test(langgraph): provide dedicated benchmark snapshot builder

Build secret-free snapshots from a pinned public revision and align file transfers with the LangSmith sandbox SDK. Co-authored-by: open-swe[bot] <open-swe@users.noreply.github.com>
test(langgraph): add distributed scripted DeltaChannel benchmarks
2026-10-29 18:31:31 +01:00 · 2026-10-23 23:28:26 +00:00 · 2026-10-23 20:17:40 +00:00 · 2026-10-23 14:18:08 +00:00 · 2026-10-23 09:32:43 -04:00 · 2026-10-22 17:26:01 -04:00
160 changed files with 15554 additions and 2619 deletions
@@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ jobs:

      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
        id: deployment
-        uses: actions/deploy-pages@cd2ce8fcbc39b97be8ca5fce6e763baed58fa128 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@368f82528645a54fb793d4d04e342629a3f51346 # v5.0.1
@@ -139,23 +139,10 @@ jobs:
            echo EOF
          } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

-  test-pypi-publish:
-    needs:
-      - build
-      - release-notes
-    permissions:
-      contents: read
-      id-token: write
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/_test_release.yml
-    with:
-      working-directory: ${{ inputs.working-directory }}
-    secrets: inherit
-
  pre-release-checks:
    needs:
      - build
      - release-notes
-      - test-pypi-publish
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
@@ -180,31 +167,20 @@ jobs:
          enable-cache: false
          working-directory: ${{ inputs.working-directory }}

-      - name: Import published package
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: dist
+          path: ${{ inputs.working-directory }}/dist/
+
+      - name: Import dist package
        shell: bash
        working-directory: ${{ inputs.working-directory }}
        env:
          PKG_NAME: ${{ needs.build.outputs.pkg-name }}
          VERSION: ${{ needs.build.outputs.version }}
-        # Here we use:
-        # - The default regular PyPI index as the *primary* index, meaning
-        #   that it takes priority (https://pypi.org/simple)
-        # - The test PyPI index as an extra index, so that any dependencies that
-        #   are not found on test PyPI can be resolved and installed anyway.
-        #   (https://test.pypi.org/simple). This will include the PKG_NAME==VERSION
-        #   package because VERSION will not have been uploaded to regular PyPI yet.
-        # - attempt install again after 5 seconds if it fails because there is
-        #   sometimes a delay in availability on test pypi
+        # Install directly from the locally-built wheel (no index resolution needed).
        run: |
-          uv run pip install \
-            --extra-index-url https://test.pypi.org/simple/ \
-            "$PKG_NAME==$VERSION" || \
-          ( \
-            sleep 5 && \
-            uv run pip install \
-              --extra-index-url https://test.pypi.org/simple/ \
-              "$PKG_NAME==$VERSION" \
-          )
+          uv run pip install dist/*.whl

          if [[ "$PKG_NAME" == *prebuilt* ]]; then
            uv run pip install langgraph
@@ -226,7 +202,7 @@ jobs:
        run: uv sync --group test
        working-directory: ${{ inputs.working-directory }}

-      # Overwrite the local version of the package with the test PyPI version.
+      # Overwrite the local version of the package with the built version
      - name: Import published package (again)
        working-directory: ${{ inputs.working-directory }}
        shell: bash
@@ -234,14 +210,25 @@ jobs:
          PKG_NAME: ${{ needs.build.outputs.pkg-name }}
          VERSION: ${{ needs.build.outputs.version }}
        run: |
-          uv run pip install \
-            --extra-index-url https://test.pypi.org/simple/ \
-            "$PKG_NAME==$VERSION"
+          uv run pip install dist/*.whl

      - name: Run unit tests
        run: make test
        working-directory: ${{ inputs.working-directory }}

+  test-pypi-publish:
+    needs:
+      - build
+      - release-notes
+      - pre-release-checks
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/_test_release.yml
+    with:
+      working-directory: ${{ inputs.working-directory }}
+    secrets: inherit
+
  publish:
    needs:
      - build
@@ -267,6 +267,61 @@ async def test_history_seed_ancestor_own_writes_are_replayed(
    )


+# Every uuid4 `build_delta_chain` tags its own writes with sorts between these
+# two, so task_id order is fixed and always disagrees with task_path order.
+TASK_ID_SORTS_FIRST = "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
+TASK_ID_SORTS_LAST = "ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff"
+
+
+async def test_history_orders_parallel_writes_by_task_path(
+    saver: BaseCheckpointSaver,
+) -> None:
+    """Writes from parallel tasks replay in task_path order, not task_id order."""
+    configs = await build_delta_chain(
+        saver,
+        thread_id=str(uuid4()),
+        channel="ch",
+        snapshots_at_steps=[0],
+        total_steps=3,
+    )
+    step_1, head = configs[1], configs[2]
+    await saver.aput_writes(
+        step_1, [("ch", "second")], TASK_ID_SORTS_FIRST, "~pull, 02"
+    )
+    await saver.aput_writes(step_1, [("ch", "first")], TASK_ID_SORTS_LAST, "~pull, 01")
+
+    result = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(config=head, channels=["ch"])
+    values = [w[2] for w in result["ch"]["writes"]]
+    assert values == [1, "first", "second"], (
+        f"Expected task_path order [1, 'first', 'second'], got {values}. "
+        "Ordering by (task_id, idx) alone yields [1, 'second', 'first']."
+    )
+
+
+async def test_history_orders_pathless_writes_first(
+    saver: BaseCheckpointSaver,
+) -> None:
+    """Writes stored without a task_path (graph input) replay before task writes."""
+    configs = await build_delta_chain(
+        saver,
+        thread_id=str(uuid4()),
+        channel="ch",
+        snapshots_at_steps=[0],
+        total_steps=3,
+    )
+    step_1, head = configs[1], configs[2]
+    await saver.aput_writes(
+        step_1, [("ch", "from_node")], TASK_ID_SORTS_FIRST, "~pull, a"
+    )
+    await saver.aput_writes(step_1, [("ch", "from_input")], TASK_ID_SORTS_LAST)
+
+    result = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(config=head, channels=["ch"])
+    values = [w[2] for w in result["ch"]["writes"]]
+    assert values == [1, "from_input", "from_node"], (
+        f"Expected pathless writes first, got {values}"
+    )
+
+
 ALL_DELTA_CHANNEL_HISTORY_TESTS = [
    test_history_returns_writes_oldest_first,
    test_history_seed_is_nearest_snapshot,
@@ -276,6 +331,8 @@ ALL_DELTA_CHANNEL_HISTORY_TESTS = [
    test_history_walk_to_root_no_seed,
    test_history_migration_plain_value_as_seed,
    test_history_seed_ancestor_own_writes_are_replayed,
+    test_history_orders_parallel_writes_by_task_path,
+    test_history_orders_pathless_writes_first,
 ]


@@ -176,6 +176,35 @@ async def test_get_tuple_pending_writes(saver: BaseCheckpointSaver) -> None:
    )


+async def test_get_tuple_pending_writes_in_writes_sort_key_order(
+    saver: BaseCheckpointSaver,
+) -> None:
+    """pending_writes come back in writes_sort_key order, not put or task_id order."""
+    config = generate_config(str(uuid4()))
+    stored = await saver.aput(config, generate_checkpoint(), generate_metadata(), {})
+    await saver.aput_writes(
+        stored, [("ch", "b")], "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000", "~pull, 02"
+    )
+    await saver.aput_writes(
+        stored,
+        [("ch", "a1"), ("ch", "a2")],
+        "ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff",
+        "~pull, 01",
+    )
+    await saver.aput_writes(
+        stored, [("ch", "input")], "88888888-8888-8888-8888-888888888888"
+    )
+
+    tup = await saver.aget_tuple(stored)
+    assert tup is not None
+    values = [w[2] for w in tup.pending_writes or []]
+    assert values == ["input", "a1", "a2", "b"], (
+        f"Expected writes_sort_key order ['input', 'a1', 'a2', 'b'], got {values}. "
+        "Put order gives ['b', 'a1', 'a2', 'input'], task_id order gives "
+        "['b', 'input', 'a1', 'a2']."
+    )
+
+
 async def test_get_tuple_respects_namespace(saver: BaseCheckpointSaver) -> None:
    """checkpoint_ns filtering."""
    tid = str(uuid4())
@@ -223,6 +252,7 @@ ALL_GET_TUPLE_TESTS = [
    test_get_tuple_metadata,
    test_get_tuple_parent_config,
    test_get_tuple_pending_writes,
+    test_get_tuple_pending_writes_in_writes_sort_key_order,
    test_get_tuple_respects_namespace,
    test_get_tuple_nonexistent_checkpoint_id,
 ]
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ async def memory_checkpointer():


@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_validate_memory_base():
-    """InMemorySaver passes all base capability tests."""
+async def test_validate_memory():
+    """InMemorySaver passes the tests of every capability it implements."""
    report = await validate(memory_checkpointer)
    report.print_report()
-    assert report.passed_all_base(), f"Base tests failed: {report.to_dict()}"
+    assert report.passed_all(), f"Capability tests failed: {report.to_dict()}"
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ wheels = [

 [[package]]
 name = "certifi"
-version = "2026.4.22"
+version = "2026.10.19"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/25/ee/6caf7a40c36a1220410afe15a1cc64993a1f864871f698c0f93acb72842a/certifi-2026.4.22.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:8d455352a37b71bf76a79caa83a3d6c25afee4a385d632127b6afb3963f1c580", size = 137077, upload-time = "2026-04-22T11:26:11.191Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a6/bd/1436c50cc46699de0230fbaacc1d1de7bfec413176099949e9d5112e88f2/certifi-2026.10.19.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:035c1e85572b141bf1c3a3eff0e33a8eb74917522f2559075ff8d2fea780a1ae", size = 137598, upload-time = "2026-10-20T02:24:16.604Z" }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/22/30/7cd8fdcdfbc5b869528b079bfb76dcdf6056b1a2097a662e5e8c04f42965/certifi-2026.4.22-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:3cb2210c8f88ba2318d29b0388d1023c8492ff72ecdde4ebdaddbb13a31b1c4a", size = 135707, upload-time = "2026-04-22T11:26:09.372Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/51/29046e48f693c54e5b7412216d447a1d8362c9653148d98c02cdf65fa733/certifi-2026.10.19-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:42d35340cc5b9ba78e818ddbff0c5b1c2b779de448a340fd1b989f5fa8670e1b", size = 136464, upload-time = "2026-10-20T02:24:15.072Z" },
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ wheels = [

 [[package]]
 name = "langgraph-checkpoint"
-version = "4.2.0"
+version = "4.3.0"
 source = { editable = "../checkpoint" }
 dependencies = [
    { name = "langchain-core" },
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+version = "0.16.9"
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6d/1c/e6e91852b72566b1ab9aca504712857dfb89324c12092a5bd61d42d34427/ty-0.0.84-py3-none-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:6c9d3718c4a0d318bc9c92af9b2aa85c3294e7dff54cf1d69ad79568f56516da", size = 13656453, upload-time = "2026-09-24T13:16:21.51Z" },
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -943,11 +943,11 @@ wheels = [

 [[package]]
 name = "urllib3"
-version = "2.7.0"
+version = "2.8.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/53/0c/06f8b233b8fd13b9e5ee11424ef85419ba0d8ba0b3138bf360be2ff56953/urllib3-2.7.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:231e0ec3b63ceb14667c67be60f2f2c40a518cb38b03af60abc813da26505f4c", size = 433602, upload-time = "2026-05-07T16:13:18.596Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e3/05/b17359e1cefb4f909b5e40b1b90a496d987258916dbbf88e842c729f510e/urllib3-2.8.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:63bf2ead4c879426ebf22ef2a781eeb4aa3b4ae798a0435506f8687fd5bb9b63", size = 458972, upload-time = "2026-09-15T19:29:36.253Z" }
 wheels = [
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/92/9d/c4e665119135114480843e7ab388fa94d8480650450e6f8e26b70d323a4c/urllib3-2.8.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0cf3cae568d36aa9576b28dfb35f11328f1cb974ca7647d9475ebb86c75ac6e3", size = 135717, upload-time = "2026-09-15T19:29:34.577Z" },
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -27,10 +27,15 @@ from psycopg_pool import ConnectionPool
 from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import _internal
 from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.base import (
    _DELTA_PAGE_SIZE,
+    PRUNE_DELETE_THREADS_SQL,
+    PRUNE_STRATEGIES,
    BasePostgresSaver,
    _build_delta_stage1_sql,
    _build_delta_stage2_sql,
    _DeltaStage2Row,
+    _execute,
+    _keep_latest,
+    _refuse_delta_threads,
 )
 from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.shallow import ShallowPostgresSaver

@@ -401,6 +406,73 @@ class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                (str(thread_id),),
            )

+    def prune(
+        self,
+        thread_ids: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        strategy: str = "keep_latest",
+    ) -> None:
+        """Prune checkpoints for the given threads.
+
+        `"delete"` removes every checkpoint, write and blob of the threads, in
+        one transaction.
+
+        `"keep_latest"` keeps the latest checkpoint of each namespace (the one
+        `get_tuple` loads, plus its parent when it predates v4 and has pending
+        sends), with its pending writes and the blobs it references, and
+        deletes the rest. A kept checkpoint whose parent it deletes is left with
+        no parent. A subgraph call's namespace is deleted with the root
+        checkpoint the call started from, except a `checkpointer=True`
+        subgraph's, which keeps its latest checkpoint. Each thread is pruned in
+        its own transaction, on one snapshot of it, so a run appending to the
+        thread meanwhile is safe; forking or replaying from a checkpoint being
+        deleted is not. A thread that fails because another transaction changed
+        it leaves the threads before it pruned, and retrying is safe.
+
+        `"keep_latest"` refuses threads that use a `DeltaChannel`, since it
+        rebuilds the latest value from older checkpoints: if any requested
+        thread does, nothing is pruned. A thread that starts using one before
+        its turn in the batch is refused then, after the threads before it.
+
+        Args:
+            thread_ids: The thread IDs to prune.
+            strategy: `"keep_latest"` or `"delete"`.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If `thread_ids` is a single string.
+            ValueError: If `strategy` is unknown.
+            NotImplementedError: If `strategy` is `"keep_latest"` and a thread
+                uses a `DeltaChannel`.
+            psycopg.errors.SerializationFailure: If another transaction, such
+                as a second prune, changes a thread's rows while `"keep_latest"`
+                prunes it.
+            psycopg.errors.DeadlockDetected: If a second prune of a thread runs
+                at the same time.
+        """
+        if isinstance(thread_ids, str):
+            raise TypeError("thread_ids must be a sequence of thread IDs, not a str")
+        if strategy not in PRUNE_STRATEGIES:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unknown prune strategy: {strategy!r}")
+        thread_ids = [str(t) for t in thread_ids]
+        if not thread_ids:
+            return
+        if strategy == "delete":
+            with self._cursor() as cur, cur.connection.transaction():
+                for sql in PRUNE_DELETE_THREADS_SQL:
+                    cur.execute(sql, (thread_ids,))
+            return
+        with self._cursor() as cur:
+            _execute(cur, _refuse_delta_threads(thread_ids))
+        for thread_id in thread_ids:
+            with self._cursor() as cur:
+                if self.pipe:
+                    # The transaction has to start with its isolation level, and
+                    # in pipeline mode it would take in what ran since the last
+                    # sync.
+                    self.pipe.sync()
+                with cur.connection.transaction():
+                    _execute(cur, _keep_latest(thread_id))
+
    @contextmanager
    def _cursor(self, *, pipeline: bool = False) -> Iterator[Cursor[DictRow]]:
        """Create a database cursor as a context manager.
@@ -448,11 +520,13 @@ class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):

        Two-stage query, both stages cover ALL requested channels:

-        * Stage 1 (paged): dynamic SELECT over `checkpoints` with K parallel
-          JSONB key lookups (one column pair per channel) — no subquery, no
-          aggregation. Pages newest-first by `checkpoint_id` with a cursor;
-          page size is `_DELTA_PAGE_SIZE`. Stops paging when every channel
-          has found its seed or the chain is exhausted.
+        * Stage 1 (paged): dynamic SELECT over `checkpoints` with three
+          columns per channel: its version, an `EXISTS` probe for a stored
+          blob at that version, and its inline value. Pages newest-first by
+          `checkpoint_id`, starting at the target; page size is
+          `_DELTA_PAGE_SIZE`.
+          Stops paging when every channel has found its seed or a page comes
+          back short.

