scores = [3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0]
+
+    docs = []
+    for i in range(50):
+        color = colors[i % len(colors)]
+        item = items[i % len(items)]
+        score = scores[i % len(scores)]
+        docs.append(
+            (
+                f"doc{i}",
+                {"text": f"{color} {item}", "color": color, "score": score, "index": i},
+            )
+        )
+    coros = [
+        *[store.aput(("test",), key, value) for key, value in docs],
+        *[store.adelete(("test",), key) for key, value in docs],
+        *[store.aput(("test",), key, value) for key, value in docs],
+    ]
+    await asyncio.gather(*coros)
+
+    # Prepare multiple search queries with different filters
+    search_queries: list[tuple[str, dict[str, Any]]] = [
+        ("apple", {"color": "red"}),
+        ("car", {"color": "blue"}),
+        ("house", {"color": "green"}),
+        ("phone", {"score": {"$gt": 4.99}}),
+        ("book", {"score": {"$lte": 3.5}}),
+        ("apple", {"score": {"$gte": 3.0}, "color": "red"}),
+        ("car", {"score": {"$lt": 5.1}, "color": "blue"}),
+        ("house", {"index": {"$gt": 25}}),
+        ("phone", {"index": {"$lte": 10}}),
+    ]
+
+    all_results = await asyncio.gather(
+        *[
+            store.asearch(("test",), query=query, filter=filter_)
+            for query, filter_ in search_queries
+        ]
+    )
+
+    for results, (query, filter_) in zip(all_results, search_queries):
+        assert len(results) > 0, f"No results for query '{query}' with filter {filter_}"
+
+        for result in results:
+            if "color" in filter_:
+                assert result.value["color"] == filter_["color"]
+
+            if "score" in filter_:
+                score = result.value["score"]
+                for op, value in filter_["score"].items():
+                    if op == "$gt":
+                        assert score > value
+                    elif op == "$gte":
+                        assert score >= value
+                    elif op == "$lt":
+                        assert score < value
+                    elif op == "$lte":
+                        assert score <= value
+
+            if "index" in filter_:
+                index = result.value["index"]
+                for op, value in filter_["index"].items():
+                    if op == "$gt":
+                        assert index > value
+                    elif op == "$gte":
+                        assert index >= value
+                    elif op == "$lt":
+                        assert index < value
+                    elif op == "$lte":
+                        assert index <= value
+
+
+def test_vector_search_pagination(fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings) -> None:
+    """Test pagination with vector search."""
+    store = InMemoryStore(
+        index={"dims": fake_embeddings.dims, "embed": fake_embeddings}
+    )
+    for i in range(5):
+        store.put(("test",), f"doc{i}", {"text": f"test document number {i}"})
+
+    results_page1 = store.search(("test",), query="test", limit=2)
+    results_page2 = store.search(("test",), query="test", limit=2, offset=2)
+
+    assert len(results_page1) == 2
+    assert len(results_page2) == 2
+    assert results_page1[0].key != results_page2[0].key
+
+    all_results = store.search(("test",), query="test", limit=10)
+    assert len(all_results) == 5
+
+
+async def test_async_vector_search_pagination(
+    fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings,
+) -> None:
+    """Test pagination with vector search using async methods."""
+    store = InMemoryStore(
+        index={"dims": fake_embeddings.dims, "embed": fake_embeddings}
+    )
+    for i in range(5):
+        await store.aput(("test",), f"doc{i}", {"text": f"test document number {i}"})
+
+    results_page1 = await store.asearch(("test",), query="test", limit=2)
+    results_page2 = await store.asearch(("test",), query="test", limit=2, offset=2)
+
+    assert len(results_page1) == 2
+    assert len(results_page2) == 2
+    assert results_page1[0].key != results_page2[0].key
+
+    all_results = await store.asearch(("test",), query="test", limit=10)
+    assert len(all_results) == 5
+
+
+async def test_embed_with_path(fake_embeddings: CharacterEmbeddings) -> None:
+    # Test store-level field configuration
+    store = InMemoryStore(
+        index={
+            "dims": fake_embeddings.dims,
+            "embed": fake_embeddings,
+            # Key 2 isn't included. Don't index it.
+            "fields": ["key0", "key1", "key3"],
+        }
+    )
+    # This will have 2 vectors representing it
+    doc1 = {
+        # Omit key0 - check it doesn't raise an error
+        "key1": "xxx",
+        "key2": "yyy",
+        "key3": "zzz",
+    }
+    # This will have 3 vectors representing it
+    doc2 = {
+        "key0": "uuu",
+        "key1": "vvv",
+        "key2": "www",
+        "key3": "xxx",
+    }
+    await store.aput(("test",), "doc1", doc1)
+    await store.aput(("test",), "doc2", doc2)
+
+    # doc2.key3 and doc1.key1 both would have the highest score
+    results = await store.asearch(("test",), query="xxx")
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key != results[1].key
+    ascore = results[0].score
+    bscore = results[1].score
+    assert ascore == bscore
+    assert ascore is not None and bscore is not None
+
+    results = await store.asearch(("test",), query="uuu")
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key != results[1].key
+    assert results[0].key == "doc2"
+    assert results[0].score is not None and results[0].score > results[1].score
+    assert ascore == pytest.approx(results[0].score, abs=1e-5)
+
+    # Un-indexed - will have low results for both. Not zero (because we're projecting)
+    # but less than the above.
+    results = await store.asearch(("test",), query="www")
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].score < ascore
+    assert results[1].score < ascore
+
+    # Test operation-level field configuration
+    store_no_defaults = InMemoryStore(
+        index={
+            "dims": fake_embeddings.dims,
+            "embed": fake_embeddings,
+            "fields": ["key17"],
+        }
+    )
+
+    doc3 = {
+        "key0": "aaa",
+        "key1": "bbb",
+        "key2": "ccc",
+        "key3": "ddd",
+    }
+    doc4 = {
+        "key0": "eee",
+        "key1": "bbb",  # Same as doc3.key1
+        "key2": "fff",
+        "key3": "ggg",
+    }
+
+    await store_no_defaults.aput(("test",), "doc3", doc3, index=["key0", "key1"])
+    await store_no_defaults.aput(("test",), "doc4", doc4, index=["key1", "key3"])
+
+    results = await store_no_defaults.asearch(("test",), query="aaa")
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key == "doc3"
+    assert results[0].score is not None and results[0].score > results[1].score
+
+    results = await store_no_defaults.asearch(("test",), query="ggg")
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key == "doc4"
+    assert results[0].score is not None and results[0].score > results[1].score
+
+    results = await store_no_defaults.asearch(("test",), query="bbb")
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert results[0].key != results[1].key
+    assert results[0].score == results[1].score
+
+    results = await store_no_defaults.asearch(("test",), query="ccc")
+    assert len(results) == 2
+    assert all(r.score < ascore for r in results)
+
+    doc5 = {
+        "key0": "hhh",
+        "key1": "iii",
+    }
+    await store_no_defaults.aput(("test",), "doc5", doc5, index=False)
+
+    results = await store_no_defaults.asearch(("test",), query="hhh")
+    assert len(results) == 3
+    doc5_result = next(r for r in results if r.key == "doc5")
+    assert doc5_result.score is None
@@ -511,19 +511,6 @@ def dockerfile(save_path: str, config: pathlib.Path, add_docker_compose: bool) -
    )


-@click.argument("path", required=False)
-@click.option(
-    "--template",
-    type=str,
-    help=TEMPLATE_HELP_STRING,
-)
-@cli.command("new", help="🌱 Create a new LangGraph project from a template.")
-@log_command
-def new(path: Optional[str], template: Optional[str]) -> None:
-    """Create a new LangGraph project from a template."""
-    return create_new(path, template)
-
-
@click.option(
    "--host",
    default="127.0.0.1",
@@ -563,6 +550,12 @@ def new(path: Optional[str], template: Optional[str]) -> None:
    type=int,
    help="Enable remote debugging by listening on specified port. Requires debugpy to be installed",
 )
+@click.option(
+    "--wait-for-client",
+    is_flag=True,
+    help="Wait for a debugger client to connect to the debug port before starting the server",
+    default=False,
+)
@cli.command(
    "dev",
    help="🏃‍♀️‍➡️ Run LangGraph API server in development mode with hot reloading and debugging support",
@@ -576,6 +569,7 @@ def dev(
    n_jobs_per_worker: Optional[int],
    no_browser: bool,
    debug_port: Optional[int],
+    wait_for_client: bool,
 ):
    """CLI entrypoint for running the LangGraph API server."""
    try:
@@ -608,6 +602,7 @@ def dev(
            sys.path.append(str(dep_path))

    graphs = config_json.get("graphs", {})
+
    run_server(
        host,
        port,
@@ -616,10 +611,25 @@ def dev(
        n_jobs_per_worker=n_jobs_per_worker,
        open_browser=not no_browser,
        debug_port=debug_port,
-        env=config_json.get("env", None),
+        env=config_json.get("env"),
+        store=config_json.get("store"),
+        wait_for_client=wait_for_client,
    )