        * Stage 2 (per-channel UNION ALL): one branch per channel reading
          `checkpoint_writes` filtered to that channel's specific
@@ -467,7 +541,7 @@ class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
        thread_id = config["configurable"]["thread_id"]
        checkpoint_ns = config["configurable"].get("checkpoint_ns", "")
        checkpoint_id = get_checkpoint_id(config)
-        if checkpoint_id is None:
+        if not checkpoint_id:
            target = self.get_tuple(config)
            if target is None:
                return {ch: {"writes": []} for ch in channels}
@@ -475,7 +549,7 @@ class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):

        # Stage 1: paged K-JSONB-lookup scan, walking the parent chain in
        # Python after each page. Stops as soon as every channel has its seed.
-        stage1_sql = _build_delta_stage1_sql(channels, paged=True)
+        stage1_sql = _build_delta_stage1_sql(channels, paged=True, include_cursor=True)
        parent_of: dict[str, str | None] = {}
        ver_by_i_by_cid: list[dict[str, str | None]] = [{} for _ in channels]
        hb_by_i_by_cid: list[dict[str, bool]] = [{} for _ in channels]
@@ -485,7 +559,7 @@ class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
        seed_inline_by_ch: dict[str, Any] = {}
        walk_cursor_by_ch: dict[str, str | None] = {}
        seeded: set[str] = set()
-        cursor: str | None = None
+        cursor: str | None = checkpoint_id

        with self._cursor() as cur:
            while True:
@@ -494,7 +568,7 @@ class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                    # ver_i, blob channel, blob version, inline_i
                    stage1_params.extend([ch, ch, ch, ch])
                stage1_params.extend(
-                    [thread_id, checkpoint_ns, cursor, cursor, _DELTA_PAGE_SIZE]
+                    [thread_id, checkpoint_ns, cursor, _DELTA_PAGE_SIZE]
                )
                cur.execute(stage1_sql, stage1_params)
                page = cur.fetchall()
@@ -526,6 +600,7 @@ class PostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                if len(seeded) == len(channels) or len(page) < _DELTA_PAGE_SIZE:
                    break
                cursor = oldest
+                stage1_sql = _build_delta_stage1_sql(channels, paged=True)

        # Stage 2: per-channel UNION ALL — one writes branch per channel
        # with non-empty chain, plus one blob branch per seeded channel.
@@ -27,10 +27,15 @@ from psycopg_pool import AsyncConnectionPool
 from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import _ainternal
 from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.base import (
    _DELTA_PAGE_SIZE,
+    PRUNE_DELETE_THREADS_SQL,
+    PRUNE_STRATEGIES,
    BasePostgresSaver,
+    _aexecute,
    _build_delta_stage1_sql,
    _build_delta_stage2_sql,
    _DeltaStage2Row,
+    _keep_latest,
+    _refuse_delta_threads,
 )
 from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.shallow import AsyncShallowPostgresSaver

@@ -360,6 +365,55 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                (str(thread_id),),
            )

+    async def aprune(
+        self,
+        thread_ids: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        strategy: str = "keep_latest",
+    ) -> None:
+        """Prune checkpoints for the given threads.
+
+        See `PostgresSaver.prune` for what each strategy keeps.
+
+        Args:
+            thread_ids: The thread IDs to prune.
+            strategy: `"keep_latest"` or `"delete"`.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If `thread_ids` is a single string.
+            ValueError: If `strategy` is unknown.
+            NotImplementedError: If `strategy` is `"keep_latest"` and a thread
+                uses a `DeltaChannel`.
+            psycopg.errors.SerializationFailure: If another transaction, such
+                as a second prune, changes a thread's rows while `"keep_latest"`
+                prunes it.
+            psycopg.errors.DeadlockDetected: If a second prune of a thread runs
+                at the same time.
+        """
+        if isinstance(thread_ids, str):
+            raise TypeError("thread_ids must be a sequence of thread IDs, not a str")
+        if strategy not in PRUNE_STRATEGIES:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unknown prune strategy: {strategy!r}")
+        thread_ids = [str(t) for t in thread_ids]
+        if not thread_ids:
+            return
+        if strategy == "delete":
+            async with self._cursor() as cur, cur.connection.transaction():
+                for sql in PRUNE_DELETE_THREADS_SQL:
+                    await cur.execute(sql, (thread_ids,))
+            return
+        async with self._cursor() as cur:
+            await _aexecute(cur, _refuse_delta_threads(thread_ids))
+        for thread_id in thread_ids:
+            async with self._cursor() as cur:
+                if self.pipe:
+                    # The transaction has to start with its isolation level, and
+                    # in pipeline mode it would take in what ran since the last
+                    # sync.
+                    await self.pipe.sync()
+                async with cur.connection.transaction():
+                    await _aexecute(cur, _keep_latest(thread_id))
+
    @asynccontextmanager
    async def _cursor(
        self, *, pipeline: bool = False
@@ -417,13 +471,13 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
        thread_id = config["configurable"]["thread_id"]
        checkpoint_ns = config["configurable"].get("checkpoint_ns", "")
        checkpoint_id = get_checkpoint_id(config)
-        if checkpoint_id is None:
+        if not checkpoint_id:
            target = await self.aget_tuple(config)
            if target is None:
                return {ch: {"writes": []} for ch in channels}
            checkpoint_id = target.config["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"]

-        stage1_sql = _build_delta_stage1_sql(channels, paged=True)
+        stage1_sql = _build_delta_stage1_sql(channels, paged=True, include_cursor=True)
        parent_of: dict[str, str | None] = {}
        ver_by_i_by_cid: list[dict[str, str | None]] = [{} for _ in channels]
        hb_by_i_by_cid: list[dict[str, bool]] = [{} for _ in channels]
@@ -433,7 +487,7 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
        seed_inline_by_ch: dict[str, Any] = {}
        walk_cursor_by_ch: dict[str, str | None] = {}
        seeded: set[str] = set()
-        cursor: str | None = None
+        cursor: str | None = checkpoint_id

        async with self._cursor() as cur:
            while True:
@@ -442,7 +496,7 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                    # ver_i, blob channel, blob version, inline_i
                    stage1_params.extend([ch, ch, ch, ch])
                stage1_params.extend(
-                    [thread_id, checkpoint_ns, cursor, cursor, _DELTA_PAGE_SIZE]
+                    [thread_id, checkpoint_ns, cursor, _DELTA_PAGE_SIZE]
                )
                await cur.execute(stage1_sql, stage1_params)
                page = await cur.fetchall()
@@ -472,6 +526,7 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
                if len(seeded) == len(channels) or len(page) < _DELTA_PAGE_SIZE:
                    break
                cursor = oldest
+                stage1_sql = _build_delta_stage1_sql(channels, paged=True)

        channels_with_chain = [ch for ch in channels if chain_by_ch[ch]]
        channels_with_seed = [ch for ch in channels if seed_ver_by_ch[ch] is not None]
@@ -687,5 +742,50 @@ class AsyncPostgresSaver(BasePostgresSaver):
            self.adelete_thread(thread_id), self.loop
        ).result()

+    def prune(
+        self,
+        thread_ids: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        strategy: str = "keep_latest",
+    ) -> None:
+        """Prune checkpoints for the given threads.
+
+        See `PostgresSaver.prune` for what each strategy keeps.
+
+        Args:
+            thread_ids: The thread IDs to prune.
+            strategy: `"keep_latest"` or `"delete"`.
+        """
+        try:
+            if asyncio.get_running_loop() is self.loop:
+                raise asyncio.InvalidStateError(
+                    "Synchronous calls to AsyncPostgresSaver are only allowed from a "
+                    "different thread. From the main thread, use the async interface. "
+                    "For example, use `await checkpointer.aprune(...)`."
+                )
+        except RuntimeError:
+            pass
+        return asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(
+            self.aprune(thread_ids, strategy=strategy), self.loop
+        ).result()
+
+    def get_delta_channel_history(
+        self, *, config: RunnableConfig, channels: Sequence[str]
+    ) -> Mapping[str, DeltaChannelHistory]:
+        """Sync bridge to `aget_delta_channel_history`, guarded like `get_tuple`."""
+        try:
+            if asyncio.get_running_loop() is self.loop:
+                raise asyncio.InvalidStateError(
+                    "Synchronous calls to AsyncPostgresSaver are only allowed from a "
+                    "different thread. From the main thread, use the async interface. "
+                    "For example, use `await checkpointer.aget_delta_channel_history(...)`."
+                )
+        except RuntimeError:
+            pass
+        return asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(
+            self.aget_delta_channel_history(config=config, channels=channels),
+            self.loop,
+        ).result()
+

 __all__ = ["AsyncPostgresSaver", "AsyncShallowPostgresSaver", "Conn"]
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 import random
 import warnings
-from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Generator, Mapping, Sequence
 from importlib.metadata import version as get_version
 from typing import Any, TypedDict, cast

@@ -14,8 +14,11 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
    DeltaChannelHistory,
    PendingWrite,
    get_checkpoint_id,
+    writes_sort_key,
 )
 from langgraph.checkpoint.serde.types import TASKS
+from psycopg import AsyncCursor, Cursor
+from psycopg.rows import DictRow
 from psycopg.types.json import Jsonb

 # Page size for stage-1 paged scan in `get_delta_channel_history`. Internal
@@ -109,7 +112,7 @@ select
    ) as channel_values,
    (
        select
-        array_agg(array[cw.task_id::text::bytea, cw.channel::bytea, cw.type::bytea, cw.blob] order by cw.task_id, cw.idx)
+        array_agg(array[cw.task_id::text::bytea, cw.channel::bytea, cw.type::bytea, cw.blob, convert_to(cw.task_path, 'UTF8'), cw.idx::text::bytea])
        from checkpoint_writes cw
        where cw.thread_id = checkpoints.thread_id
            and cw.checkpoint_ns = checkpoints.checkpoint_ns
@@ -159,6 +162,218 @@ INSERT_CHECKPOINT_WRITES_SQL = """
 """


+PRUNE_STRATEGIES = ("keep_latest", "delete")
+
+PRUNE_DELETE_THREADS_SQL = (
+    "DELETE FROM checkpoints WHERE thread_id = ANY(%s)",
+    "DELETE FROM checkpoint_blobs WHERE thread_id = ANY(%s)",
+    "DELETE FROM checkpoint_writes WHERE thread_id = ANY(%s)",
+)
+
+# The prune statements below never join two sets of a thread's rows: a join is
+# planned from per-thread row estimates, which are worst for the few huge
+# threads worth pruning, and can go quadratic. They look rows up by primary key
+# instead (`LATERAL ... LIMIT 1`, `= ANY`).
+
+# A `DeltaChannel` leaves update counters in checkpoint metadata, or a
+# snapshot: an inline `true` marker with a blob behind it, which a plain `True`
+# value never has. LangGraph.js inlines no values, but marks the threads its
+# DeltaChannel graphs start with `delta_writes_versioned`.
+PRUNE_DELTA_THREADS_SQL = """
+SELECT thread_id FROM checkpoints
+WHERE thread_id = ANY(%s) AND (
+    metadata ? 'counters_since_delta_snapshot'
+    OR metadata ? 'delta_writes_versioned'
+)
+UNION
+SELECT c.thread_id
+FROM checkpoints c
+CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_each(c.checkpoint -> 'channel_values') AS v
+CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
+    SELECT 1 FROM checkpoint_blobs b
+    WHERE b.thread_id = c.thread_id
+    AND b.checkpoint_ns = c.checkpoint_ns
+    AND b.channel = v.key
+    AND b.version = c.checkpoint -> 'channel_versions' ->> v.key
+    LIMIT 1
+) AS snapshot
+WHERE c.thread_id = ANY(%s) AND v.value = 'true'::jsonb
+"""
+
+# Per namespace: the latest checkpoint, the parent it reads its pending sends
+# from when it predates v4, and the root graph's checkpoint its subgraph call
+# started from, with whether that one is saved.
+PRUNE_HEADS_SQL = f"""
+SELECT
+    h.checkpoint_ns,
+    h.checkpoint_id AS head,
+    CASE WHEN (c.checkpoint ->> 'v')::int < 4 AND EXISTS (
+        SELECT 1 FROM checkpoint_writes w
+        WHERE w.thread_id = %s
+        AND w.checkpoint_ns = h.checkpoint_ns
+        AND w.checkpoint_id = c.parent_checkpoint_id
+        AND w.channel = '{TASKS}'
+    ) THEN c.parent_checkpoint_id END AS sends_parent,
+    c.metadata -> 'parents' ->> '' AS root,
+    EXISTS (
+        SELECT 1 FROM checkpoints r
+        WHERE r.thread_id = %s AND r.checkpoint_ns = ''
+        AND r.checkpoint_id = c.metadata -> 'parents' ->> ''
+    ) AS root_saved
+FROM (
+    SELECT DISTINCT ON (checkpoint_ns) checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id
+    FROM checkpoints
+    WHERE thread_id = %s
+    ORDER BY checkpoint_ns DESC, checkpoint_id DESC
+) AS h
+CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
+    SELECT checkpoint, parent_checkpoint_id, metadata FROM checkpoints
+    WHERE thread_id = %s
+    AND checkpoint_ns = h.checkpoint_ns
+    AND checkpoint_id = h.checkpoint_id
+) AS c
+"""
+
+PRUNE_SNAPSHOT_SQL = "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ"
+
+PRUNE_UNKEPT_SQL = """
+SELECT checkpoint_id FROM checkpoints
+WHERE thread_id = %s AND checkpoint_ns = %s AND checkpoint_id <> ALL(%s)
+"""
+
+# A run saves a superstep's writes in the background, where they can commit
+# before their checkpoint does, so they go by the checkpoints deleted.
+PRUNE_WRITES_SQL = """
+DELETE FROM checkpoint_writes
+WHERE thread_id = %s AND checkpoint_ns = %s AND checkpoint_id = ANY(%s)
+"""
+
+PRUNE_CHECKPOINTS_SQL = """
+WITH deleted AS (
+    DELETE FROM checkpoints
+    WHERE thread_id = %s AND checkpoint_ns = %s AND checkpoint_id <> ALL(%s)
+    RETURNING checkpoint -> 'channel_versions' AS versions
+)
+SELECT DISTINCT v.key AS channel, v.value AS version
+FROM deleted
+CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_each_text(deleted.versions) AS v
+"""
+
+PRUNE_PARENTS_SQL = """
+UPDATE checkpoints SET parent_checkpoint_id = NULL
+WHERE thread_id = %s AND checkpoint_ns = %s
+AND checkpoint_id = ANY(%s) AND parent_checkpoint_id <> ALL(%s)
+"""
+
+PRUNE_REFERENCED_BLOBS_SQL = """
+SELECT DISTINCT v.key AS channel, v.value AS version
+FROM checkpoints c
+CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_each_text(c.checkpoint -> 'channel_versions') AS v
+WHERE c.thread_id = %s AND c.checkpoint_ns = %s
+"""
+
+PRUNE_BLOBS_SQL = """
+DELETE FROM checkpoint_blobs
+WHERE thread_id = %s AND checkpoint_ns = %s AND channel = %s AND version = ANY(%s)
+"""
+
+PRUNE_SUBGRAPH_CALLS_SQL = (
+    "DELETE FROM checkpoints WHERE thread_id = %s AND checkpoint_ns = ANY(%s)",
+    "DELETE FROM checkpoint_writes WHERE thread_id = %s AND checkpoint_ns = ANY(%s)",
+    "DELETE FROM checkpoint_blobs WHERE thread_id = %s AND checkpoint_ns = ANY(%s)",
+)
+
+
+def _garbage_blobs(
+    freed: Sequence[Mapping[str, Any]], referenced: Sequence[Mapping[str, Any]]
+) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
+    """Blobs a deleted checkpoint used and no kept one does, by channel."""
+    kept = {(r["channel"], r["version"]) for r in referenced}
+    garbage: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
+    for r in freed:
+        if (r["channel"], r["version"]) not in kept:
+            garbage.setdefault(r["channel"], []).append(r["version"])
+    return garbage
+
+
+_Statements = Generator[tuple[str, Sequence[Any], bool], list[DictRow], None]
+
+
+def _refuse_delta_threads(thread_ids: Sequence[str]) -> _Statements:
+    rows = yield PRUNE_DELTA_THREADS_SQL, (thread_ids, thread_ids), True
+    if delta := sorted(r["thread_id"] for r in rows):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"keep_latest can't prune threads that use a DeltaChannel: {', '.join(delta)}"
+        )
+
+
+def _keep_latest(thread_id: str) -> _Statements:
+    """The statements of one thread's keep_latest transaction, for `_execute`
+    and `_aexecute` to run. Each comes with whether its rows are sent back.
+
+    They all read one snapshot, so what a run saves meanwhile is neither seen
+    nor deleted, whatever its checkpoint ID.
+    """
+    yield PRUNE_SNAPSHOT_SQL, (), False
+    heads = yield PRUNE_HEADS_SQL, (thread_id,) * 4, True
+    # Catches a thread that started using a DeltaChannel after the batch check.
+    yield from _refuse_delta_threads([thread_id])
+    kept = {
+        h["checkpoint_ns"]: [i for i in (h["head"], h["sends_parent"]) if i]
+        for h in heads
+    }
+    # A subgraph call's namespace has its task ID after a ":", unlike a
+    # `checkpointer=True` subgraph's, whose state outlives each call. A call
+    # goes with the root checkpoint it started from, but only once that one is
+    # saved: runs save in the background, so a call can commit first.
+    calls = {
+        h["checkpoint_ns"]
+        for h in heads
+        if ":" in h["checkpoint_ns"]
+        and h["root_saved"]
+        and h["root"] not in kept.get("", ())
+    }
+    if calls:
+        for sql in PRUNE_SUBGRAPH_CALLS_SQL:
+            yield sql, (thread_id, list(calls)), False
+    for ns, ids in kept.items():
+        if ns in calls:
+            continue
+        unkept = yield PRUNE_UNKEPT_SQL, (thread_id, ns, ids), True
+        if unkept:
+            deleted = [r["checkpoint_id"] for r in unkept]
+            yield PRUNE_WRITES_SQL, (thread_id, ns, deleted), False
+        freed = yield PRUNE_CHECKPOINTS_SQL, (thread_id, ns, ids), True
+        yield PRUNE_PARENTS_SQL, (thread_id, ns, ids, ids), False
+        if freed:
+            referenced = yield PRUNE_REFERENCED_BLOBS_SQL, (thread_id, ns), True
+            for channel, versions in _garbage_blobs(freed, referenced).items():
+                yield PRUNE_BLOBS_SQL, (thread_id, ns, channel, versions), False
+
+
+# Unprepared, so Postgres plans each statement knowing its arrays: a cached
+# generic plan checks a row against an `= ANY(...)` array one element at a time.
+def _execute(cur: Cursor[DictRow], statements: _Statements) -> None:
+    try:
+        sql, params, fetch = next(statements)
+        while True:
+            cur.execute(sql, params, prepare=False)
+            sql, params, fetch = statements.send(cur.fetchall() if fetch else [])
+    except StopIteration:
+        pass
+
+
+async def _aexecute(cur: AsyncCursor[DictRow], statements: _Statements) -> None:
+    try:
+        sql, params, fetch = next(statements)
+        while True:
+            await cur.execute(sql, params, prepare=False)
+            rows = await cur.fetchall() if fetch else []
+            sql, params, fetch = statements.send(rows)
+    except StopIteration:
+        pass
+
+
 class _DeltaStage2Row(TypedDict, total=False):
    """One row from `_build_delta_stage2_sql` (a UNION ALL of writes and blobs)."""

@@ -168,40 +383,22 @@ class _DeltaStage2Row(TypedDict, total=False):
    type: str | None
    blob: bytes | None
    task_id: str | None  # "w" rows only
+    task_path: str | None  # "w" rows only
    idx: int | None  # "w" rows only
    version: str | None  # "b" rows only


-# Multi-channel two-stage DeltaChannel reconstruction.
-#
-# Stage 1 scans checkpoint metadata (no blob bytes) and emits one row per
-# checkpoint with K parallel JSONB key lookups (one column pair per
-# requested delta channel: ver_i / hs_i).  No subqueries, no aggregation.
-# Python walks the parent chain once across all channels.
-#
-# Stage 2 fetches all writes and the seed blobs for ALL channels in a
-# single roundtrip via `channel = ANY(%s)` and chain/seed-version
-# filtering.
-#
-# Empirical comparison vs an alternative "ship full channel_versions /
-# channel_values JSONB and let Python pick" form (1000 checkpoints,
-# 8 total channels in graph, 3 delta channels requested):
-#
-#   Postgres execution:    A=0.24ms vs B=0.38ms   (both negligible)
-#   End-to-end latency:    A=6.83ms vs B=2.28ms   (B is 3.0x faster)
-#   Wire payload:          A=836KB  vs B=330KB    (61% smaller)
-#   Buffer hits:           identical (167 blocks)
-#
-# B (this dynamic-columns design) wins because it avoids JSONB
-# serialization on the wire and JSONB-to-dict deserialization in
-# psycopg.  Even at K=8 (8 delta channels = 16 dynamic columns), B
-# still beats A end-to-end (4.2ms vs 6.8ms).
+# Delta history is rebuilt in two queries; `_build_delta_stage1_sql` and
+# `_build_delta_stage2_sql` document their shapes.


-def _build_delta_stage1_sql(channels: Sequence[str], *, paged: bool) -> str:
+def _build_delta_stage1_sql(
+    channels: Sequence[str], *, paged: bool, include_cursor: bool = False
+) -> str:
    """Build stage 1 SQL with K parallel version lookups + seed probes.

-    For channels=["messages", "files"] (with `paged=True`) the result is::
+    For channels=["messages", "files"] (with `paged=True, include_cursor=True`)
+    the result is::

        SELECT checkpoint_id, parent_checkpoint_id,
               checkpoint -> 'channel_versions' ->> %s AS ver_0,
@@ -217,7 +414,7 @@ def _build_delta_stage1_sql(channels: Sequence[str], *, paged: bool) -> str:
               checkpoint -> 'channel_values' -> %s AS inline_1
        FROM checkpoints
        WHERE thread_id = %s AND checkpoint_ns = %s
-          AND (%s::text IS NULL OR checkpoint_id < %s)
+          AND checkpoint_id <= %s
        ORDER BY checkpoint_id DESC
        LIMIT %s

@@ -258,9 +455,16 @@ def _build_delta_stage1_sql(channels: Sequence[str], *, paged: bool) -> str:
    and uses safe identifiers).

    Caller must extend params with `[ch_0 x4, ch_1 x4, ..., thread_id, ns,
-    cursor, cursor, page_size]` when `paged=True` — four per channel: the
-    version lookup, the blob's channel, the version the blob must match, and the
-    inline lookup.
+    cursor, page_size]` when `paged=True` — four per channel: the version
+    lookup, the blob's channel, the version the blob must match, and the inline
+    lookup.
+
+    Pages run newest-first from the target down. The first page passes the
+    target as the cursor with `include_cursor=True`, so it opens with the
+    target's own row, whose parent starts the walk; each later page continues
+    below the oldest row read. A checkpoint's ancestors have smaller ids (uuid6
+    is time-ordered, which `get_tuple` also relies on to find the latest
+    checkpoint), so no row newer than the target is part of its chain.

    When `paged=False`, the WHERE has no cursor predicate and there's no
    LIMIT/ORDER BY — kept as a non-public helper for tests/diagnostics.
@@ -284,7 +488,7 @@ def _build_delta_stage1_sql(channels: Sequence[str], *, paged: bool) -> str:
    )
    if paged:
        sql += (
-            " AND (%s::text IS NULL OR checkpoint_id < %s)"
+            f" AND checkpoint_id {'<=' if include_cursor else '<'} %s"
            " ORDER BY checkpoint_id DESC LIMIT %s"
        )
    return sql
@@ -319,7 +523,7 @@ def _build_delta_stage2_sql(
        branches.append(
            "SELECT 'w'::text AS _kind, "
            "checkpoint_id, channel, "
-            "type, blob, task_id, idx, NULL::text AS version "
+            "type, blob, task_id, task_path, idx, NULL::text AS version "
            "FROM checkpoint_writes "
            "WHERE thread_id = %s AND checkpoint_ns = %s AND channel = %s "
            "AND checkpoint_id = ANY(%s)"
@@ -327,7 +531,8 @@ def _build_delta_stage2_sql(
    for _ in channels_with_seed:
        branches.append(
            "SELECT 'b'::text AS _kind, NULL::text AS checkpoint_id, channel, "
-            "type, blob, NULL::text AS task_id, NULL::int AS idx, version "
+            "type, blob, NULL::text AS task_id, NULL::text AS task_path, "
+            "NULL::int AS idx, version "
            "FROM checkpoint_blobs "
            "WHERE thread_id = %s AND checkpoint_ns = %s AND channel = %s "
            "AND version = %s"
@@ -335,10 +540,8 @@ def _build_delta_stage2_sql(
    return " UNION ALL ".join(branches)


-# Stage 1 rows are dynamic-shape dicts: {checkpoint_id, parent_checkpoint_id,
-# ver_0, hs_0, ver_1, hs_1, ...}.  Walking is parameterized by the channel
-# list to map indices back to channel names — no static TypedDict here.
-# `dict[str, Any]` is the practical signature.
+# Stage 1 rows are dicts keyed by the per-channel aliases
+# `_build_delta_stage1_sql` emits, so there is no static TypedDict.


 class BasePostgresSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
@@ -431,9 +634,11 @@ class BasePostgresSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
          (a) it found a stored value for its channel — a blob or an inline
              primitive (channel becomes seeded),
          (b) it reached a real root (parent_of[cid] is None — fully
-              materialized at this point), or
+              materialized at this point),
          (c) the next ancestor cid isn't in `parent_of` yet (waiting for
-              a later page; the cursor stays put).
+              a later page; the cursor stays put), or
+          (d) the target's own row isn't in `parent_of` (the target doesn't
+              exist, so the walk never starts).