+@click.argument("path", required=False)
+@click.option(
+    "--template",
+    type=str,
+    help=TEMPLATE_HELP_STRING,
+)
+@cli.command("new", help="🌱 Create a new LangGraph project from a template.")
+@log_command
+def new(path: Optional[str], template: Optional[str]) -> None:
+    """Create a new LangGraph project from a template."""
+    return create_new(path, template)
+
+
 def prepare_args_and_stdin(
    *,
    capabilities: DockerCapabilities,
@@ -10,7 +10,44 @@ MIN_NODE_VERSION = "20"
 MIN_PYTHON_VERSION = "3.11"


-class Config(TypedDict):
+class IndexConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Configuration for indexing documents for semantic search in the store."""
+
+    dims: int
+    """Number of dimensions in the embedding vectors.
+    
+    Common embedding models have the following dimensions:
+        - OpenAI text-embedding-3-large: 256, 1024, or 3072
+        - OpenAI text-embedding-3-small: 512 or 1536
+        - OpenAI text-embedding-ada-002: 1536
+        - Cohere embed-english-v3.0: 1024
+        - Cohere embed-english-light-v3.0: 384
+        - Cohere embed-multilingual-v3.0: 1024
+        - Cohere embed-multilingual-light-v3.0: 384
+    """
+
+    embed: str
+    """Optional model (string) to generate embeddings from text or path to model or function.
+    
+    Examples:
+        - "openai:text-embedding-3-large"
+        - "cohere:embed-multilingual-v3.0"
+        - "src/app.py:embeddings
+    """
+
+    fields: Optional[list[str]]
+    """Fields to extract text from for embedding generation.
+    
+    Defaults to the root ["$"], which embeds the json object as a whole.
+    """
+
+
+class StoreConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    embed: Optional[IndexConfig]
+    """Configuration for vector embeddings in store."""
+
+
+class Config(TypedDict, total=False):
    python_version: str
    node_version: Optional[str]
    pip_config_file: Optional[str]
@@ -18,6 +55,7 @@ class Config(TypedDict):
    dependencies: list[str]
    graphs: dict[str, str]
    env: Union[dict[str, str], str]
+    store: Optional[StoreConfig]


 def _parse_version(version_str: str) -> tuple[int, int]:
@@ -49,6 +87,7 @@ def validate_config(config: Config) -> Config:
            "dockerfile_lines": config.get("dockerfile_lines", []),
            "graphs": config.get("graphs", {}),
            "env": config.get("env", {}),
+            "store": config.get("store"),
        }
        if config.get("node_version")
        else {
@@ -58,6 +97,7 @@ def validate_config(config: Config) -> Config:
            "dependencies": config.get("dependencies", []),
            "graphs": config.get("graphs", {}),
            "env": config.get("env", {}),
+            "store": config.get("store"),
        }
    )

@@ -352,7 +392,14 @@ RUN set -ex && \\
            ],
        )
    )
-
+    store_config = config.get("store")
+    env_additional_config = (
+        ""
+        if not store_config
+        else f"""
+ENV LANGGRAPH_STORE='{json.dumps(store_config)}'
+"""
+    )
    return f"""FROM {base_image}:{config['python_version']}

 {os.linesep.join(config["dockerfile_lines"])}
@@ -360,7 +407,7 @@ RUN set -ex && \\
 {installs}

 RUN {pip_install} -e /deps/*
-
+{env_additional_config}
 ENV LANGSERVE_GRAPHS='{json.dumps(config["graphs"])}'

 {f"WORKDIR {local_deps.working_dir}" if local_deps.working_dir else ""}"""
@@ -390,7 +437,14 @@ def node_config_to_docker(config_path: pathlib.Path, config: Config, base_image:
        install_cmd = "npm ci"
    else:
        install_cmd = "npm i"
-
+    store_config = config.get("store")
+    env_additional_config = (
+        ""
+        if not store_config
+        else f"""
+ENV LANGGRAPH_STORE='{json.dumps(store_config)}'
+"""
+    )
    return f"""FROM {base_image}:{config['node_version']}

 {os.linesep.join(config["dockerfile_lines"])}
@@ -398,7 +452,7 @@ def node_config_to_docker(config_path: pathlib.Path, config: Config, base_image:
 ADD . {faux_path}

 RUN cd {faux_path} && {install_cmd}
-
+{env_additional_config}
 ENV LANGSERVE_GRAPHS='{json.dumps(config["graphs"])}'

 WORKDIR {faux_path}
@@ -526,13 +526,13 @@ tests = ["flask (>=2.2.5)", "hypothesis (>=6.79.4)", "pytest (>=7.4.4)"]

 [[package]]
 name = "langchain-core"
-version = "0.3.19"
+version = "0.3.21"
 description = "Building applications with LLMs through composability"
 optional = true
 python-versions = "<4.0,>=3.9"
 files = [
-    {file = "langchain_core-0.3.19-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:562b7cc3c15dfaa9270cb1496990c1f3b3e0b660c4d6a3236d7f693346f2a96c"},
-    {file = "langchain_core-0.3.19.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:126d9e8cadb2a5b8d1793a228c0783a3b608e36064d5a2ef1a4d38d07a344523"},
+    {file = "langchain_core-0.3.21-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7e723dff80946a1198976c6876fea8326dc82566ef9bcb5f8d9188f738733665"},
+    {file = "langchain_core-0.3.21.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:561b52b258ffa50a9fb11d7a1940ebfd915654d1ec95b35e81dfd5ee84143411"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -565,13 +565,13 @@ langgraph-sdk = ">=0.1.32,<0.2.0"

 [[package]]
 name = "langgraph-api"
-version = "0.0.2"
+version = "0.0.6"
 description = ""
 optional = true
 python-versions = "<4.0,>=3.11.0"
 files = [
-    {file = "langgraph_api-0.0.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7a30fb21987572eacc93dd1c69c2155c17957afed71dde18d6f47992b3124d65"},
-    {file = "langgraph_api-0.0.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b751afca96cb6db67fe2f48e798ada27a4df068f0df86b36d2b8eee52344bbf0"},
+    {file = "langgraph_api-0.0.6-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:f64b13959d721143f6a023af5b9ffc9aa054064af98d21d5d8090cda7e7bffd2"},
+    {file = "langgraph_api-0.0.6.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:badac44fa1ec979509e56fc0da57eeb5f278ee5871f27803f73ea6d8822c21b9"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -579,8 +579,8 @@ cryptography = ">=43.0.3,<44.0.0"
 httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 jsonschema-rs = ">=0.25.0,<0.26.0"
 langchain-core = ">=0.2.38,<0.4.0"
-langgraph = ">=0.2.52"
-langgraph-checkpoint = ">=2.0.5,<3.0"
+langgraph = ">=0.2.52,<0.3.0"
+langgraph-checkpoint = ">=2.0.7,<3.0"
 langsmith = ">=0.1.63,<0.2.0"
 orjson = ">=3.10.1"
 pyjwt = ">=2.9.0,<3.0.0"
@@ -593,13 +593,13 @@ watchfiles = ">=0.13"

 [[package]]
 name = "langgraph-checkpoint"
-version = "2.0.5"
+version = "2.0.7"
 description = "Library with base interfaces for LangGraph checkpoint savers."
 optional = true
 python-versions = "<4.0.0,>=3.9.0"
 files = [
-    {file = "langgraph_checkpoint-2.0.5-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0e7e730ea9358577bdcdeb6a17d8f340bad59770e2895a8a7fc853a76e08400b"},
-    {file = "langgraph_checkpoint-2.0.5.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:48612cdaf98c40a998079d222abb196a61e504d04dea65c7820d738d42150cac"},
+    {file = "langgraph_checkpoint-2.0.7-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:9709f672e1c5a47e13352067c2ffa114dd91d443967b7ce8a1d36d6fc170370e"},
+    {file = "langgraph_checkpoint-2.0.7.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:88d648a331d20aa8ce65280de34a34a9190380b004f6afcc5f9894fe3abeed08"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -608,13 +608,13 @@ msgpack = ">=1.1.0,<2.0.0"

 [[package]]
 name = "langgraph-sdk"
-version = "0.1.36"
+version = "0.1.40"
 description = "SDK for interacting with LangGraph API"
 optional = true
 python-versions = "<4.0.0,>=3.9.0"
 files = [
-    {file = "langgraph_sdk-0.1.36-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b11e1f0bc67631134d09d50c812dc73f9eb30394764ae1144d7d2a786a715355"},
-    {file = "langgraph_sdk-0.1.36.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:2a2c651b7851ba15aeaab7e4e3ea7fd8357ef1cb0b592f264916fa990cdda6e7"},
+    {file = "langgraph_sdk-0.1.40-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:8810cca5e4144cf3a5441fc76b4ee6e658ec95f932d3a0bf9ad63de117e925b9"},
+    {file = "langgraph_sdk-0.1.40.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ab2719ac7274612a791a7a0ad9395d250357106cba8ba81bca9968fc91009af2"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -624,13 +624,13 @@ orjson = ">=3.10.1"