        Mutates `chain_by_ch`, `seed_ver_by_ch`, `seed_inline_by_ch`,
        `walk_cursor_by_ch`, and `seeded` in place.
@@ -441,9 +646,13 @@ class BasePostgresSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
        for i, ch in enumerate(channels):
            if ch in seeded:
                continue
-            # First-time entry: cursor starts at the target's parent.
+            # The first page opens with the target's row, so it's missing only
+            # when the target doesn't exist; a `None` cursor would read as
+            # "target is a root".
            if ch not in walk_cursor_by_ch:
-                walk_cursor_by_ch[ch] = parent_of.get(target_id)
+                if target_id not in parent_of:
+                    continue
+                walk_cursor_by_ch[ch] = parent_of[target_id]
            cur_cid = walk_cursor_by_ch[ch]
            ch_chain = chain_by_ch[ch]
            hb_i = hb_by_i_by_cid[i]
@@ -492,10 +701,11 @@ class BasePostgresSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
        stored value, or when the seed blob is sentinel "empty" — in both cases
        the consumer treats absence as "start empty".
        """
-        # writes_by_ch_by_cid[channel][cid] = list of (type, blob, task_id, idx)
-        writes_by_ch_by_cid: dict[str, dict[str, list[tuple[str, bytes, str, int]]]] = {
-            ch: {} for ch in channels
-        }
+        # writes_by_ch_by_cid[channel][cid] = list of
+        # (type, blob, task_id, idx, task_path)
+        writes_by_ch_by_cid: dict[
+            str, dict[str, list[tuple[str, bytes, str, int, str]]]
+        ] = {ch: {} for ch in channels}
        # seed_blob_by_ver[(channel, version)] = (type, blob)
        seed_blob_by_ver: dict[tuple[str, str], tuple[str, bytes]] = {}

@@ -506,8 +716,14 @@ class BasePostgresSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                cid = cast(str, r["checkpoint_id"])
                writes_by_ch_by_cid.setdefault(ch, {}).setdefault(cid, []).append(
                    cast(
-                        "tuple[str, bytes, str, int]",
-                        (r["type"], r["blob"], r["task_id"], r["idx"]),
+                        "tuple[str, bytes, str, int, str]",
+                        (
+                            r["type"],
+                            r["blob"],
+                            r["task_id"],
+                            r["idx"],
+                            r["task_path"],
+                        ),
                    )
                )
            else:  # kind == "b"
@@ -516,10 +732,10 @@ class BasePostgresSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                    "tuple[str, bytes]", (r["type"], r["blob"])
                )

-        # Sort writes per (channel, cid) newest-first by (task_id, idx)
+        # Sort writes per (channel, cid) newest-first
        for cid_map in writes_by_ch_by_cid.values():
            for ws in cid_map.values():
-                ws.sort(key=lambda w: (w[2], w[3]), reverse=True)
+                ws.sort(key=lambda w: writes_sort_key(w[4], w[2], w[3]), reverse=True)

        result: dict[str, DeltaChannelHistory] = {}
        for ch in channels:
@@ -529,7 +745,9 @@ class BasePostgresSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
            collected: list[PendingWrite] = []
            cid_writes = writes_by_ch_by_cid.get(ch, {})
            for cid in chain_cids:
-                for type_tag, write_blob, task_id, _idx in cid_writes.get(cid, []):
+                for type_tag, write_blob, task_id, _idx, _path in cid_writes.get(
+                    cid, []
+                ):
                    val = self.serde.loads_typed((type_tag, write_blob))
                    collected.append((task_id, ch, val))
            collected.reverse()
@@ -572,20 +790,15 @@ class BasePostgresSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
        ]

    def _load_writes(
-        self, writes: list[tuple[bytes, bytes, bytes, bytes]]
+        self, writes: list[tuple[bytes, bytes, bytes, bytes, bytes, bytes]] | None
    ) -> list[tuple[str, str, Any]]:
-        return (
-            [
-                (
-                    tid.decode(),
-                    channel.decode(),
-                    self.serde.loads_typed((t.decode(), v)),
-                )
-                for tid, channel, t, v in writes
-            ]
-            if writes
-            else []
-        )
+        return [
+            (tid.decode(), channel.decode(), self.serde.loads_typed((t.decode(), v)))
+            for tid, channel, t, v, _, _ in sorted(
+                writes or [],
+                key=lambda w: writes_sort_key(w[4].decode(), w[0].decode(), int(w[5])),
+            )
+        ]

    def _dump_writes(
        self,
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ select
    ) as channel_values,
    (
        select
-        array_agg(array[cw.task_id::text::bytea, cw.channel::bytea, cw.type::bytea, cw.blob] order by cw.task_id, cw.idx)
+        array_agg(array[cw.task_id::text::bytea, cw.channel::bytea, cw.type::bytea, cw.blob, convert_to(cw.task_path, 'UTF8'), cw.idx::text::bytea])
        from checkpoint_writes cw
        where cw.thread_id = checkpoints.thread_id
            and cw.checkpoint_ns = checkpoints.checkpoint_ns
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ from langgraph.store.base import (
    ensure_embeddings,
    get_text_at_path,
    tokenize_path,
+    validate_op_namespace,
 )
 from psycopg import Capabilities, Connection, Cursor, Pipeline
 from psycopg.rows import DictRow, dict_row
@@ -1386,6 +1387,7 @@ def _group_ops(ops: Iterable[Op]) -> tuple[dict[type, list[tuple[int, Op]]], int
    grouped_ops: dict[type, list[tuple[int, Op]]] = defaultdict(list)
    tot = 0
    for idx, op in enumerate(ops):
+        validate_op_namespace(op)
        grouped_ops[type(op)].append((idx, op))
        tot += 1
    return grouped_ops, tot
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"