 [[package]]
 name = "langsmith"
-version = "0.1.144"
+version = "0.1.147"
 description = "Client library to connect to the LangSmith LLM Tracing and Evaluation Platform."
 optional = true
 python-versions = "<4.0,>=3.8.1"
 files = [
-    {file = "langsmith-0.1.144-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:08ffb975bff2e82fc6f5428837c64c074ea25102d08a25e256361a80812c6100"},
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@@ -643,6 +643,9 @@ pydantic = [
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 requests-toolbelt = ">=1.0.0,<2.0.0"

+[package.extras]
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+
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 version = "1.1.0"
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 watchdog = ">=0.6.0"

+[[package]]
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 [[package]]
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 lock-version = "2.0"
 python-versions = "^3.9.0,<4.0"
-content-hash = "624dc1a2a5c8a20ef781ed370e106f29da98e7c7235c797ff6a933a3ad20b500"
+content-hash = "8eaaa66d9e6e447699e3bcee336dfe779b58c956f8c2ad6678008a07be935838"
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 [tool.poetry]
 name = "langgraph-cli"
-version = "0.1.59"
+version = "0.1.61"
 description = "CLI for interacting with LangGraph API"
 authors = []
 license = "MIT"
 readme = "README.md"
 repository = "https://www.github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph"
-packages = [{include = "langgraph_cli"}]
+packages = [{ include = "langgraph_cli" }]

 [tool.poetry.scripts]
 langgraph = "langgraph_cli.cli:cli"
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ langgraph = "langgraph_cli.cli:cli"
 [tool.poetry.dependencies]
 python = "^3.9.0,<4.0"
 click = "^8.1.7"
-langgraph-api = { version = ">=0.0.2,<0.1.0", optional = true , python=">=3.11,<4.0" }
+langgraph-api = { version = ">=0.0.6,<0.1.0", optional = true, python = ">=3.11,<4.0" }
+python-dotenv = { version = ">=0.8.0", optional = true }

 [tool.poetry.group.dev.dependencies]
 ruff = "^0.6.2"
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ pytest-watch = "^4.2.0"
 mypy = "^1.10.0"

 [tool.poetry.extras]
-inmem = ["langgraph-api"]
+inmem = ["langgraph-api", "python-dotenv"]

 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 # --strict-markers will raise errors on unknown marks.
@@ -56,4 +57,4 @@ lint.select = [
  # isort
  "I",
 ]
-lint.ignore = [ "E501", "B008" ]
+lint.ignore = ["E501", "B008"]
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ def test_validate_config():
        "pip_config_file": None,
        "dockerfile_lines": [],
        "env": {},
+        "store": None,
        **expected_config,
    }
    actual_config = validate_config(expected_config)
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ def test_validate_config():
            "agent": "./agent.py:graph",
        },
        "env": env,
+        "store": None,
    }
    actual_config = validate_config(expected_config)
    assert actual_config == expected_config
@@ -48,8 +48,13 @@ test:
 	make stop-postgres; \
 	exit $$EXIT_CODE

+WORKERS ?= auto
+XDIST_ARGS := $(if $(WORKERS),-n $(WORKERS) --dist worksteal,)
+MAXFAIL ?=
+MAXFAIL_ARGS := $(if $(MAXFAIL),--maxfail $(MAXFAIL),)
+
 test_watch:
-	make start-postgres && poetry run ptw . -- --ff -vv -x -n auto --dist worksteal --snapshot-update --tb short $(TEST); \
+	make start-postgres && poetry run ptw . -- --ff -vv -x $(XDIST_ARGS) $(MAXFAIL_ARGS) --snapshot-update --tb short $(TEST); \
 	EXIT_CODE=$$?; \
 	make stop-postgres; \
 	exit $$EXIT_CODE
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from enum import Enum
 from typing import Any, Sequence

 from langgraph.checkpoint.base import EmptyChannelError  # noqa: F401
-from langgraph.types import Interrupt
+from langgraph.types import Command, Interrupt

 # EmptyChannelError re-exported for backwards compatibility

@@ -58,7 +58,11 @@ class InvalidUpdateError(Exception):
    pass


-class GraphInterrupt(Exception):
+class GraphBubbleUp(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class GraphInterrupt(GraphBubbleUp):
    """Raised when a subgraph is interrupted, suppressed by the root graph.
    Never raised directly, or surfaced to the user."""

@@ -73,13 +77,20 @@ class NodeInterrupt(GraphInterrupt):
        super().__init__([Interrupt(value=value)])


-class GraphDelegate(Exception):
+class GraphDelegate(GraphBubbleUp):
    """Raised when a graph is delegated (for distributed mode)."""

    def __init__(self, *args: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        super().__init__(*args)


+class ParentCommand(GraphBubbleUp):
+    args: tuple[Command]
+
+    def __init__(self, command: Command) -> None:
+        super().__init__(command)
+
+
 class EmptyInputError(Exception):
    """Raised when graph receives an empty input."""

@@ -37,7 +37,12 @@ from langgraph.channels.ephemeral_value import EphemeralValue
 from langgraph.channels.last_value import LastValue
 from langgraph.channels.named_barrier_value import NamedBarrierValue
 from langgraph.constants import EMPTY_SEQ, NS_END, NS_SEP, SELF, TAG_HIDDEN
-from langgraph.errors import ErrorCode, InvalidUpdateError, create_error_message
+from langgraph.errors import (
+    ErrorCode,
+    InvalidUpdateError,
+    ParentCommand,
+    create_error_message,
+)
 from langgraph.graph.graph import END, START, Branch, CompiledGraph, Graph, Send
 from langgraph.managed.base import (
    ChannelKeyPlaceholder,
@@ -623,6 +628,8 @@ class CompiledStateGraph(CompiledGraph):

        def _get_root(input: Any) -> Any:
            if isinstance(input, Command):
+                if input.graph == Command.PARENT:
+                    return SKIP_WRITE
                return input.update
            else:
                return input
@@ -640,6 +647,8 @@ class CompiledStateGraph(CompiledGraph):
                    )
                return input.get(key, SKIP_WRITE)
            elif isinstance(input, Command):
+                if input.graph == Command.PARENT:
+                    return SKIP_WRITE
                return _get_state_key(input.update, key=key)
            elif get_type_hints(type(input)):
                value = getattr(input, key, SKIP_WRITE)
@@ -822,6 +831,8 @@ def _control_branch(value: Any) -> Sequence[Union[str, Send]]:
        return [value]
    if not isinstance(value, GraphCommand):
        return EMPTY_SEQ
+    if value.graph == Command.PARENT:
+        raise ParentCommand(value)
    rtn: list[Union[str, Send]] = []
    if isinstance(value.goto, str):
        rtn.append(value.goto)
@@ -839,6 +850,8 @@ async def _acontrol_branch(value: Any) -> Sequence[Union[str, Send]]:
        return [value]
    if not isinstance(value, GraphCommand):
        return EMPTY_SEQ
+    if value.graph == Command.PARENT:
+        raise ParentCommand(value)
    rtn: list[Union[str, Send]] = []
    if isinstance(value.goto, str):
        rtn.append(value.goto)
@@ -212,6 +212,7 @@ def create_react_agent(
    Args:
        model: The `LangChain` chat model that supports tool calling.
        tools: A list of tools, a ToolExecutor, or a ToolNode instance.
+            If an empty list is provided, the agent will consist of a single LLM node without tool calling.
        state_schema: An optional state schema that defines graph state.
            Must have `messages` and `is_last_step` keys.
            Defaults to `AgentState` that defines those two keys.
@@ -540,19 +541,10 @@ def create_react_agent(
        # get the tool functions wrapped in a tool class from the ToolNode
        tool_classes = list(tool_node.tools_by_name.values())

-    if _should_bind_tools(model, tool_classes):
-        model = cast(BaseChatModel, model).bind_tools(tool_classes)
+    tool_calling_enabled = len(tool_classes) > 0

-    # Define the function that determines whether to continue or not
-    def should_continue(state: AgentState) -> Literal["tools", "__end__"]:
-        messages = state["messages"]
-        last_message = messages[-1]
-        # If there is no function call, then we finish
-        if not isinstance(last_message, AIMessage) or not last_message.tool_calls:
-            return "__end__"
-        # Otherwise if there is, we continue
-        else:
-            return "tools"
+    if _should_bind_tools(model, tool_classes) and tool_calling_enabled:
+        model = cast(BaseChatModel, model).bind_tools(tool_classes)

    # we're passing store here for validation
    preprocessor = _get_model_preprocessing_runnable(
@@ -635,6 +627,30 @@ def create_react_agent(
        # We return a list, because this will get added to the existing list
        return {"messages": [response]}