 [project]
 name = "langgraph-checkpoint-postgres"
-version = "3.1.2"
+version = "3.2.0"
 description = "Library with a Postgres implementation of LangGraph checkpoint saver."
 authors = []
 requires-python = ">=3.10"
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
 license-files = ['LICENSE']
 dependencies = [
-  "langgraph-checkpoint>=4.1.0,<5.0.0",
+  "langgraph-checkpoint>=4.3.0,<5.0.0",
  "orjson>=3.11.5",
  "psycopg>=3.2.0",
  "psycopg-pool>=3.2.0",
@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@ import pytest
 from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
 from langgraph.store.base import (
    GetOp,
+    InvalidNamespaceError,
    Item,
    ListNamespacesOp,
+    MatchCondition,
    PutOp,
    SearchOp,
 )
@@ -871,3 +873,65 @@ async def test_omit_expired_search_pagination(store: AsyncPostgresStore) -> None
    page2 = await store.asearch(ns, limit=2, offset=2)
    assert [i.key for i in page1] == ["a", "b"]
    assert [i.key for i in page2] == ["c"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("namespace", [("foo.bar",), ("foo", ""), ("foo", 1)])
+async def test_abatch_rejects_invalid_namespace_labels(
+    store: AsyncPostgresStore, namespace: tuple
+) -> None:
+    await store.aput(("foo", "bar"), "key", {"original": True})
+
+    for op in (
+        GetOp(namespace, "key"),
+        GetOp(namespace, "key", refresh_ttl=True),
+        PutOp(namespace, "key", {"changed": True}),
+        PutOp(namespace, "key", None),
+        SearchOp(namespace),
+        ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("prefix", namespace),)),
+        ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("suffix", namespace),)),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidNamespaceError):
+            await store.abatch([op])
+
+    item = await store.aget(("foo", "bar"), "key")
+    assert item is not None and item.value == {"original": True}
+
+
+async def test_invalid_namespace_only_fails_its_own_call(
+    store: AsyncPostgresStore,
+) -> None:
+    """Concurrent calls share one `abatch`, which fails every op if it raises.
+
+    Labels are checked before an op is queued, so one caller's bad label cannot
+    fail another caller's request.
+    """
+    await store.aput(("foo", "bar"), "key", {"original": True})
+
+    valid, invalid = await asyncio.gather(
+        store.aget(("foo", "bar"), "key"),
+        store.aget(("foo.bar",), "key"),
+        return_exceptions=True,
+    )
+
+    assert isinstance(valid, Item) and valid.value == {"original": True}
+    assert isinstance(invalid, InvalidNamespaceError)
+
+
+async def test_sync_methods_reject_invalid_namespace_labels(
+    store: AsyncPostgresStore,
+) -> None:
+    """The sync wrappers run off the event loop thread and must validate too."""
+    await store.aput(("foo", "bar"), "key", {"original": True})
+
+    for call in (
+        lambda: store.get(("foo.bar",), "key"),
+        lambda: store.search(("foo.bar",)),
+        lambda: store.delete(("foo.bar",), "key"),
+        lambda: store.list_namespaces(prefix=("foo.bar",)),
+        lambda: store.batch([GetOp(("foo.bar",), "key")]),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidNamespaceError):
+            await asyncio.to_thread(call)
+
+    item = await store.aget(("foo", "bar"), "key")
+    assert item is not None and item.value == {"original": True}
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import Any
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+import pytest
+from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
+    Checkpoint,
+    DeltaChannelHistory,
+    empty_checkpoint,
+)
+from langgraph.checkpoint.base.id import uuid6
+from langgraph.checkpoint.serde.types import _DeltaSnapshot
+
+from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import PostgresSaver
+from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.aio import AsyncPostgresSaver
+from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.base import _DELTA_PAGE_SIZE, BasePostgresSaver
+from tests.conftest import DEFAULT_URI
+
+CHANNEL = "items"
+STEPS = 8
+SEED_STEP = 1
+SEED_VALUE = [10, 20]
+TARGET_STEP = 4
+
+# The real page size is the control; the rest split the walk from the target
+# to its seed across pages.
+PAGE_SIZES = [_DELTA_PAGE_SIZE, 3, 2, 1]
+
+
+def _step_args(
+    thread_id: str, step: int, parent: dict | None
+) -> tuple[dict, Checkpoint, dict[str, Any]]:
+    config: dict = {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_id, "checkpoint_ns": ""}}
+    if parent is not None:
+        config["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"] = parent["configurable"][
+            "checkpoint_id"
+        ]
+    checkpoint: Checkpoint = empty_checkpoint()
+    checkpoint["id"] = str(uuid6(clock_seq=step))
+    checkpoint["channel_versions"][CHANNEL] = f"v{step}"
+    if step == SEED_STEP:
+        checkpoint["channel_values"][CHANNEL] = _DeltaSnapshot(list(SEED_VALUE))
+        return config, checkpoint, {CHANNEL: f"v{step}"}
+    return config, checkpoint, {}
+
+
+async def _abuild_chain(saver: AsyncPostgresSaver) -> list[dict]:
+    thread_id = str(uuid4())
+    parent: dict | None = None
+    configs: list[dict] = []
+    for step in range(STEPS):
+        config, checkpoint, new_versions = _step_args(thread_id, step, parent)
+        parent = await saver.aput(
+            config,
+            checkpoint,
+            {"source": "loop", "step": step, "parents": {}},
+            new_versions,
+        )
+        await saver.aput_writes(parent, [(CHANNEL, f"w{step}")], str(uuid4()))
+        configs.append(parent)
+    return configs
+
+
+def _build_chain(saver: PostgresSaver) -> list[dict]:
+    thread_id = str(uuid4())
+    parent: dict | None = None
+    configs: list[dict] = []
+    for step in range(STEPS):
+        config, checkpoint, new_versions = _step_args(thread_id, step, parent)
+        parent = saver.put(
+            config,
+            checkpoint,
+            {"source": "loop", "step": step, "parents": {}},
+            new_versions,
+        )
+        saver.put_writes(parent, [(CHANNEL, f"w{step}")], str(uuid4()))
+        configs.append(parent)
+    return configs
+
+
+def _assert_history(entry: DeltaChannelHistory, page_size: int) -> None:
+    seed = entry.get("seed")
+    assert isinstance(seed, _DeltaSnapshot), (
+        f"page_size={page_size}: expected a snapshot seed, "
+        f"got {entry.get('seed', '<missing>')!r}"
+    )
+    assert seed.value == SEED_VALUE
+    assert [w[2] for w in entry["writes"]] == ["w1", "w2", "w3"], (
+        f"page_size={page_size}: got {[w[2] for w in entry['writes']]}"
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("page_size", PAGE_SIZES)
+async def test_async_walk_continues_across_pages(
+    page_size: int, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr("langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.aio._DELTA_PAGE_SIZE", page_size)
+    async with AsyncPostgresSaver.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as saver:
+        await saver.setup()
+        configs = await _abuild_chain(saver)
+        result = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(
+            config=configs[TARGET_STEP], channels=[CHANNEL]
+        )
+        _assert_history(result[CHANNEL], page_size)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("page_size", PAGE_SIZES)
+def test_sync_walk_continues_across_pages(
+    page_size: int, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr("langgraph.checkpoint.postgres._DELTA_PAGE_SIZE", page_size)
+    with PostgresSaver.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as saver:
+        saver.setup()
+        configs = _build_chain(saver)
+        result = saver.get_delta_channel_history(
+            config=configs[TARGET_STEP], channels=[CHANNEL]
+        )
+        _assert_history(result[CHANNEL], page_size)
+
+
+def _record_rows_read(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> list[str]:
+    read: list[str] = []
+    ingest = BasePostgresSaver._ingest_stage1_page
+
+    def record(rows: Sequence[Mapping[str, Any]], *args: Any) -> str | None:
+        read.extend(row["checkpoint_id"] for row in rows)
+        return ingest(rows, *args)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(BasePostgresSaver, "_ingest_stage1_page", staticmethod(record))
+    return read
+
+
+def _ids_from_target_down(configs: list[dict]) -> list[str]:
+    return [c["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"] for c in configs[TARGET_STEP::-1]]
+
+
+async def test_async_walk_reads_nothing_newer_than_the_target(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    read = _record_rows_read(monkeypatch)
+    async with AsyncPostgresSaver.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as saver:
+        await saver.setup()
+        configs = await _abuild_chain(saver)
+        result = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(
+            config=configs[TARGET_STEP], channels=[CHANNEL]
+        )
+    _assert_history(result[CHANNEL], _DELTA_PAGE_SIZE)
+    assert read == _ids_from_target_down(configs)
+
+
+def test_sync_walk_reads_nothing_newer_than_the_target(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    read = _record_rows_read(monkeypatch)
+    with PostgresSaver.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as saver:
+        saver.setup()
+        configs = _build_chain(saver)
+        result = saver.get_delta_channel_history(
+            config=configs[TARGET_STEP], channels=[CHANNEL]
+        )
+    _assert_history(result[CHANNEL], _DELTA_PAGE_SIZE)
+    assert read == _ids_from_target_down(configs)
+
+
+def _empty_checkpoint_id(config: dict) -> dict:
+    return {"configurable": {**config["configurable"], "checkpoint_id": ""}}
+
+
+async def test_async_empty_checkpoint_id_reads_from_the_latest_checkpoint() -> None:
+    async with AsyncPostgresSaver.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as saver:
+        await saver.setup()
+        configs = await _abuild_chain(saver)
+        latest = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(
+            config=configs[-1], channels=[CHANNEL]
+        )
+
+        result = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(
+            config=_empty_checkpoint_id(configs[-1]), channels=[CHANNEL]
+        )
+
+    assert latest[CHANNEL]["writes"]
+    assert result == latest
+
+
+def test_sync_empty_checkpoint_id_reads_from_the_latest_checkpoint() -> None:
+    with PostgresSaver.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as saver:
+        saver.setup()
+        configs = _build_chain(saver)
+        latest = saver.get_delta_channel_history(config=configs[-1], channels=[CHANNEL])
+
+        result = saver.get_delta_channel_history(
+            config=_empty_checkpoint_id(configs[-1]), channels=[CHANNEL]
+        )
+
+    assert latest[CHANNEL]["writes"]
+    assert result == latest
+
+
+async def test_root_target_has_no_history_and_still_terminates(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr("langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.aio._DELTA_PAGE_SIZE", 1)
+    async with AsyncPostgresSaver.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as saver:
+        await saver.setup()
+        configs = await _abuild_chain(saver)
+        result = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(
+            config=configs[0], channels=[CHANNEL]
+        )
+        assert result[CHANNEL] == {"writes": []}
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+import asyncio
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from typing import Any
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+import pytest
+from langgraph.checkpoint.base import empty_checkpoint
+from langgraph.checkpoint.base.id import uuid6
+from langgraph.checkpoint.conformance import validate
+from langgraph.checkpoint.conformance.initializer import checkpointer_test
+from langgraph.checkpoint.serde.types import TASKS, _DeltaSnapshot
+from psycopg import AsyncConnection
+
+from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.aio import AsyncPostgresSaver
+from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres.base import (
+    PRUNE_DELTA_THREADS_SQL,
+    PRUNE_HEADS_SQL,
+    PRUNE_REFERENCED_BLOBS_SQL,
+)
+from tests.conftest import DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI, DEFAULT_URI
+from tests.test_async import _saver as _async_saver
+from tests.test_sync import _saver as _sync_saver
+
+SAVERS = ["base", "pool", "pipe", "aio_base", "aio_pool", "aio_pipe"]
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def _saver(name: str):
+    if name.startswith("aio_"):
+        async with _async_saver(name.removeprefix("aio_")) as saver:
+            yield saver
+    else:
+        with _sync_saver(name) as saver:
+            yield saver
+
+
+async def _call(saver: Any, method: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(saver, AsyncPostgresSaver):
+        return await getattr(saver, f"a{method}")(*args, **kwargs)
+    return getattr(saver, method)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+async def _rows(saver: Any, thread_id: str) -> dict[str, list[tuple]]:
+    queries = {
+        "checkpoints": "SELECT checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id FROM checkpoints"
+        " WHERE thread_id = %s ORDER BY 1, 2",
+        "writes": "SELECT checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, task_id, idx"
+        " FROM checkpoint_writes WHERE thread_id = %s ORDER BY 1, 2, 3, 4",
+        "blobs": "SELECT checkpoint_ns, channel, version FROM checkpoint_blobs"
+        " WHERE thread_id = %s ORDER BY 1, 2, 3",
+    }
+    rows = {}
+    for table, sql in queries.items():
+        if isinstance(saver, AsyncPostgresSaver):
+            async with saver._cursor() as cur:
+                await cur.execute(sql, (thread_id,))
+                rows[table] = [tuple(r.values()) for r in await cur.fetchall()]
+        else:
+            with saver._cursor() as cur:
+                cur.execute(sql, (thread_id,))
+                rows[table] = [tuple(r.values()) for r in cur.fetchall()]
+    return rows
+
+
+async def _put(
+    saver: Any,
+    thread_id: str,
+    parent: dict | None,
+    step: int,
+    values: dict[str, Any],
+    versions: dict[str, str],
+    *,
+    ns: str = "",
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    v: int = 4,
+    checkpoint_id: str | None = None,
+) -> dict:
+    config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_id, "checkpoint_ns": ns}}
+    if parent is not None:
+        config["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"] = parent["configurable"][
+            "checkpoint_id"
+        ]
+    checkpoint = empty_checkpoint()
+    checkpoint.update(
+        v=v,
+        id=checkpoint_id or str(uuid6(clock_seq=step)),
+        channel_values=values,
+        channel_versions=versions,
+    )
+    new_versions = {k: versions[k] for k in values}
+    return await _call(
+        saver,
+        "put",
+        config,
+        checkpoint,
+        {"source": "loop", "step": step, "parents": {}, **(metadata or {})},
+        new_versions,
+    )
+
+
+async def _three_checkpoints(
+    saver: Any,
+    thread_id: str,
+    ns: str = "",
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> dict:
+    parent = None
+    steps = [
+        ({"a": [1], "s": ["shared"]}, {"a": "1", "s": "1"}),
+        ({"a": [1, 2]}, {"a": "2", "s": "1"}),
+        ({"a": [1, 2, 3]}, {"a": "3", "s": "1"}),
+    ]
+    for step, (values, versions) in enumerate(steps):
+        parent = await _put(
+            saver, thread_id, parent, step, values, versions, ns=ns, metadata=metadata
+        )
+        await _call(saver, "put_writes", parent, [("a", step)], str(uuid4()))
+    return parent
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def _second_saver(saver: AsyncPostgresSaver):
+    assert isinstance(saver.conn, AsyncConnection)
+    uri = DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI + saver.conn.info.dbname
+    async with AsyncPostgresSaver.from_conn_string(uri) as other:
+        yield other
+
+
+def _run_once_after(
+    saver: AsyncPostgresSaver,
+    sql: str,
+    action: Callable[[], Awaitable[Any]],
+    *,
+    nth: int = 1,
+) -> None:
+    seen = 0
+    cursor = saver._cursor
+
+    class Hooked:
+        def __init__(self, cur: Any) -> None:
+            self.cur = cur
+
+        def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+            return getattr(self.cur, name)
+
+        async def execute(self, query: Any, params: Any = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+            nonlocal seen
+            await self.cur.execute(query, params, **kwargs)
+            if query is sql:
+                seen += 1
+                if seen == nth:
+                    await action()
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def hooked(**kwargs: Any):
+        async with cursor(**kwargs) as cur:
+            yield Hooked(cur)
+
+    saver._cursor = hooked
+
+
+async def _delta_thread(saver: Any, thread_id: str, evidence: str) -> None:
+    if evidence == "counters":
+        first = await _put(saver, thread_id, None, 0, {"m": [1]}, {"m": "1"})
+        await _put(
+            saver,
+            thread_id,
+            first,
+            1,
+            {},
+            {"m": "2"},
+            metadata={"counters_since_delta_snapshot": {"m": [1, 1]}},
+        )
+    elif evidence == "snapshot":
+        first = await _put(
+            saver, thread_id, None, 0, {"m": _DeltaSnapshot([1])}, {"m": "1"}
+        )
+        await _put(saver, thread_id, first, 1, {}, {"m": "2"})
+    else:
+        marker = {"delta_writes_versioned": True}
+        first = await _put(
+            saver, thread_id, None, 0, {"m": [1]}, {"m": "1"}, metadata=marker
+        )
+        await _put(
+            saver, thread_id, first, 1, {"m": [1, 2]}, {"m": "2"}, metadata=marker
+        )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("name", SAVERS)
+async def test_keep_latest_keeps_each_namespace_head_with_its_writes_and_blobs(
+    name: str,
+) -> None:
+    async with _saver(name) as saver:
+        thread_id, other_id = str(uuid4()), str(uuid4())
+        heads = {
+            ns: await _three_checkpoints(saver, thread_id, ns) for ns in ("", "sub:1")
+        }
+        await _three_checkpoints(saver, other_id)
+        before = {ns: await _call(saver, "get_tuple", h) for ns, h in heads.items()}
+        other_before = await _rows(saver, other_id)
+
+        await _call(saver, "prune", [thread_id])
+
+        rows = await _rows(saver, thread_id)
+        assert rows["checkpoints"] == [
+            (ns, heads[ns]["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"]) for ns in ("", "sub:1")
+        ]
+        assert [(ns, cid) for ns, cid, *_ in rows["writes"]] == rows["checkpoints"]
+        assert rows["blobs"] == [
+            (ns, ch, ver)
+            for ns in ("", "sub:1")
+            for ch, ver in (("a", "3"), ("s", "1"))
+        ]
+        for ns, head in heads.items():
+            assert await _call(saver, "get_tuple", head) == before[ns]._replace(
+                parent_config=None
+            )
+        assert await _rows(saver, other_id) == other_before
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("evidence", ["counters", "snapshot", "versioned"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("name", SAVERS)
+async def test_keep_latest_refuses_a_batch_with_a_delta_channel_thread(
+    name: str, evidence: str
+) -> None:
+    async with _saver(name) as saver:
+        ordinary_id, delta_id = str(uuid4()), str(uuid4())
+        await _three_checkpoints(saver, ordinary_id)
+        await _delta_thread(saver, delta_id, evidence)
+        before = [await _rows(saver, t) for t in (ordinary_id, delta_id)]
+
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=delta_id):
+            await _call(saver, "prune", [ordinary_id, delta_id])
+
+        assert [await _rows(saver, t) for t in (ordinary_id, delta_id)] == before
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("name", SAVERS)
+async def test_keep_latest_prunes_a_thread_storing_a_plain_true(name: str) -> None:
+    async with _saver(name) as saver:
+        thread_id = str(uuid4())
+        first = await _put(
+            saver, thread_id, None, 0, {"flag": True, "a": [1]}, {"flag": "1", "a": "1"}
+        )
+        head = await _put(
+            saver, thread_id, first, 1, {"flag": True}, {"flag": "2", "a": "1"}
+        )
+
+        await _call(saver, "prune", [thread_id])
+
+        assert (await _rows(saver, thread_id))["checkpoints"] == [
+            ("", head["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"])
+        ]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("name", SAVERS)
+async def test_keep_latest_keeps_the_parent_holding_a_pre_v4_heads_sends(
+    name: str,
+) -> None:
+    async with _saver(name) as saver:
+        thread_id = str(uuid4())
+        first = await _put(saver, thread_id, None, 0, {}, {}, v=1)
+        await _call(saver, "put_writes", first, [(TASKS, "send-1")], str(uuid4()))
+        second = await _put(saver, thread_id, first, 1, {}, {}, v=1)
+        head = await _put(saver, thread_id, second, 2, {}, {}, v=1)
+        await _call(saver, "put_writes", second, [(TASKS, "send-2")], str(uuid4()))
+
+        await _call(saver, "prune", [thread_id])
+
+        assert (await _rows(saver, thread_id))["checkpoints"] == [
+            ("", second["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"]),
+            ("", head["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"]),
+        ]
+        loaded = await _call(saver, "get_tuple", head)
+        assert loaded.checkpoint["channel_values"][TASKS] == ["send-2"]
+        assert loaded.parent_config == second
+        assert (await _call(saver, "get_tuple", second)).parent_config is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("name", SAVERS)
+async def test_delete_removes_every_row_of_the_threads(name: str) -> None:
+    async with _saver(name) as saver:
+        ordinary_id, delta_id, other_id = str(uuid4()), str(uuid4()), str(uuid4())
+        await _three_checkpoints(saver, ordinary_id)
+        await _delta_thread(saver, delta_id, "counters")
+        await _three_checkpoints(saver, other_id)
+        other_before = await _rows(saver, other_id)
+
+        await _call(saver, "prune", [ordinary_id, delta_id], strategy="delete")
+
+        empty = {"checkpoints": [], "writes": [], "blobs": []}
+        assert await _rows(saver, ordinary_id) == empty
+        assert await _rows(saver, delta_id) == empty
+        assert await _rows(saver, other_id) == other_before
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("name", SAVERS)
+async def test_unknown_strategy_changes_nothing(name: str) -> None:
+    async with _saver(name) as saver:
+        thread_id = str(uuid4())
+        await _three_checkpoints(saver, thread_id)
+        before = await _rows(saver, thread_id)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="keep_all"):
+            await _call(saver, "prune", [thread_id], strategy="keep_all")
+
+        assert await _rows(saver, thread_id) == before
+
+
+async def test_async_saver_prune_runs_from_another_thread_only() -> None:
+    async with _saver("aio_base") as saver:
+        thread_id = str(uuid4())
+        head = await _three_checkpoints(saver, thread_id)
+
+        with pytest.raises(asyncio.InvalidStateError):
+            saver.prune([thread_id])
+        await asyncio.to_thread(saver.prune, [thread_id])
+
+        assert (await _rows(saver, thread_id))["checkpoints"] == [
+            ("", head["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"])
+        ]
+
+
+async def test_prune_conformance() -> None:
+    @checkpointer_test(name="AsyncPostgresSaver")
+    async def postgres_saver():
+        async with AsyncPostgresSaver.from_conn_string(DEFAULT_URI) as saver:
+            await saver.setup()
+            yield saver
+
+    report = await validate(postgres_saver, capabilities={"prune"})
+
+    prune = report.results["prune"]
+    if not prune.passed:
+        details = "\n".join(prune.failures)
+        pytest.fail(f"Capability prune failed (passed={prune.passed}):\n{details}")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("strategy", ["keep_latest", "delete"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("name", ["base", "aio_base"])
+async def test_prune_rejects_a_single_thread_id_string(
+    name: str, strategy: str
+) -> None:
+    async with _saver(name) as saver:
+        for thread_id in ("ab", "a", "b"):
+            await _three_checkpoints(saver, thread_id)
+        before = [await _rows(saver, t) for t in ("ab", "a", "b")]
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="not a str"):
+            await _call(saver, "prune", "ab", strategy=strategy)
+
+        assert [await _rows(saver, t) for t in ("ab", "a", "b")] == before
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "after", [PRUNE_HEADS_SQL, PRUNE_REFERENCED_BLOBS_SQL], ids=["heads", "blobs"]
+)
+async def test_keep_latest_keeps_a_checkpoint_saved_while_it_runs(after: str) -> None:
+    async with _saver("aio_base") as saver, _second_saver(saver) as other:
+        thread_id = str(uuid4())
+        head = await _three_checkpoints(saver, thread_id)
+        saved: list[dict] = []
+
+        async def save_a_child() -> None:
+            saved.append(
+                await _put(
+                    other, thread_id, head, 3, {"a": [1, 2, 3, 4]}, {"a": "4", "s": "1"}
+                )
+            )
+
+        _run_once_after(saver, after, save_a_child)
+        await saver.aprune([thread_id])
+
+        loaded = await saver.aget_tuple(saved[0])
+        assert loaded is not None, "the checkpoint saved during the prune was deleted"
+        assert loaded.checkpoint["channel_values"] == {
+            "a": [1, 2, 3, 4],
+            "s": ["shared"],
+        }
+        assert loaded.parent_config == head
+
+
+async def test_keep_latest_refuses_a_thread_that_turns_delta_after_the_batch_check() -> (
+    None
+):
+    async with _saver("aio_base") as saver, _second_saver(saver) as other:
+        thread_id = str(uuid4())
+        head = await _three_checkpoints(saver, thread_id)
+
+        async def save_a_delta_checkpoint() -> None:
+            await _put(
+                other,
+                thread_id,
+                head,
+                3,
+                {},
+                {"a": "4", "s": "1"},
+                metadata={"counters_since_delta_snapshot": {"a": [1, 1]}},
+            )
+
+        _run_once_after(saver, PRUNE_DELTA_THREADS_SQL, save_a_delta_checkpoint)
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=thread_id):
+            await saver.aprune([thread_id])
+
+        assert len((await _rows(saver, thread_id))["checkpoints"]) == 4
+
+
+async def test_keep_latest_keeps_the_history_of_a_delta_checkpoint_saved_after_the_thread_check() -> (
+    None
+):
+    async with _saver("aio_base") as saver, _second_saver(saver) as other:
+        thread_id = str(uuid4())
+        head = await _three_checkpoints(saver, thread_id)
+        saved: list[dict] = []
+
+        async def save_a_delta_checkpoint() -> None:
+            saved.append(
+                await _put(
+                    other,
+                    thread_id,
+                    head,
+                    3,
+                    {},
+                    {"a": "4", "s": "1"},
+                    metadata={"counters_since_delta_snapshot": {"a": [1, 1]}},
+                )
+            )
+
+        _run_once_after(saver, PRUNE_DELTA_THREADS_SQL, save_a_delta_checkpoint, nth=2)
+        await saver.aprune([thread_id])
+
+        assert (await _rows(saver, thread_id))["checkpoints"] == [
+            ("", head["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"]),
+            ("", saved[0]["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"]),
+        ]
+        history = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(
+            config=saved[0], channels=["a"]
+        )
+        assert history["a"]["seed"] == [1, 2, 3]
+        assert [value for _, _, value in history["a"]["writes"]] == [2]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("name", SAVERS)
+async def test_keep_latest_deletes_a_subgraph_call_with_the_checkpoint_it_started_from(
+    name: str,
+) -> None:
+    async with _saver(name) as saver:
+        thread_id = str(uuid4())
+        older = await _put(saver, thread_id, None, 0, {}, {})
+        head = await _put(saver, thread_id, older, 1, {}, {})
+        unsaved = str(uuid6(clock_seq=2))
+        started_from = {
+            "finished:1": older["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"],
+            "interrupted:2": head["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"],
+            "running:3": unsaved,
+            "checkpointer_true": older["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"],
+        }
+        for ns, root in started_from.items():
+            await _three_checkpoints(
+                saver, thread_id, ns, metadata={"parents": {"": root}}
+            )
+
+        await _call(saver, "prune", [thread_id])
+
+        rows = await _rows(saver, thread_id)
+        assert {ns for ns, *_ in rows["checkpoints"]} == {
+            "",
+            "interrupted:2",
+            "running:3",
+            "checkpointer_true",
+        }
+        assert {ns for ns, *_ in rows["writes"]} == {
+            "interrupted:2",
+            "running:3",
+            "checkpointer_true",
+        }
+        assert {ns for ns, *_ in rows["blobs"]} == {
+            "interrupted:2",
+            "running:3",
+            "checkpointer_true",
+        }
+
+
+async def test_keep_latest_keeps_a_checkpoint_saved_meanwhile_whatever_its_id() -> None:
+    async with _saver("aio_base") as saver, _second_saver(saver) as other:
+        thread_id = str(uuid4())
+        head = await _three_checkpoints(saver, thread_id)
+        lower_id = "0" + head["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"][1:]
+        saved: list[dict] = []
+
+        async def save_a_child_with_a_lower_id() -> None:
+            child = await _put(
+                other,
+                thread_id,
+                head,
+                3,
+                {"a": [1, 2, 3, 4]},
+                {"a": "4", "s": "1"},
+                checkpoint_id=lower_id,
+            )
+            await _call(other, "put_writes", child, [("a", 4)], str(uuid4()))
+            saved.append(child)
+
+        _run_once_after(saver, PRUNE_HEADS_SQL, save_a_child_with_a_lower_id)
+        await saver.aprune([thread_id])
+
+        loaded = await saver.aget_tuple(saved[0])
+        assert loaded is not None, "the checkpoint saved during the prune was deleted"
+        assert loaded.checkpoint["channel_values"] == {
+            "a": [1, 2, 3, 4],
+            "s": ["shared"],
+        }
+        assert [value for _, _, value in loaded.pending_writes or []] == [4]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("name", SAVERS)
+async def test_keep_latest_keeps_writes_saved_before_their_checkpoint(
+    name: str,
+) -> None:
+    async with _saver(name) as saver:
+        thread_id = str(uuid4())
+        head = await _three_checkpoints(saver, thread_id)
+        next_id = str(uuid6(clock_seq=3))
+        next_config = {
+            "configurable": {
+                "thread_id": thread_id,
+                "checkpoint_ns": "",
+                "checkpoint_id": next_id,
+            }
+        }
+        await _call(saver, "put_writes", next_config, [("a", 4)], str(uuid4()))
+
+        await _call(saver, "prune", [thread_id])
+        await _put(
+            saver, thread_id, head, 3, {}, {"a": "3", "s": "1"}, checkpoint_id=next_id
+        )
+
+        loaded = await _call(saver, "get_tuple", next_config)
+        assert [value for _, _, value in loaded.pending_writes] == [4]
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import pytest
 from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
 from langgraph.store.base import (
    GetOp,
+    InvalidNamespaceError,
    Item,
    ListNamespacesOp,
    MatchCondition,
@@ -1164,3 +1165,51 @@ def test_namespace_labels_with_trailing_newline(store) -> None:
    assert set(store.list_namespaces(prefix=["users", "alice"], limit=100)) == {
        ("users", "alice"),
    }
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("namespace", [("foo.bar",), ("foo", ""), ("foo", 1)])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "kind", ["get", "put", "delete", "search", "list_prefix", "list_suffix"]
+)
+def test_batch_rejects_invalid_namespace_labels(
+    store, namespace: tuple, kind: str
+) -> None:
+    """Ops passed straight to `batch` must not reach another namespace.
+
+    Namespaces are stored dot-joined, so `("foo.bar",)` flattens to the same
+    text as `("foo", "bar")`. `BaseStore` methods validate labels themselves,
+    but `batch` takes ops as given.
+    """
+    op = {
+        "get": GetOp(namespace, "key"),
+        "put": PutOp(namespace, "key", {"changed": True}),
+        "delete": PutOp(namespace, "key", None),
+        "search": SearchOp(namespace),
+        "list_prefix": ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("prefix", namespace),)),
+        "list_suffix": ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("suffix", namespace),)),
+    }[kind]
+    store.put(("foo", "bar"), "key", {"original": True})
+
+    with pytest.raises(InvalidNamespaceError):
+        store.batch([PutOp(("valid",), "key", {}), op])
+
+    item = store.get(("foo", "bar"), "key")
+    assert item is not None and item.value == {"original": True}
+    # The whole batch is rejected before any SQL runs.
+    assert store.get(("valid",), "key") is None
+
+
+def test_batch_allows_empty_search_prefix_and_listing_wildcards(
+    store,
+) -> None:
+    store.put(("foo", "bar"), "key", {"v": 1})
+
+    found, listed = store.batch(
+        [
+            SearchOp(()),
+            ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("prefix", ("foo", "*")),)),
+        ]
+    )
+
+    assert [item.namespace for item in found] == [("foo", "bar")]
+    assert listed == [("foo", "bar")]
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ wheels = [