+    if not tool_calling_enabled:
+        # Define a new graph
+        workflow = StateGraph(state_schema or AgentState)
+        workflow.add_node("agent", RunnableCallable(call_model, acall_model))
+        workflow.set_entry_point("agent")
+        return workflow.compile(
+            checkpointer=checkpointer,
+            store=store,
+            interrupt_before=interrupt_before,
+            interrupt_after=interrupt_after,
+            debug=debug,
+        )
+
+    # Define the function that determines whether to continue or not
+    def should_continue(state: AgentState) -> Literal["tools", "__end__"]:
+        messages = state["messages"]
+        last_message = messages[-1]
+        # If there is no function call, then we finish
+        if not isinstance(last_message, AIMessage) or not last_message.tool_calls:
+            return "__end__"
+        # Otherwise if there is, we continue
+        else:
+            return "tools"
+
    # Define a new graph
    workflow = StateGraph(state_schema or AgentState)

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from langchain_core.tools import tool as create_tool
 from langchain_core.tools.base import get_all_basemodel_annotations
 from typing_extensions import Annotated, get_args, get_origin

-from langgraph.errors import GraphInterrupt
+from langgraph.errors import GraphBubbleUp
 from langgraph.store.base import BaseStore
 from langgraph.utils.runnable import RunnableCallable

@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ class ToolNode(RunnableCallable):
        # (2) a NodeInterrupt is raised inside a graph node for a graph called as a tool
        # (3) a GraphInterrupt is raised when a subgraph is interrupted inside a graph called as a tool
        # (2 and 3 can happen in a "supervisor w/ tools" multi-agent architecture)
-        except GraphInterrupt as e:
+        except GraphBubbleUp as e:
            raise e
        except Exception as e:
            if isinstance(self.handle_tool_errors, tuple):
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ class ToolNode(RunnableCallable):
        # (2) a NodeInterrupt is raised inside a graph node for a graph called as a tool
        # (3) a GraphInterrupt is raised when a subgraph is interrupted inside a graph called as a tool
        # (2 and 3 can happen in a "supervisor w/ tools" multi-agent architecture)
-        except GraphInterrupt as e:
+        except GraphBubbleUp as e:
            raise e
        except Exception as e:
            if isinstance(self.handle_tool_errors, tuple):
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import sys
 from collections import defaultdict, deque
 from functools import partial
 from hashlib import sha1
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ from langgraph.types import All, LoopProtocol, PregelExecutableTask, PregelTask
 from langgraph.utils.config import merge_configs, patch_config

 GetNextVersion = Callable[[Optional[V], BaseChannel], V]
+SUPPORTS_EXC_NOTES = sys.version_info >= (3, 11)


 class WritesProtocol(Protocol):
@@ -602,6 +604,7 @@ def prepare_single_task(
                    None,
                    task_id,
                    task_path,
+                    writers=proc.flat_writers,
                )

        else:
@@ -633,6 +636,12 @@ def prepare_single_task(
                )
            except StopIteration:
                return
+            except Exception as exc:
+                if SUPPORTS_EXC_NOTES:
+                    exc.add_note(
+                        f"Before task with name '{name}' and path '{task_path[:3]}'"
+                    )
+                raise

            # create task id
            checkpoint_ns = f"{parent_ns}{NS_SEP}{name}" if parent_ns else name
@@ -720,6 +729,7 @@ def prepare_single_task(
                        None,
                        task_id,
                        task_path,
+                        writers=proc.flat_writers,
                    )
            else:
                return PregelTask(task_id, name, task_path)
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
 from langchain_core.runnables.config import get_executor_for_config
 from typing_extensions import ParamSpec

-from langgraph.errors import GraphInterrupt
+from langgraph.errors import GraphBubbleUp

 P = ParamSpec("P")
 T = TypeVar("T")
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class BackgroundExecutor(ContextManager):
    def done(self, task: concurrent.futures.Future) -> None:
        try:
            task.result()
-        except GraphInterrupt:
+        except GraphBubbleUp:
            # This exception is an interruption signal, not an error
            # so we don't want to re-raise it on exit
            self.tasks.pop(task)
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class AsyncBackgroundExecutor(AsyncContextManager):
            if exc := task.exception():
                # This exception is an interruption signal, not an error
                # so we don't want to re-raise it on exit
-                if isinstance(exc, GraphInterrupt):
+                if isinstance(exc, GraphBubbleUp):
                    self.tasks.pop(task)
            else:
                self.tasks.pop(task)
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ from langgraph.constants import (
    TAG_HIDDEN,
    TASKS,
 )
+from langgraph.errors import InvalidUpdateError
 from langgraph.pregel.log import logger
 from langgraph.types import Command, PregelExecutableTask, Send

@@ -68,6 +69,8 @@ def map_command(
    cmd: Command,
 ) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, Any]]:
    """Map input chunk to a sequence of pending writes in the form (channel, value)."""
+    if cmd.graph == Command.PARENT:
+        raise InvalidUpdateError("There is not parent graph")
    if cmd.send:
        if isinstance(cmd.send, (tuple, list)):
            sends = cmd.send
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import asyncio
 import logging
 import random
+import sys
 import time
+from dataclasses import replace
 from functools import partial
 from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Sequence

@@ -10,12 +12,14 @@ from langgraph.constants import (
    CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_NS,
    CONFIG_KEY_RESUMING,
    CONFIG_KEY_SEND,
+    NS_SEP,
 )
-from langgraph.errors import _SEEN_CHECKPOINT_NS, GraphInterrupt
-from langgraph.types import PregelExecutableTask, RetryPolicy
+from langgraph.errors import _SEEN_CHECKPOINT_NS, GraphBubbleUp, ParentCommand
+from langgraph.types import Command, PregelExecutableTask, RetryPolicy
 from langgraph.utils.config import patch_configurable

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+SUPPORTS_EXC_NOTES = sys.version_info >= (3, 11)


 def run_with_retry(
@@ -40,10 +44,26 @@ def run_with_retry(
            task.proc.invoke(task.input, config)
            # if successful, end
            break
-        except GraphInterrupt:
+        except ParentCommand as exc:
+            ns: str = config[CONF][CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_NS]
+            cmd = exc.args[0]
+            if cmd.graph == ns:
+                # this command is for the current graph, handle it
+                for w in task.writers:
+                    w.invoke(cmd, config)
+                break
+            elif cmd.graph == Command.PARENT:
+                # this command is for the parent graph, assign it to the parent
+                parent_ns = NS_SEP.join(ns.split(NS_SEP)[:-1])
+                exc.args = (replace(cmd, graph=parent_ns),)
+            # bubble up
+            raise
+        except GraphBubbleUp:
            # if interrupted, end
            raise
        except Exception as exc:
+            if SUPPORTS_EXC_NOTES:
+                exc.add_note(f"During task with name '{task.name}' and id '{task.id}'")
            if retry_policy is None:
                raise
            # increment attempts
@@ -118,10 +138,26 @@ async def arun_with_retry(
                await task.proc.ainvoke(task.input, config)
            # if successful, end
            break
-        except GraphInterrupt:
+        except ParentCommand as exc:
+            ns: str = config[CONF][CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_NS]
+            cmd = exc.args[0]
+            if cmd.graph == ns:
+                # this command is for the current graph, handle it
+                for w in task.writers:
+                    w.invoke(cmd, config)
+                break
+            elif cmd.graph == Command.PARENT:
+                # this command is for the parent graph, assign it to the parent
+                parent_ns = NS_SEP.join(ns.split(NS_SEP)[:-1])
+                exc.args = (replace(cmd, graph=parent_ns),)
+            # bubble up
+            raise
+        except GraphBubbleUp:
            # if interrupted, end
            raise
        except Exception as exc:
+            if SUPPORTS_EXC_NOTES:
+                exc.add_note(f"During task with name '{task.name}' and id '{task.id}'")
            if retry_policy is None:
                raise
            # increment attempts
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from langgraph.constants import (
    PUSH,
    TAG_HIDDEN,
 )
-from langgraph.errors import GraphDelegate, GraphInterrupt
+from langgraph.errors import GraphBubbleUp, GraphInterrupt
 from langgraph.pregel.executor import Submit
 from langgraph.pregel.retry import arun_with_retry, run_with_retry
 from langgraph.types import PregelExecutableTask, RetryPolicy
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class PregelRunner:
                # save interrupt to checkpointer
                if interrupts := [(INTERRUPT, i) for i in exception.args[0]]:
                    self.put_writes(task.id, interrupts)
-            elif isinstance(exception, GraphDelegate):
+            elif isinstance(exception, GraphBubbleUp):
                raise exception
            else:
                # save error to checkpointer
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ def _should_stop_others(
        if fut.cancelled():
            return True
        if exc := fut.exception():
-            return not isinstance(exc, GraphInterrupt)
+            return not isinstance(exc, GraphBubbleUp)
    else:
        return False

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from typing import (
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
    Callable,
+    ClassVar,
    Generic,
    Hashable,
    Literal,
@@ -140,6 +141,7 @@ class PregelExecutableTask(NamedTuple):
    id: str
    path: tuple[Union[str, int, tuple], ...]
    scheduled: bool = False
+    writers: Sequence[Runnable] = ()


 class StateSnapshot(NamedTuple):
@@ -239,6 +241,7 @@ N = TypeVar("N", bound=Hashable)
 class Command(Generic[N]):
    """One or more commands to update the graph's state and send messages to nodes."""