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+version = "4.15.1"
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    { name = "idna" },
-    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.13'" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", version = "4.16.0", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version < '3.15'" },
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/12/b8/4bd346e22b28902df4d651910f5242c28d84e4a5c2435ca5c3f797ed7e2e/anyio-4.15.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:6152fdbbf9a77fdec97731721bebf7c4c44f7c29b424b0065826173efc7ed101", size = 132079, upload-time = "2026-09-05T10:42:37.923Z" },
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 [[package]]
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ wheels = [

 [[package]]
 name = "certifi"
-version = "2026.1.4"
+version = "2026.10.19"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/51/29046e48f693c54e5b7412216d447a1d8362c9653148d98c02cdf65fa733/certifi-2026.10.19-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:42d35340cc5b9ba78e818ddbff0c5b1c2b779de448a340fd1b989f5fa8670e1b", size = 136464, upload-time = "2026-10-20T02:24:15.072Z" },
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 [[package]]
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ name = "exceptiongroup"
 version = "1.3.1"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "typing-extensions" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", version = "4.16.0", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" } },
 ]
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/50/79/66800aadf48771f6b62f7eb014e352e5d06856655206165d775e675a02c9/exceptiongroup-1.3.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:8b412432c6055b0b7d14c310000ae93352ed6754f70fa8f7c34141f91c4e3219", size = 30371, upload-time = "2025-11-21T23:01:54.787Z" }
 wheels = [
@@ -254,7 +254,8 @@ dependencies = [
    { name = "pydantic" },
    { name = "pyyaml" },
    { name = "tenacity" },
-    { name = "typing-extensions" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", version = "4.15.0", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version >= '3.15'" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", version = "4.16.0", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version < '3.15'" },
    { name = "uuid-utils" },
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@@ -267,7 +268,8 @@ name = "langchain-protocol"
 version = "0.0.18"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "typing-extensions" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", version = "4.15.0", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version >= '3.15'" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", version = "4.16.0", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version < '3.15'" },
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 wheels = [
@@ -276,7 +278,7 @@ wheels = [

 [[package]]
 name = "langgraph-checkpoint"
-version = "4.2.0"
+version = "4.3.0"
 source = { editable = "../checkpoint" }
 dependencies = [
    { name = "langchain-core" },
@@ -351,7 +353,7 @@ test = [

 [[package]]
 name = "langgraph-checkpoint-postgres"
-version = "3.1.2"
+version = "3.2.0"
 source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
    { name = "langgraph-checkpoint" },
@@ -597,15 +599,15 @@ wheels = [

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+version = "3.3.6"
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-    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.13'" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", version = "4.16.0", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version < '3.13'" },
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 [package.optional-dependencies]
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6d/1c/e6e91852b72566b1ab9aca504712857dfb89324c12092a5bd61d42d34427/ty-0.0.84-py3-none-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:6c9d3718c4a0d318bc9c92af9b2aa85c3294e7dff54cf1d69ad79568f56516da", size = 13656453, upload-time = "2026-09-24T13:16:21.51Z" },
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "typing-extensions"
 version = "4.15.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+resolution-markers = [
+    "python_full_version >= '3.15'",
+]
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/72/94/1a15dd82efb362ac84269196e94cf00f187f7ed21c242792a923cdb1c61f/typing_extensions-4.15.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0cea48d173cc12fa28ecabc3b837ea3cf6f38c6d1136f85cbaaf598984861466", size = 109391, upload-time = "2025-08-25T13:49:26.313Z" }
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 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "typing-extensions"
+version = "4.16.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+resolution-markers = [
+    "python_full_version < '3.15'",
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f6/cc/6253133b5bb138fc3306cebfbda2c520f545d36b5be2c7255cc528bb45d6/typing_extensions-4.16.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:dc983d19a509c94dba722ee6abd33940f7c05a89e243c47e907eb4db6f1a43e5", size = 113555, upload-time = "2026-07-02T08:40:05.92Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/49/d3/b8441a820a491ddfc024b0b0cf0393375b75ea13866d9c66727e54c2fc80/typing_extensions-4.16.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:481caa481374e813c1b176ada14e97f1f67a4539ce9cfeb3f350d78d6370c2e8", size = 45571, upload-time = "2026-07-02T08:40:04.659Z" },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "typing-inspection"
 version = "0.4.2"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "typing-extensions" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", version = "4.15.0", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version >= '3.15'" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", version = "4.16.0", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version < '3.15'" },
 ]
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/55/e3/70399cb7dd41c10ac53367ae42139cf4b1ca5f36bb3dc6c9d33acdb43655/typing_inspection-0.4.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ba561c48a67c5958007083d386c3295464928b01faa735ab8547c5692e87f464", size = 75949, upload-time = "2025-10-01T02:14:41.687Z" }
 wheels = [
@@ -1122,11 +1154,11 @@ wheels = [

 [[package]]
 name = "urllib3"
-version = "2.7.0"
+version = "2.8.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/53/0c/06f8b233b8fd13b9e5ee11424ef85419ba0d8ba0b3138bf360be2ff56953/urllib3-2.7.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:231e0ec3b63ceb14667c67be60f2f2c40a518cb38b03af60abc813da26505f4c", size = 433602, upload-time = "2026-05-07T16:13:18.596Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e3/05/b17359e1cefb4f909b5e40b1b90a496d987258916dbbf88e842c729f510e/urllib3-2.8.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:63bf2ead4c879426ebf22ef2a781eeb4aa3b4ae798a0435506f8687fd5bb9b63", size = 458972, upload-time = "2026-09-15T19:29:36.253Z" }
 wheels = [
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/92/9d/c4e665119135114480843e7ab388fa94d8480650450e6f8e26b70d323a4c/urllib3-2.8.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0cf3cae568d36aa9576b28dfb35f11328f1cb974ca7647d9475ebb86c75ac6e3", size = 135717, upload-time = "2026-09-15T19:29:34.577Z" },
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -40,24 +40,12 @@ with SqliteSaver.from_conn_string(":memory:") as checkpointer:
        "v": 4,
        "ts": "2024-07-31T20:14:19.804150+00:00",
        "id": "1ef4f797-8335-6428-8001-8a1503f9b875",
-        "channel_values": {
-            "my_key": "meow",
-            "node": "node"
-        },
-        "channel_versions": {
-            "__start__": 2,
-            "my_key": 3,
-            "start:node": 3,
-            "node": 3
-        },
+        "channel_values": {"my_key": "meow", "node": "node"},
+        "channel_versions": {"__start__": 2, "my_key": 3, "start:node": 3, "node": 3},
        "versions_seen": {
            "__input__": {},
-            "__start__": {
-                "__start__": 1
-            },
-            "node": {
-                "start:node": 2
-            }
+            "__start__": {"__start__": 1},
+            "node": {"start:node": 2},
        },
    }

@@ -81,24 +69,12 @@ async with AsyncSqliteSaver.from_conn_string(":memory:") as checkpointer:
        "v": 4,
        "ts": "2024-07-31T20:14:19.804150+00:00",
        "id": "1ef4f797-8335-6428-8001-8a1503f9b875",
-        "channel_values": {
-            "my_key": "meow",
-            "node": "node"
-        },
-        "channel_versions": {
-            "__start__": 2,
-            "my_key": 3,
-            "start:node": 3,
-            "node": 3
-        },
+        "channel_values": {"my_key": "meow", "node": "node"},
+        "channel_versions": {"__start__": 2, "my_key": 3, "start:node": 3, "node": 3},
        "versions_seen": {
            "__input__": {},
-            "__start__": {
-                "__start__": 1
-            },
-            "node": {
-                "start:node": 2
-            }
+            "__start__": {"__start__": 1},
+            "node": {"start:node": 2},
        },
    }

@@ -29,7 +29,11 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite._delta import (
    build_delta_stage2_sql,
    step_walk_with_row,
 )
-from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite.utils import search_where
+from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite.utils import (
+    load_pending_writes,
+    pending_writes_sql,
+    search_where,
+)

 _AIO_ERROR_MSG = (
    "The SqliteSaver does not support async methods. "
@@ -81,6 +85,7 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):

    conn: sqlite3.Connection
    is_setup: bool
+    _has_task_path: bool = True

    def __init__(
        self,
@@ -154,6 +159,7 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                checkpoint_ns TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
                checkpoint_id TEXT NOT NULL,
                task_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+                task_path TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
                idx INTEGER NOT NULL,
                channel TEXT NOT NULL,
                type TEXT,
@@ -162,6 +168,19 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
            );
            """
        )
+        # sqlite has no ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS; this migrates databases
+        # created before `task_path` existed and is a no-op on the rest.
+        try:
+            self.conn.execute(
+                "ALTER TABLE writes ADD COLUMN task_path TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''"
+            )
+        except sqlite3.OperationalError as e:
+            # A read-only database from before the column can still be read;
+            # its rows would all read back as '' anyway.
+            if "readonly database" in str(e):
+                self._has_task_path = False
+            elif "duplicate column name" not in str(e):
+                raise

        self.is_setup = True

@@ -260,7 +279,7 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                    }
                # find any pending writes
                cur.execute(
-                    "SELECT task_id, channel, type, value FROM writes WHERE thread_id = ? AND checkpoint_ns = ? AND checkpoint_id = ? ORDER BY task_id, idx",
+                    pending_writes_sql(self._has_task_path),
                    (
                        str(config["configurable"]["thread_id"]),
                        checkpoint_ns,
@@ -286,10 +305,7 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                        if parent_checkpoint_id
                        else None
                    ),
-                    [
-                        (task_id, channel, self.serde.loads_typed((type, value)))
-                        for task_id, channel, type, value in cur
-                    ],
+                    load_pending_writes(cur, self.serde),
                )

    def list(
@@ -351,7 +367,7 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                metadata,
            ) in cur:
                wcur.execute(
-                    "SELECT task_id, channel, type, value FROM writes WHERE thread_id = ? AND checkpoint_ns = ? AND checkpoint_id = ? ORDER BY task_id, idx",
+                    pending_writes_sql(self._has_task_path),
                    (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id),
                )
                yield CheckpointTuple(
@@ -378,10 +394,7 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                        if parent_checkpoint_id
                        else None
                    ),
-                    [
-                        (task_id, channel, self.serde.loads_typed((type, value)))
-                        for task_id, channel, type, value in wcur
-                    ],
+                    load_pending_writes(wcur, self.serde),
                )

    def put(
@@ -460,9 +473,9 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
            task_path: Path of the task creating the writes.
        """
        query = (
-            "INSERT OR REPLACE INTO writes (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, task_id, idx, channel, type, value) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
+            "INSERT OR REPLACE INTO writes (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, task_id, task_path, idx, channel, type, value) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
            if all(w[0] in WRITES_IDX_MAP for w in writes)
-            else "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO writes (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, task_id, idx, channel, type, value) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
+            else "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO writes (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, task_id, task_path, idx, channel, type, value) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
        )
        with self.cursor() as cur:
            cur.executemany(
@@ -473,6 +486,7 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                        str(config["configurable"]["checkpoint_ns"]),
                        str(config["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"]),
                        task_id,
+                        task_path,
                        WRITES_IDX_MAP.get(channel, idx),
                        channel,
                        *self.serde.dumps_typed(value),
@@ -507,13 +521,12 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):

        Two-stage query:

-        * Stage 1 (paged): newest-first slice of `checkpoints` returning
-          `(checkpoint_id, parent_checkpoint_id, type, checkpoint)` per
-          ancestor. Sqlite has no JSONB, so we ship the full serialized
-          checkpoint blob and inspect `channel_values` in Python. Pages
-          newest-first by `checkpoint_id` with a `< cursor` predicate;
-          page size is `DELTA_PAGE_SIZE`. Stops paging when every channel
-          has found its seed or the chain is exhausted.
+        * Stage 1 (streamed): recursive CTE over `checkpoints` following
+          `parent_checkpoint_id` from the target, returning
+          `(checkpoint_id, type, checkpoint)` per ancestor. Sqlite has no
+          JSONB, so we ship the full serialized checkpoint blob and inspect
+          `channel_values` in Python. Stops reading when every channel has
+          found its seed or the chain is exhausted.

        * Stage 2 (per-channel UNION ALL): one branch per channel reading
          `writes` filtered to that channel's specific `chain_cids`. No
@@ -526,7 +539,7 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
        thread_id = str(config["configurable"]["thread_id"])
        checkpoint_ns = config["configurable"].get("checkpoint_ns", "")
        checkpoint_id = get_checkpoint_id(config)
-        if checkpoint_id is None:
+        if not checkpoint_id:
            target = self.get_tuple(config)
            if target is None:
                return {ch: {"writes": []} for ch in channels}
@@ -538,12 +551,14 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
        seeded: set[str] = set()

        with self.cursor(transaction=False) as cur:
-            cur.execute(DELTA_STAGE1_SQL, (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id))
+            cur.execute(
+                DELTA_STAGE1_SQL,
+                (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, thread_id, checkpoint_ns),
+            )
            for row in cur:
-                cid, parent_cid, type_tag, blob = row
+                cid, type_tag, blob = row
                if step_walk_with_row(
                    cid=cid,
-                    parent_cid=parent_cid,
                    type_tag=type_tag,
                    blob=blob,
                    target_id=checkpoint_id,
@@ -558,6 +573,7 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):

            channels_with_chain = [ch for ch in channels if chain_by_ch[ch]]
            stage2_sql = build_delta_stage2_sql(
+                has_task_path=self._has_task_path,
                chain_lens=[len(chain_by_ch[ch]) for ch in channels_with_chain],
            )
            if stage2_sql:
@@ -568,7 +584,7 @@ class SqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                    )
                cur.execute(stage2_sql, stage2_params)
                stage2_rows = cast(
-                    "list[tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bytes]]", cur.fetchall()
+                    "list[tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bytes, str]]", cur.fetchall()
                )
            else:
                stage2_rows = []
@@ -24,22 +24,45 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from typing import Any

-from langgraph.checkpoint.base import DeltaChannelHistory, PendingWrite
+from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
+    DeltaChannelHistory,
+    PendingWrite,
+    writes_sort_key,
+)

-# Stage 1 streams ancestors of `target_cid` newest-first. The `<=`
-# predicate keeps target itself in the stream so we can read its
-# `parent_checkpoint_id` from the first row without a separate lookup;
-# the caller skips target's own writes/seed (matches the
-# `BaseCheckpointSaver` contract).
+# Stage 1 streams target, then its ancestors nearest-first, by following
+# `parent_checkpoint_id` rather than id order: ids are only monotonic within
+# one process, so a range scan by id can miss a parent whose id sorts above
+# its child's. Target is the anchor row; its own writes/seed are skipped
+# (matches the `BaseCheckpointSaver` contract).
+#
+# `put` is `INSERT OR REPLACE`, so re-putting an existing id under a
+# descendant's config makes the chain a loop. `step_walk_with_row` stops on a
+# repeated id; sqlite yields recursive rows lazily, so abandoning the cursor
+# ends the recursion.
+#
+# `CROSS JOIN` pins `ancestors` as the outer loop, so each step is one primary
+# key lookup. With a plain `JOIN` and no `ANALYZE` stats, sqlite can put
+# `checkpoints` outside and scan the whole thread per step.
 DELTA_STAGE1_SQL = (
+    "WITH RECURSIVE ancestors(checkpoint_id, parent_checkpoint_id, type, "
+    "checkpoint) AS ("
    "SELECT checkpoint_id, parent_checkpoint_id, type, checkpoint "
    "FROM checkpoints "
-    "WHERE thread_id = ? AND checkpoint_ns = ? AND checkpoint_id <= ? "
-    "ORDER BY checkpoint_id DESC"
+    "WHERE thread_id = ? AND checkpoint_ns = ? AND checkpoint_id = ? "
+    "UNION ALL "
+    "SELECT c.checkpoint_id, c.parent_checkpoint_id, c.type, c.checkpoint "
+    "FROM ancestors a CROSS JOIN checkpoints c "
+    "ON c.checkpoint_id = a.parent_checkpoint_id "
+    "WHERE c.thread_id = ? AND c.checkpoint_ns = ?"
+    ") "
+    "SELECT checkpoint_id, type, checkpoint FROM ancestors"
 )


-def build_delta_stage2_sql(*, chain_lens: Sequence[int]) -> str:
+def build_delta_stage2_sql(
+    *, chain_lens: Sequence[int], has_task_path: bool = True
+) -> str:
    """Stage-2 per-channel UNION ALL fetching writes from `writes`.

    One branch per channel with a non-empty chain. Each branch inlines its
@@ -53,11 +76,12 @@ def build_delta_stage2_sql(*, chain_lens: Sequence[int]) -> str:
    of a single `channel = ANY(channels)` filter when channels have
    different chain depths — same rationale as postgres.
    """
+    task_path = "task_path" if has_task_path else "''"
    branches: list[str] = []
    for n in chain_lens:
        cid_placeholders = ",".join("?" * n)
        branches.append(
-            "SELECT checkpoint_id, channel, task_id, idx, type, value "
+            f"SELECT checkpoint_id, channel, task_id, idx, type, value, {task_path} "
            "FROM writes "
            "WHERE thread_id = ? AND checkpoint_ns = ? AND channel = ? "
            f"AND checkpoint_id IN ({cid_placeholders})"
@@ -68,7 +92,6 @@ def build_delta_stage2_sql(*, chain_lens: Sequence[int]) -> str:
 def step_walk_with_row(
    *,
    cid: str,
-    parent_cid: str | None,
    type_tag: str,
    blob: bytes,
    target_id: str,
@@ -81,36 +104,32 @@ def step_walk_with_row(
 ) -> bool:
    """Process one streamed stage-1 row in the merged ancestor walk.

-    The cursor returns (cid, parent_cid, type, blob) rows in
-    `checkpoint_id` DESC order starting at target. The first row is
-    target itself; we read its parent_cid to seed the walk and otherwise
-    skip it (target's own writes/seed are not part of the contract).
+    The cursor returns (cid, type, blob) rows in walk order starting at
+    target. The first row is target itself and is skipped (target's own
+    writes/seed are not part of the contract).

-    For each subsequent row, if `cid` matches the walk's current
-    position, we deserialize the blob, append the cid to every
-    not-yet-seeded channel's chain, and check `channel_values` for
+    For each subsequent row we deserialize the blob, append the cid to
+    every not-yet-seeded channel's chain, and check `channel_values` for
    seeds. The deserialized checkpoint is dropped before advancing — no
    cross-row cache, so peak in-flight is one deserialized checkpoint.

-    Off-path rows (different branch on the same thread) advance the
-    cursor without doing any work.
-
-    Returns True when every requested channel is seeded — the caller
-    can stop iterating and close the cursor.
+    Returns True when the caller can stop iterating and close the cursor:
+    every requested channel is seeded, or the chain revisited a checkpoint.
    """
    if "started" not in walk_state:
        if cid == target_id:
            walk_state["started"] = True
-            walk_state["cur_cid"] = parent_cid
            walk_state["active"] = {ch for ch in channels if ch not in seeded}
+            walk_state["walked"] = {cid}
        # Not target yet (or target not present): keep streaming.
        return False
    active: set[str] = walk_state["active"]
    if not active:
        return True
-    if cid != walk_state["cur_cid"]:
-        # Off-path row from a sibling branch — skip without deserializing.
-        return False
+    walked: set[str] = walk_state["walked"]
+    if cid in walked:
+        return True
+    walked.add(cid)
    for ch in active:
        chain_by_ch[ch].append(cid)
    ckpt = serde.loads_typed((type_tag, blob))
@@ -120,7 +139,6 @@ def step_walk_with_row(
        seeded.add(ch)
        active.discard(ch)
    del ckpt, channel_values
-    walk_state["cur_cid"] = parent_cid
    return not active


@@ -130,29 +148,31 @@ def build_delta_channels_writes_history(
    chain_by_ch: Mapping[str, list[str]],
    seed_val_by_ch: Mapping[str, Any],
    seeded: set[str],
-    stage2_rows: Sequence[tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bytes]],
+    stage2_rows: Sequence[tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bytes, str]],
    serde: Any,
 ) -> dict[str, DeltaChannelHistory]:
    """Demux stage-2 rows per channel; produce per-channel histories.

-    Stage-2 rows are `(checkpoint_id, channel, task_id, idx, type, value)`.
-    Final write order is oldest→newest globally and `(task_id, idx)` within
-    a checkpoint, matching the contract on `DeltaChannelHistory.writes`.
+    Stage-2 rows are
+    `(checkpoint_id, channel, task_id, idx, type, value, task_path)`.
+    Final write order is oldest→newest globally and `writes_sort_key`
+    within a checkpoint, matching the contract on
+    `DeltaChannelHistory.writes`.