+    graph: Optional[str] = None
    update: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
    send: Union[Send, Sequence[Send]] = ()
    resume: Optional[Union[Any, dict[str, Any]]] = None
@@ -252,6 +255,8 @@ class Command(Generic[N]):
        )
        return f"Command({contents})"

+    PARENT: ClassVar[Literal["__parent__"]] = "__parent__"
+

 StreamChunk = tuple[tuple[str, ...], str, Any]

@@ -272,6 +272,54 @@ async def _store_postgres_aio():
            await conn.execute(f"DROP DATABASE {database}")


+@asynccontextmanager
+async def _store_postgres_aio_pipe():
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+        pytest.skip("Async Postgres tests require Python 3.10+")
+    database = f"test_{uuid4().hex[:16]}"
+    async with await AsyncConnection.connect(
+        DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI, autocommit=True
+    ) as conn:
+        await conn.execute(f"CREATE DATABASE {database}")
+    try:
+        async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(
+            DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI + database
+        ) as store:
+            await store.setup()  # Run in its own transaction
+        async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(
+            DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI + database, pipeline=True
+        ) as store:
+            yield store
+    finally:
+        async with await AsyncConnection.connect(
+            DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI, autocommit=True
+        ) as conn:
+            await conn.execute(f"DROP DATABASE {database}")
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def _store_postgres_aio_pool():
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+        pytest.skip("Async Postgres tests require Python 3.10+")
+    database = f"test_{uuid4().hex[:16]}"
+    async with await AsyncConnection.connect(
+        DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI, autocommit=True
+    ) as conn:
+        await conn.execute(f"CREATE DATABASE {database}")
+    try:
+        async with AsyncPostgresStore.from_conn_string(
+            DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI + database,
+            pool_config={"max_size": 10},
+        ) as store:
+            await store.setup()
+            yield store
+    finally:
+        async with await AsyncConnection.connect(
+            DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI, autocommit=True
+        ) as conn:
+            await conn.execute(f"DROP DATABASE {database}")
+
+
@asynccontextmanager
 async def _store_duckdb_aio():
    async with AsyncDuckDBStore.from_conn_string(":memory:") as store:
@@ -296,6 +344,45 @@ def store_postgres():
            conn.execute(f"DROP DATABASE {database}")


+@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
+def store_postgres_pipe():
+    database = f"test_{uuid4().hex[:16]}"
+    # create unique db
+    with Connection.connect(DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI, autocommit=True) as conn:
+        conn.execute(f"CREATE DATABASE {database}")
+    try:
+        # yield store
+        with PostgresStore.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI + database) as store:
+            store.setup()  # Run in its own transaction
+        with PostgresStore.from_conn_string(
+            DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI + database, pipeline=True
+        ) as store:
+            yield store
+    finally:
+        # drop unique db
+        with Connection.connect(DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI, autocommit=True) as conn:
+            conn.execute(f"DROP DATABASE {database}")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
+def store_postgres_pool():
+    database = f"test_{uuid4().hex[:16]}"
+    # create unique db
+    with Connection.connect(DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI, autocommit=True) as conn:
+        conn.execute(f"CREATE DATABASE {database}")
+    try:
+        # yield store
+        with PostgresStore.from_conn_string(
+            DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI + database, pool_config={"max_size": 10}
+        ) as store:
+            store.setup()
+            yield store
+    finally:
+        # drop unique db
+        with Connection.connect(DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI, autocommit=True) as conn:
+            conn.execute(f"DROP DATABASE {database}")
+
+
@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
 def store_duckdb():
    with DuckDBStore.from_conn_string(":memory:") as store:
@@ -317,6 +404,12 @@ async def awith_store(store_name: Optional[str]) -> AsyncIterator[BaseStore]:
    elif store_name == "postgres_aio":
        async with _store_postgres_aio() as store:
            yield store
+    elif store_name == "postgres_aio_pipe":
+        async with _store_postgres_aio_pipe() as store:
+            yield store
+    elif store_name == "postgres_aio_pool":
+        async with _store_postgres_aio_pool() as store:
+            yield store
    elif store_name == "duckdb_aio":
        async with _store_duckdb_aio() as store:
            yield store
@@ -342,5 +435,17 @@ ALL_CHECKPOINTERS_ASYNC_PLUS_NONE = [
    *ALL_CHECKPOINTERS_ASYNC,
    None,
 ]
-ALL_STORES_SYNC = ["in_memory", "postgres", "duckdb"]
-ALL_STORES_ASYNC = ["in_memory", "postgres_aio", "duckdb_aio"]
+ALL_STORES_SYNC = [
+    "in_memory",
+    "postgres",
+    "postgres_pipe",
+    "postgres_pool",
+    "duckdb",
+]
+ALL_STORES_ASYNC = [
+    "in_memory",
+    "postgres_aio",
+    "postgres_aio_pipe",
+    "postgres_aio_pool",
+    "duckdb_aio",
+]
@@ -102,6 +102,9 @@ class FakeToolCallingModel(BaseChatModel):
        tools: Sequence[Union[Dict[str, Any], Type[BaseModel], Callable, BaseTool]],
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> Runnable[LanguageModelInput, BaseMessage]:
+        if len(tools) == 0:
+            raise ValueError("Must provide at least one tool")
+
        tool_dicts = []
        for tool in tools:
            if not isinstance(tool, BaseTool):
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import enum
 import json
+import logging
 import operator
 import re
 import time
@@ -67,16 +68,9 @@ from langgraph.errors import InvalidUpdateError, MultipleSubgraphsError, NodeInt
 from langgraph.graph import END, Graph, GraphCommand, StateGraph
 from langgraph.graph.message import MessageGraph, MessagesState, add_messages
 from langgraph.managed.shared_value import SharedValue
-from langgraph.prebuilt.chat_agent_executor import (
-    create_tool_calling_executor,
-)
+from langgraph.prebuilt.chat_agent_executor import create_tool_calling_executor
 from langgraph.prebuilt.tool_node import ToolNode
-from langgraph.pregel import (
-    Channel,
-    GraphRecursionError,
-    Pregel,
-    StateSnapshot,
-)
+from langgraph.pregel import Channel, GraphRecursionError, Pregel, StateSnapshot
 from langgraph.pregel.retry import RetryPolicy
 from langgraph.store.base import BaseStore
 from langgraph.store.memory import InMemoryStore
@@ -104,6 +98,8 @@ from tests.messages import (
    _AnyIdToolMessage,
 )

+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+

 # define these objects to avoid importing langchain_core.agents
 # and therefore avoid relying on core Pydantic version
@@ -6628,11 +6624,7 @@ def test_message_graph(
    from langchain_core.language_models.fake_chat_models import (
        FakeMessagesListChatModel,
    )
-    from langchain_core.messages import (
-        AIMessage,
-        BaseMessage,
-        HumanMessage,
-    )
+    from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, BaseMessage, HumanMessage
    from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration, ChatResult
    from langchain_core.tools import tool

@@ -13937,50 +13929,75 @@ def test_store_injected(

    doc_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
    doc = {"some-key": "this-is-a-val"}
-
-    def node(input: State, config: RunnableConfig, store: BaseStore):
-        assert isinstance(store, BaseStore)
-        store.put(
-            ("foo", "bar"),
-            doc_id,
-            {
-                **doc,
-                "from_thread": config["configurable"]["thread_id"],
-                "some_val": input["count"],
-            },
-        )
-        return {"count": 1}
-
-    builder = StateGraph(State)
-    builder.add_node("node", node)
-    builder.add_edge("__start__", "node")
-    graph = builder.compile(store=the_store, checkpointer=checkpointer)
-
+    uid = uuid.uuid4().hex
+    namespace = (f"foo-{uid}", "bar")
    thread_1 = str(uuid.uuid4())
-    result = graph.invoke({"count": 0}, {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_1}})
-    assert result == {"count": 1}
-    returned_doc = the_store.get(("foo", "bar"), doc_id).value
-    assert returned_doc == {**doc, "from_thread": thread_1, "some_val": 0}
-    assert len(the_store.search(("foo", "bar"))) == 1
-
-    # Check update on existing thread
-    result = graph.invoke({"count": 0}, {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_1}})
-    assert result == {"count": 2}
-    returned_doc = the_store.get(("foo", "bar"), doc_id).value
-    assert returned_doc == {**doc, "from_thread": thread_1, "some_val": 1}
-    assert len(the_store.search(("foo", "bar"))) == 1
-
    thread_2 = str(uuid.uuid4())

+    class Node:
+        def __init__(self, i: Optional[int] = None):
+            self.i = i
+
+        def __call__(self, inputs: State, config: RunnableConfig, store: BaseStore):
+            assert isinstance(store, BaseStore)
+            store.put(
+                namespace
+                if self.i is not None
+                and config["configurable"]["thread_id"] in (thread_1, thread_2)
+                else (f"foo_{self.i}", "bar"),
+                doc_id,
+                {
+                    **doc,
+                    "from_thread": config["configurable"]["thread_id"],
+                    "some_val": inputs["count"],
+                },
+            )
+            return {"count": 1}
+
+    builder = StateGraph(State)
+    builder.add_node("node", Node())
+    builder.add_edge("__start__", "node")
+    N = 500
+    M = 1
+    if "duckdb" in store_name:
+        logger.warning(
+            "DuckDB store implementation has a known issue that does not"
+            " support concurrent writes, so we're reducing the test scope"
+        )
+        N = M = 1
+
+    for i in range(N):
+        builder.add_node(f"node_{i}", Node(i))
+        builder.add_edge("__start__", f"node_{i}")
+
+    graph = builder.compile(store=the_store, checkpointer=checkpointer)
+
+    results = graph.batch(
+        [{"count": 0}] * M,
+        ([{"configurable": {"thread_id": str(uuid.uuid4())}}] * (M - 1))
+        + [{"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_1}}],
+    )
+    result = results[-1]
+    assert result == {"count": N + 1}
+    returned_doc = the_store.get(namespace, doc_id).value
+    assert returned_doc == {**doc, "from_thread": thread_1, "some_val": 0}
+    assert len(the_store.search(namespace)) == 1
+    # Check results after another turn of the same thread
+    result = graph.invoke({"count": 0}, {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_1}})
+    assert result == {"count": (N + 1) * 2}
+    returned_doc = the_store.get(namespace, doc_id).value
+    assert returned_doc == {**doc, "from_thread": thread_1, "some_val": N + 1}
+    assert len(the_store.search(namespace)) == 1
+
    result = graph.invoke({"count": 0}, {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_2}})
-    assert result == {"count": 1}
-    returned_doc = the_store.get(("foo", "bar"), doc_id).value
+    assert result == {"count": N + 1}
+    returned_doc = the_store.get(namespace, doc_id).value
    assert returned_doc == {
        **doc,
        "from_thread": thread_2,
        "some_val": 0,
    }  # Overwrites the whole doc
-    assert len(the_store.search(("foo", "bar"))) == 1  # still overwriting the same one
+    assert len(the_store.search(namespace)) == 1  # still overwriting the same one


 def test_enum_node_names():
@@ -14378,3 +14395,79 @@ def test_runnable_passthrough_node_graph() -> None:
    graph = graph_builder.compile()

    assert graph.get_graph(xray=True).to_json() == graph.get_graph(xray=False).to_json()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("checkpointer_name", ALL_CHECKPOINTERS_SYNC)
+def test_parent_command(request: pytest.FixtureRequest, checkpointer_name: str) -> None:
+    from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+    from langchain_core.tools import tool
+
+    @tool(return_direct=True)
+    def get_user_name() -> GraphCommand:
+        """Retrieve user name"""
+        return GraphCommand(update={"user_name": "Meow"}, graph=GraphCommand.PARENT)
+
+    subgraph_builder = StateGraph(MessagesState)
+    subgraph_builder.add_node("tool", get_user_name)
+    subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "tool")
+    subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()
+
+    class CustomParentState(TypedDict):
+        messages: Annotated[list[BaseMessage], add_messages]
+        # this key is not available to the child graph
+        user_name: str
+
+    builder = StateGraph(CustomParentState)
+    builder.add_node("alice", subgraph)
+    builder.add_edge(START, "alice")
+    checkpointer = request.getfixturevalue(f"checkpointer_{checkpointer_name}")
+    graph = builder.compile(checkpointer=checkpointer)
+
+    config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}
+
+    assert graph.invoke({"messages": [("user", "get user name")]}, config) == {
+        "messages": [
+            _AnyIdHumanMessage(
+                content="get user name", additional_kwargs={}, response_metadata={}
+            ),
+        ],
+        "user_name": "Meow",
+    }
+    assert graph.get_state(config) == StateSnapshot(
+        values={
+            "messages": [
+                _AnyIdHumanMessage(
+                    content="get user name", additional_kwargs={}, response_metadata={}
+                ),
+            ],
+            "user_name": "Meow",
+        },
+        next=(),
+        config={
+            "configurable": {
+                "thread_id": "1",
+                "checkpoint_ns": "",
+                "checkpoint_id": AnyStr(),
+            }
+        },
+        metadata={
+            "source": "loop",
+            "writes": {
+                "alice": {
+                    "user_name": "Meow",
+                }
+            },
+            "thread_id": "1",
+            "step": 1,
+            "parents": {},
+        },
+        created_at=AnyStr(),
+        parent_config={
+            "configurable": {
+                "thread_id": "1",
+                "checkpoint_ns": "",
+                "checkpoint_id": AnyStr(),
+            }
+        },
+        tasks=(),
+    )
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import asyncio
+import logging
 import operator
 import random
 import re
@@ -100,6 +101,8 @@ from tests.messages import (
    _AnyIdToolMessage,
 )

+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
 pytestmark = pytest.mark.anyio


@@ -12272,60 +12275,89 @@ async def test_store_injected_async(checkpointer_name: str, store_name: str) ->

    doc_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
    doc = {"some-key": "this-is-a-val"}
+    uid = uuid.uuid4().hex
+    namespace = (f"foo-{uid}", "bar")
+    thread_1 = str(uuid.uuid4())
+    thread_2 = str(uuid.uuid4())

-    async def node(input: State, config: RunnableConfig, store: BaseStore):
-        assert isinstance(store, BaseStore)
-        await store.aput(
-            ("foo", "bar"),
-            doc_id,
-            {
-                **doc,
-                "from_thread": config["configurable"]["thread_id"],
-                "some_val": input["count"],
-            },
-        )
-        return {"count": 1}
+    class Node:
+        def __init__(self, i: Optional[int] = None):
+            self.i = i
+
+        async def __call__(
+            self, inputs: State, config: RunnableConfig, store: BaseStore
+        ):
+            assert isinstance(store, BaseStore)
+            await store.aput(
+                namespace
+                if self.i is not None
+                and config["configurable"]["thread_id"] in (thread_1, thread_2)
+                else (f"foo_{self.i}", "bar"),
+                doc_id,
+                {
+                    **doc,
+                    "from_thread": config["configurable"]["thread_id"],
+                    "some_val": inputs["count"],
+                },
+            )
+            return {"count": 1}

    builder = StateGraph(State)
-    builder.add_node("node", node)
+    builder.add_node("node", Node())
    builder.add_edge("__start__", "node")
+
+    N = 500
+    M = 1
+    if "duckdb" in store_name:
+        logger.warning(
+            "DuckDB store implementation has a known issue that does not"
+            " support concurrent writes, so we're reducing the test scope"
+        )
+        N = M = 1
+
+    for i in range(N):
+        builder.add_node(f"node_{i}", Node(i))
+        builder.add_edge("__start__", f"node_{i}")
+
    async with awith_checkpointer(checkpointer_name) as checkpointer, awith_store(
        store_name
    ) as the_store:
        graph = builder.compile(store=the_store, checkpointer=checkpointer)

-        thread_1 = str(uuid.uuid4())
-        result = await graph.ainvoke(
-            {"count": 0}, {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_1}}
+        # Test batch operations with multiple threads
+        results = await graph.abatch(
+            [{"count": 0}] * M,
+            ([{"configurable": {"thread_id": str(uuid.uuid4())}}] * (M - 1))
+            + [{"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_1}}],
        )
-        assert result == {"count": 1}
-        returned_doc = (await the_store.aget(("foo", "bar"), doc_id)).value
+        result = results[-1]
+        assert result == {"count": N + 1}
+        returned_doc = (await the_store.aget(namespace, doc_id)).value
        assert returned_doc == {**doc, "from_thread": thread_1, "some_val": 0}
-        assert len((await the_store.asearch(("foo", "bar")))) == 1
+        assert len((await the_store.asearch(namespace))) == 1

-        # Check update on existing thread
+        # Check results after another turn of the same thread
        result = await graph.ainvoke(
            {"count": 0}, {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_1}}
        )
-        assert result == {"count": 2}
-        returned_doc = (await the_store.aget(("foo", "bar"), doc_id)).value
-        assert returned_doc == {**doc, "from_thread": thread_1, "some_val": 1}
-        assert len((await the_store.asearch(("foo", "bar")))) == 1
-
-        thread_2 = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        assert result == {"count": (N + 1) * 2}
+        returned_doc = (await the_store.aget(namespace, doc_id)).value
+        assert returned_doc == {**doc, "from_thread": thread_1, "some_val": N + 1}
+        assert len((await the_store.asearch(namespace))) == 1

+        # Test with a different thread
        result = await graph.ainvoke(
            {"count": 0}, {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_2}}
        )
-        assert result == {"count": 1}
-        returned_doc = (await the_store.aget(("foo", "bar"), doc_id)).value
+        assert result == {"count": N + 1}
+        returned_doc = (await the_store.aget(namespace, doc_id)).value
        assert returned_doc == {
            **doc,
            "from_thread": thread_2,
            "some_val": 0,
        }  # Overwrites the whole doc
        assert (
-            len((await the_store.asearch(("foo", "bar")))) == 1
+            len((await the_store.asearch(namespace))) == 1
        )  # still overwriting the same one


@@ -12565,3 +12597,83 @@ async def test_debug_nested_subgraphs():
                assert stream_task["interrupts"] == history_task.interrupts
                assert stream_task.get("error") == history_task.error
                assert stream_task.get("state") == history_task.state
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("checkpointer_name", ALL_CHECKPOINTERS_ASYNC)
+async def test_parent_command(checkpointer_name: str) -> None:
+    from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+    from langchain_core.tools import tool
+
+    @tool(return_direct=True)
+    def get_user_name() -> GraphCommand:
+        """Retrieve user name"""
+        return GraphCommand(update={"user_name": "Meow"}, graph=GraphCommand.PARENT)
+
+    subgraph_builder = StateGraph(MessagesState)
+    subgraph_builder.add_node("tool", get_user_name)
+    subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "tool")
+    subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()
+
+    class CustomParentState(TypedDict):
+        messages: Annotated[list[BaseMessage], add_messages]
+        # this key is not available to the child graph
+        user_name: str
+
+    builder = StateGraph(CustomParentState)
+    builder.add_node("alice", subgraph)
+    builder.add_edge(START, "alice")
+    async with awith_checkpointer(checkpointer_name) as checkpointer:
+        graph = builder.compile(checkpointer=checkpointer)
+
+        config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}
+
+        assert await graph.ainvoke(
+            {"messages": [("user", "get user name")]}, config
+        ) == {
+            "messages": [
+                _AnyIdHumanMessage(
+                    content="get user name", additional_kwargs={}, response_metadata={}
+                ),
+            ],
+            "user_name": "Meow",
+        }
+        assert await graph.aget_state(config) == StateSnapshot(
+            values={
+                "messages": [
+                    _AnyIdHumanMessage(
+                        content="get user name",
+                        additional_kwargs={},
+                        response_metadata={},
+                    ),
+                ],
+                "user_name": "Meow",
+            },
+            next=(),
+            config={
+                "configurable": {
+                    "thread_id": "1",
+                    "checkpoint_ns": "",
+                    "checkpoint_id": AnyStr(),
+                }
+            },
+            metadata={
+                "source": "loop",
+                "writes": {
+                    "alice": {
+                        "user_name": "Meow",
+                    }
+                },
+                "thread_id": "1",
+                "step": 1,
+                "parents": {},
+            },
+            created_at=AnyStr(),
+            parent_config={
+                "configurable": {
+                    "thread_id": "1",
+                    "checkpoint_ns": "",
+                    "checkpoint_id": AnyStr(),
+                }
+            },
+            tasks=(),
+        )
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@langchain/langgraph-sdk",
-  "version": "0.0.26",
+  "version": "0.0.29",
  "description": "Client library for interacting with the LangGraph API",
  "type": "module",
  "packageManager": "yarn@1.22.19",
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import {
  OnConflictBehavior,
 } from "./types.js";
 import { mergeSignals } from "./utils/signals.js";
+import { getEnvironmentVariable } from "./utils/env.js";

 /**
 * Get the API key from the environment.
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ export function getApiKey(apiKey?: string): string | undefined {
  const prefixes = ["LANGGRAPH", "LANGSMITH", "LANGCHAIN"];

  for (const prefix of prefixes) {
-    const envKey = process.env[`${prefix}_API_KEY`];
+    const envKey = getEnvironmentVariable(`${prefix}_API_KEY`);
    if (envKey) {
      // Remove surrounding quotes
      return envKey.trim().replace(/^["']|["']$/g, "");
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ export type {
  ThreadStatus,
  Cron,
  Checkpoint,
+  Interrupt,
 } from "./schema.js";

 export type { OnConflictBehavior, Command } from "./types.js";
@@ -137,6 +137,16 @@ export interface AssistantGraph {
  }>;
 }

+/**
+ * An interrupt thrown inside a thread.
+ */
+export interface Interrupt {
+  value: unknown;
+  when: "during";
+  resumable: boolean;
+  ns?: string[];
+}
+
 export interface Thread<ValuesType = DefaultValues> {
  /** The ID of the thread. */
  thread_id: string;
@@ -155,6 +165,9 @@ export interface Thread<ValuesType = DefaultValues> {

  /** The current state of the thread. */
  values: ValuesType;
+
+  /** Interrupts which were thrown in this thread */
+  interrupts: Record<string, Array<Interrupt>>;
 }

 export interface Cron {
@@ -210,12 +223,7 @@ export interface ThreadTask {
  name: string;
  result?: unknown;
  error: Optional<string>;
-  interrupts: Array<{
-    value: unknown;
-    when: "during";
-    resumable: boolean;
-    ns?: string[];
-  }>;
+  interrupts: Array<Interrupt>;
  checkpoint: Optional<Checkpoint>;
  state: Optional<ThreadState>;
 }
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import PQueueMod from "p-queue";
 const STATUS_NO_RETRY = [
  400, // Bad Request
  401, // Unauthorized
+  402, // Payment required
  403, // Forbidden
  404, // Not Found
  405, // Method Not Allowed
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+export function getEnvironmentVariable(name: string): string | undefined {
+  // Certain setups (Deno, frontend) will throw an error if you try to access environment variables
+  try {
+    return typeof process !== "undefined"
+      ? // eslint-disable-next-line no-process-env
+        process.env?.[name]
+      : undefined;
+  } catch (e) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from typing import (
    Dict,
    Iterator,
    List,
+    Literal,
    Optional,
    Sequence,
    Union,
@@ -1946,7 +1947,7 @@ class CronClient:

        Example Usage:

-            cron_run = await client.crons.create(
+            cron_run = client.crons.create(
                assistant_id="agent",
                schedule="27 15 * * *",
                input={"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "hello!"}]},
@@ -2070,7 +2071,12 @@ class StoreClient:
        self.http = http

    async def put_item(
-        self, namespace: Sequence[str], /, key: str, value: dict[str, Any]
+        self,
+        namespace: Sequence[str],
+        /,
+        key: str,
+        value: dict[str, Any],
+        index: Optional[Union[Literal[False], list[str]]] = None,
    ) -> None:
        """Store or update an item.

@@ -2078,6 +2084,7 @@ class StoreClient:
            namespace: A list of strings representing the namespace path.
            key: The unique identifier for the item within the namespace.
            value: A dictionary containing the item's data.
+            index: Controls search indexing - None (use defaults), False (disable), or list of field paths to index.

        Returns:
            None
@@ -2095,11 +2102,7 @@ class StoreClient:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid namespace label '{label}'. Namespace labels cannot contain periods ('.')."
                )
-        payload = {
-            "namespace": namespace,
-            "key": key,
-            "value": value,
-        }
+        payload = {"namespace": namespace, "key": key, "value": value, "index": index}
        await self.http.put("/store/items", json=payload)

    async def get_item(self, namespace: Sequence[str], /, key: str) -> Item:
@@ -2167,6 +2170,7 @@ class StoreClient:
        filter: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
        limit: int = 10,
        offset: int = 0,
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> SearchItemsResponse:
        """Search for items within a namespace prefix.

@@ -2175,6 +2179,7 @@ class StoreClient:
            filter: Optional dictionary of key-value pairs to filter results.
            limit: Maximum number of items to return (default is 10).
            offset: Number of items to skip before returning results (default is 0).
+            query: Optional query for natural language search.

        Returns:
            List[Item]: A list of items matching the search criteria.
@@ -2212,6 +2217,7 @@ class StoreClient:
            "filter": filter,
            "limit": limit,
            "offset": offset,
+            "query": query,
        }

        return await self.http.post("/store/items/search", json=_provided_vals(payload))
@@ -4154,7 +4160,12 @@ class SyncStoreClient:
        self.http = http

    def put_item(
-        self, namespace: Sequence[str], /, key: str, value: dict[str, Any]
+        self,
+        namespace: Sequence[str],
+        /,
+        key: str,
+        value: dict[str, Any],
+        index: Optional[Union[Literal[False], list[str]]] = None,
    ) -> None:
        """Store or update an item.

@@ -4162,6 +4173,7 @@ class SyncStoreClient:
            namespace: A list of strings representing the namespace path.
            key: The unique identifier for the item within the namespace.
            value: A dictionary containing the item's data.
+            index: Controls search indexing - None (use defaults), False (disable), or list of field paths to index.

        Returns:
            None
@@ -4183,6 +4195,7 @@ class SyncStoreClient:
            "namespace": namespace,
            "key": key,
            "value": value,
+            "index": index,
        }
        self.http.put("/store/items", json=payload)

@@ -4250,6 +4263,7 @@ class SyncStoreClient:
        filter: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
        limit: int = 10,
        offset: int = 0,
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> SearchItemsResponse:
        """Search for items within a namespace prefix.

@@ -4258,6 +4272,7 @@ class SyncStoreClient:
            filter: Optional dictionary of key-value pairs to filter results.
            limit: Maximum number of items to return (default is 10).
            offset: Number of items to skip before returning results (default is 0).
+            query: Optional query for natural language search.

        Returns:
            List[Item]: A list of items matching the search criteria.
@@ -4295,6 +4310,7 @@ class SyncStoreClient:
            "filter": filter,
            "limit": limit,
            "offset": offset,
+            "query": query,
        }
        return self.http.post("/store/items/search", json=_provided_vals(payload))

@@ -325,10 +325,21 @@ class ListNamespaceResponse(TypedDict):
    """A list of namespace paths, where each path is a list of strings."""


+class SearchItem(Item, total=False):
+    """Item with an optional relevance score from search operations.
+
+    Attributes:
+        score (Optional[float]): Relevance/similarity score. Included when
+            searching a compatible store with a natural language query.
+    """
+
+    score: Optional[float]
+
+
 class SearchItemsResponse(TypedDict):
    """Response structure for searching items."""

-    items: list[Item]
+    items: list[SearchItem]
    """A list of items matching the search criteria."""


@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [tool.poetry]
 name = "langgraph-sdk"
-version = "0.1.36"
+version = "0.1.40"
 description = "SDK for interacting with LangGraph API"
 authors = []
 license = "MIT"
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Vadym BardaandGitHub	784821705b	checkpoint-postgres: pin psycopg >= 3.2.0 (#2580 )	2024-11-29 11:30:19 -05:00
William FHandGitHub	65172c2a43	[CLI] Nonblocking debugpy mode (#2573 )	2024-11-28 12:24:00 -08:00
William FHandGitHub	1130c3accb	[CLI] Add Store config to CLI (#2548 )	2024-11-28 01:58:18 -08:00
William FHandGitHub	ee8653d1c5	[SDK] Add SearchItem (#2567 )	2024-11-27 22:50:52 -08:00
William FHandGitHub	12486d977a	Update postgres-checkpoint min bounds (#2564 )	2024-11-27 22:31:16 -08:00
William FHandGitHub	c87f9ab6b1	Fix sentence fragment (#2566 )	2024-11-27 22:31:03 -08:00
William FHandGitHub	855a3d21ff	Update Checkpoint Version (#2565 )	2024-11-27 20:50:11 -08:00
William FHandGitHub	d767af421b	feat: Add vector search (#2535 ) - Initializing the store with an 'embedding config' -> this contains the 'dims' (used to create the table) and the encoder object (rn langchain embeddings object, though that is ......) - Call setup() -> creates the vector table. Each document has 1 or more vectors associated with it for each json path in the embedding config. Would welcome critique and requests! Leaving the params as the defaults for pgvector but open to feedback if you think it's important to be able to more transparently configure that in setup() ```python from typing import TypedDict, List, Dict, Any, Optional from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings from langgraph.graph import StateGraph from langgraph.store.postgres import PostgresStore emb_config = { "dims": 1536, # OpenAI embedding dimensions "embed": OpenAIEmbeddings(model="text-embedding-3-small"), "distance_type": "cosine", } with PostgresStore.from_conn_string( "postgres://postgres:postgres@localhost:5441", embedding=emb_config, ) as store: store.setup() # Define the state type for our graph class State(TypedDict): query: str results: Optional[List[Dict[str, Any]]] def put_stuff(state: State) -> State: docs = [ ("doc1", {"text": "red apple in kitchen"}), ("doc2", {"text": "blue car in garage"}), ("doc3", {"text": "green apple on table"}), ] for key, value in docs: store.put(("docs",), key, value) def search_stuff(state: State) -> State: """Search for documents using vector similarity.""" results = store.search(("docs",), query=state["query"]) return {"results": results} builder = StateGraph(State) builder.add_node(put_stuff) builder.add_node(search_stuff) builder.add_edge("__start__", "put_stuff") builder.add_edge("put_stuff", "search_stuff") # Compile with PostgresStore.from_conn_string( "postgres://postgres:postgres@localhost:5441", embedding=emb_config, ) as store: chain = builder.compile(store=store) result = chain.invoke({"query": "sour apple"}) # Print results for doc in result["results"]: print(doc.key) print(doc.value) print(doc.response_metadata) ```	2024-11-28 04:40:12 +00:00
Nuno CamposandGitHub	07ac016e60	Merge pull request #2562 from langchain-ai/nc/27nov/revert-sdk Revert "sdk-py: Fix SSE parsing to split lines only \n \r \r\n per SSE spec"	2024-11-27 17:36:07 -08:00
Nuno Campos	4576a259dd	sdk-py 0.1.39	2024-11-27 17:32:07 -08:00
Nuno Campos	53ec7c41b2	Revert "sdk-py: Fix SSE parsing to split lines only \n \r \r\n per SSE spec" This reverts commit `dc09b13400`.	2024-11-27 17:31:21 -08:00
Nuno Campos	769f6a1925	Fix	2024-11-27 15:59:48 -08:00
William FHandGitHub	62a36befd5	Add in-mem vector search (#2547 )	2024-11-27 14:53:24 -08:00
Andrew NguonlyandGitHub	dfaff2511b	docs: Update API docs and remove unused pages (#2561 )	2024-11-27 14:39:12 -08:00
Nuno Campos	1d9a0d1e4e	sdk-py 0.1.37	2024-11-27 14:17:15 -08:00
Nuno CamposandGitHub	35c7eb18ee	Merge pull request #2560 from langchain-ai/nc/27nov/fix-sse-parser sdk-py: Fix SSE parsing to split lines only \n \r \r\n per SSE spec	2024-11-27 14:16:43 -08:00
Nuno Campos	dc09b13400	sdk-py: Fix SSE parsing to split lines only \n \r \r\n per SSE spec	2024-11-27 14:10:50 -08:00
Nuno CamposandGitHub	b2d8acffc4	Merge pull request #2558 from langchain-ai/nc/27nov/exc-note lib: Add exception note identify node/task	2024-11-27 12:57:03 -08:00
Nuno Campos	1031e54860	lib: Add exception note identify node/task	2024-11-27 12:44:31 -08:00
Jacob LeeandGitHub	7ac365ea84	fix(sdk-js): Avoid retrying 402s (#2554 )	2024-11-27 19:33:23 +00:00
Vadym BardaandGitHub	5144b8f374	langgraph: allow create_react_agent to take empty tools (#2553 )	2024-11-27 12:54:59 -05:00
Nuno CamposandGitHub	4b1b3cecb4	Merge pull request #2546 from langchain-ai/jacob/jsenv fix(js): Adds fallback for fetching environment variables	2024-11-26 12:34:18 -08:00
jacoblee93	c6a953c02a	Bump version	2024-11-26 12:31:00 -08:00
jacoblee93	16b955dee2	Adds fallback for fetching environment variables	2024-11-26 12:30:33 -08:00
Brace SproulandGitHub	877124f7df	Merge pull request #2545 from langchain-ai/release release(sdk-js): 0.0.27	2024-11-26 11:54:45 -08:00
bracesproul	d3a4865c0e	release(sdk-js): 0.0.27	2024-11-26 11:42:20 -08:00
Brace SproulandGitHub	a3761ac522	Merge pull request #2543 from langchain-ai/brace/type-interrupts fix(sdk-js): Add typing for interrupts on threads	2024-11-26 11:40:34 -08:00
bracesproul	376c58ff3b	expose interupt type	2024-11-26 11:28:50 -08:00
bracesproul	58b99c899e	cr	2024-11-26 11:28:19 -08:00
bracesproul	2ee279a977	fix(sdk-js): Add typing for interrupts on threads	2024-11-26 11:26:18 -08:00
William FHandGitHub	f04ce5d1ee	[CLI] Add python-dotenv for inmem group (#2540 )	2024-11-26 07:56:57 -08:00
William FHandGitHub	8f649abd0a	Release PG Checkpointer (#2536 )	2024-11-26 01:44:45 +00:00
William FHandGitHub	1febec7c0d	Dedup store batch operations (#2534 )	2024-11-25 16:31:26 -08:00
Nuno CamposandGitHub	a4eb4c6942	Merge pull request #2520 from langchain-ai/nc/22nov/parent-command lib: Add Command(graph=Command.PARENT, ...)	2024-11-25 15:39:51 -08:00
Nuno Campos	8e1cd0e225	Add test	2024-11-25 14:11:20 -08:00
William FH GitHub Phoenix Logan Tyler Ball	98935e1ffd	fix: Fix race condition in PostgresSaver (#2494 ) Signed-off-by: Tyler Ball <tyleraball@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Phoenix Logan <plogan@chanzuckerberg.com> Co-authored-by: Tyler Ball <2481463+tyler-ball@users.noreply.github.com>	2024-11-25 20:19:52 +00:00
Nuno Campos	abc0c8c223	Fix	2024-11-22 16:35:20 -08:00
Nuno Campos	5bbb9dae57	Fix	2024-11-22 16:34:55 -08:00
Nuno Campos	fed60e713c	lib: Add Command(graph=Command.PARENT, ...) - This makes the command bubble up out of the current graph and be handled by the calling graph (the immediate parent) - This could be extended to support eg. ROOT graph, or some other level	2024-11-22 16:28:43 -08:00