    `seed` is omitted when the walk reached a true root with no snapshot
    found (channel never entered `seeded`); consumers treat absence as
    "start empty".
    """
-    writes_by_ch_by_cid: dict[str, dict[str, list[tuple[str, bytes, str, int]]]] = {
-        ch: {} for ch in channels
-    }
-    for cid, ch, task_id, idx, type_tag, value_blob in stage2_rows:
+    writes_by_ch_by_cid: dict[
+        str, dict[str, list[tuple[str, bytes, str, int, str]]]
+    ] = {ch: {} for ch in channels}
+    for cid, ch, task_id, idx, type_tag, value_blob, task_path in stage2_rows:
        writes_by_ch_by_cid.setdefault(ch, {}).setdefault(cid, []).append(
-            (type_tag, value_blob, task_id, idx)
+            (type_tag, value_blob, task_id, idx, task_path)
        )
    for cid_map in writes_by_ch_by_cid.values():
        for ws in cid_map.values():
-            ws.sort(key=lambda w: (w[2], w[3]))
+            ws.sort(key=lambda w: writes_sort_key(w[4], w[2], w[3]))

    result: dict[str, DeltaChannelHistory] = {}
    for ch in channels:
@@ -161,7 +181,7 @@ def build_delta_channels_writes_history(
        collected: list[PendingWrite] = []
        # Chain is newest-first; iterate oldest-first for the public order.
        for cid in reversed(chain_cids):
-            for type_tag, value_blob, task_id, _idx in cid_writes.get(cid, []):
+            for type_tag, value_blob, task_id, _idx, _path in cid_writes.get(cid, []):
                collected.append(
                    (task_id, ch, serde.loads_typed((type_tag, value_blob)))
                )
@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite._delta import (
    build_delta_stage2_sql,
    step_walk_with_row,
 )
-from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite.utils import search_where
+from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite.utils import (
+    load_pending_writes,
+    pending_writes_sql,
+    search_where,
+)

 T = TypeVar("T", bound=Callable)

@@ -114,6 +118,7 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):

    lock: asyncio.Lock
    is_setup: bool
+    _has_task_path: bool = True

    def __init__(
        self,
@@ -331,6 +336,7 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                    checkpoint_ns TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
                    checkpoint_id TEXT NOT NULL,
                    task_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+                    task_path TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
                    idx INTEGER NOT NULL,
                    channel TEXT NOT NULL,
                    type TEXT,
@@ -341,6 +347,21 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
            ):
                await self.conn.commit()

+            # sqlite has no ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS; this migrates databases
+            # created before `task_path` existed and is a no-op on the rest.
+            try:
+                await self.conn.execute(
+                    "ALTER TABLE writes ADD COLUMN task_path TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''"
+                )
+                await self.conn.commit()
+            except aiosqlite.OperationalError as e:
+                # A read-only database from before the column can still be read;
+                # its rows would all read back as '' anyway.
+                if "readonly database" in str(e):
+                    self._has_task_path = False
+                elif "duplicate column name" not in str(e):
+                    raise
+
            self.is_setup = True

    async def aget_tuple(self, config: RunnableConfig) -> CheckpointTuple | None:
@@ -395,7 +416,7 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                    }
                # find any pending writes
                await cur.execute(
-                    "SELECT task_id, channel, type, value FROM writes WHERE thread_id = ? AND checkpoint_ns = ? AND checkpoint_id = ? ORDER BY task_id, idx",
+                    pending_writes_sql(self._has_task_path),
                    (
                        str(config["configurable"]["thread_id"]),
                        checkpoint_ns,
@@ -421,10 +442,7 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                        if parent_checkpoint_id
                        else None
                    ),
-                    [
-                        (task_id, channel, self.serde.loads_typed((type, value)))
-                        async for task_id, channel, type, value in cur
-                    ],
+                    load_pending_writes(await cur.fetchall(), self.serde),
                )

    async def alist(
@@ -473,7 +491,7 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                metadata,
            ) in cur:
                await wcur.execute(
-                    "SELECT task_id, channel, type, value FROM writes WHERE thread_id = ? AND checkpoint_ns = ? AND checkpoint_id = ? ORDER BY task_id, idx",
+                    pending_writes_sql(self._has_task_path),
                    (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id),
                )
                yield CheckpointTuple(
@@ -500,10 +518,7 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                        if parent_checkpoint_id
                        else None
                    ),
-                    [
-                        (task_id, channel, self.serde.loads_typed((type, value)))
-                        async for task_id, channel, type, value in wcur
-                    ],
+                    load_pending_writes(await wcur.fetchall(), self.serde),
                )

    async def aput(
@@ -576,9 +591,9 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
            task_path: Path of the task creating the writes.
        """
        query = (
-            "INSERT OR REPLACE INTO writes (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, task_id, idx, channel, type, value) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
+            "INSERT OR REPLACE INTO writes (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, task_id, task_path, idx, channel, type, value) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
            if all(w[0] in WRITES_IDX_MAP for w in writes)
-            else "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO writes (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, task_id, idx, channel, type, value) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
+            else "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO writes (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, task_id, task_path, idx, channel, type, value) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
        )
        await self.setup()
        async with self.lock, self.conn.cursor() as cur:
@@ -590,6 +605,7 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                        str(config["configurable"]["checkpoint_ns"]),
                        str(config["configurable"]["checkpoint_id"]),
                        task_id,
+                        task_path,
                        WRITES_IDX_MAP.get(channel, idx),
                        channel,
                        *self.serde.dumps_typed(value),
@@ -625,8 +641,8 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
        """Fast-path override of `BaseCheckpointSaver.aget_delta_channel_history`.

        See `SqliteSaver.get_delta_channel_history` for design notes; this
-        is the async equivalent using `aiosqlite` cursors. Stage 1 pages
-        the parent chain newest-first and Python-deserializes each
+        is the async equivalent using `aiosqlite` cursors. Stage 1 streams
+        the parent chain from the target and Python-deserializes each
        checkpoint blob to find per-channel snapshots; stage 2 fetches
        only the relevant writes via per-channel UNION ALL.
        """
@@ -637,7 +653,7 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
        thread_id = str(config["configurable"]["thread_id"])
        checkpoint_ns = config["configurable"].get("checkpoint_ns", "")
        checkpoint_id = get_checkpoint_id(config)
-        if checkpoint_id is None:
+        if not checkpoint_id:
            target = await self.aget_tuple(config)
            if target is None:
                return {ch: {"writes": []} for ch in channels}
@@ -650,13 +666,13 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):

        async with self.lock, self.conn.cursor() as cur:
            await cur.execute(
-                DELTA_STAGE1_SQL, (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id)
+                DELTA_STAGE1_SQL,
+                (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, thread_id, checkpoint_ns),
            )
            async for row in cur:
-                cid, parent_cid, type_tag, blob = row
+                cid, type_tag, blob = row
                if step_walk_with_row(
                    cid=cid,
-                    parent_cid=parent_cid,
                    type_tag=type_tag,
                    blob=blob,
                    target_id=checkpoint_id,
@@ -671,6 +687,7 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):

            channels_with_chain = [ch for ch in channels if chain_by_ch[ch]]
            stage2_sql = build_delta_stage2_sql(
+                has_task_path=self._has_task_path,
                chain_lens=[len(chain_by_ch[ch]) for ch in channels_with_chain],
            )
            if stage2_sql:
@@ -681,7 +698,7 @@ class AsyncSqliteSaver(BaseCheckpointSaver[str]):
                    )
                await cur.execute(stage2_sql, stage2_params)
                stage2_rows = cast(
-                    "list[tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bytes]]",
+                    "list[tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bytes, str]]",
                    await cur.fetchall(),
                )
            else:
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 import json
 import re
-from collections.abc import Sequence
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
 from typing import Any

 from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
-from langgraph.checkpoint.base import get_checkpoint_id
+from langgraph.checkpoint.base import PendingWrite, get_checkpoint_id, writes_sort_key
+from langgraph.checkpoint.serde.base import SerializerProtocol

 _FILTER_PATTERN = re.compile(r"^[a-zA-Z0-9_.-]+$")

@@ -114,3 +115,23 @@ def search_where(
        param_values.append(get_checkpoint_id(before))

    return ("WHERE " + " AND ".join(wheres) if wheres else "", param_values)
+
+
+def pending_writes_sql(has_task_path: bool) -> str:
+    task_path = "task_path" if has_task_path else "''"
+    return (
+        f"SELECT task_id, channel, type, value, {task_path}, idx FROM writes "
+        "WHERE thread_id = ? AND checkpoint_ns = ? AND checkpoint_id = ?"
+    )
+
+
+def load_pending_writes(
+    rows: Iterable[Any], serde: SerializerProtocol
+) -> list[PendingWrite]:
+    """Deserialize `pending_writes_sql` rows in `writes_sort_key` order."""
+    return [
+        (task_id, channel, serde.loads_typed((type_, value)))
+        for task_id, channel, type_, value, _, _ in sorted(
+            rows, key=lambda r: writes_sort_key(r[4], r[0], r[5])
+        )
+    ]
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ class AsyncSqliteStore(AsyncBatchedBaseStore, BaseSqliteStore):
            await cur.execute(query, params)
            rows = await cur.fetchall()

-            if needs_refresh and rows and self.ttl_config:
+            if needs_refresh and self.ttl_config:
                keys_to_refresh = []
                for row_data in rows:
                    # Assuming row_data[0] is prefix (text), row_data[1] is key (text)
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ from langgraph.store.base import (
    ensure_embeddings,
    get_text_at_path,
    tokenize_path,
+    validate_op_namespace,
 )

 _AIO_ERROR_MSG = (
@@ -257,6 +258,7 @@ def _group_ops(ops: Iterable[Op]) -> tuple[dict[type, list[tuple[int, Op]]], int
    grouped_ops: dict[type, list[tuple[int, Op]]] = defaultdict(list)
    tot = 0
    for idx, op in enumerate(ops):
+        validate_op_namespace(op)
        grouped_ops[type(op)].append((idx, op))
        tot += 1
    return grouped_ops, tot
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"

 [project]
 name = "langgraph-checkpoint-sqlite"
-version = "3.1.1"
+version = "3.1.2"
 description = "Library with a SQLite implementation of LangGraph checkpoint saver."
 authors = []
 requires-python = ">=3.10"
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
 license-files = ['LICENSE']
 dependencies = [
-    "langgraph-checkpoint>=4.1.0,<5.0.0",
+    "langgraph-checkpoint>=4.3.0,<5.0.0",
    "aiosqlite>=0.20",
    "sqlite-vec>=0.1.6",
 ]
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ from typing import cast
 import pytest
 from langgraph.store.base import (
    GetOp,
+    InvalidNamespaceError,
    Item,
    ListNamespacesOp,
+    MatchCondition,
    PutOp,
    SearchOp,
 )
@@ -745,3 +747,65 @@ async def test_async_namespace_segment_boundary(store: AsyncSqliteStore) -> None
    assert set(await store.alist_namespaces(suffix=["alice"], limit=100)) == {
        ("uid", "users", "alice"),
    }
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("namespace", [("foo.bar",), ("foo", ""), ("foo", 1)])
+async def test_abatch_rejects_invalid_namespace_labels(
+    store: AsyncSqliteStore, namespace: tuple
+) -> None:
+    await store.aput(("foo", "bar"), "key", {"original": True})
+
+    for op in (
+        GetOp(namespace, "key"),
+        GetOp(namespace, "key", refresh_ttl=True),
+        PutOp(namespace, "key", {"changed": True}),
+        PutOp(namespace, "key", None),
+        SearchOp(namespace),
+        ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("prefix", namespace),)),
+        ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("suffix", namespace),)),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidNamespaceError):
+            await store.abatch([op])
+
+    item = await store.aget(("foo", "bar"), "key")
+    assert item is not None and item.value == {"original": True}
+
+
+async def test_invalid_namespace_only_fails_its_own_call(
+    store: AsyncSqliteStore,
+) -> None:
+    """Concurrent calls share one `abatch`, which fails every op if it raises.
+
+    Labels are checked before an op is queued, so one caller's bad label cannot
+    fail another caller's request.
+    """
+    await store.aput(("foo", "bar"), "key", {"original": True})
+
+    valid, invalid = await asyncio.gather(
+        store.aget(("foo", "bar"), "key"),
+        store.aget(("foo.bar",), "key"),
+        return_exceptions=True,
+    )
+
+    assert isinstance(valid, Item) and valid.value == {"original": True}
+    assert isinstance(invalid, InvalidNamespaceError)
+
+
+async def test_sync_methods_reject_invalid_namespace_labels(
+    store: AsyncSqliteStore,
+) -> None:
+    """The sync wrappers run off the event loop thread and must validate too."""
+    await store.aput(("foo", "bar"), "key", {"original": True})
+
+    for call in (
+        lambda: store.get(("foo.bar",), "key"),
+        lambda: store.search(("foo.bar",)),
+        lambda: store.delete(("foo.bar",), "key"),
+        lambda: store.list_namespaces(prefix=("foo.bar",)),
+        lambda: store.batch([GetOp(("foo.bar",), "key")]),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidNamespaceError):
+            await asyncio.to_thread(call)
+
+    item = await store.aget(("foo", "bar"), "key")
+    assert item is not None and item.value == {"original": True}
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+import pytest
+from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
+    BaseCheckpointSaver,
+    Checkpoint,
+    DeltaChannelHistory,
+    empty_checkpoint,
+)
+
+from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite import SqliteSaver
+from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite._delta import DELTA_STAGE1_SQL
+from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite.aio import AsyncSqliteSaver
+
+CHANNEL = "ch"
+CONFIG: dict[str, Any] = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "t", "checkpoint_ns": ""}}
+EXPECTED: DeltaChannelHistory = {
+    "writes": [("task", CHANNEL, "write-root")],
+    "seed": "seed",
+}
+
+
+def _checkpoint(checkpoint_id: str, values: dict[str, Any]) -> Checkpoint:
+    value = empty_checkpoint()
+    value["id"] = checkpoint_id
+    value["channel_values"] = values
+    return value
+
+
+PARENT_ID_ORDERS = [
+    pytest.param("z-older", "a-newer", id="parent_id_sorts_above_child"),
+    pytest.param("a-older", "z-newer", id="parent_id_sorts_below_child"),
+]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("root_id", "child_id"), PARENT_ID_ORDERS)
+def test_sync_walk_reaches_parent_whatever_the_id_order(
+    root_id: str, child_id: str
+) -> None:
+    with SqliteSaver.from_conn_string(":memory:") as saver:
+        root = saver.put(CONFIG, _checkpoint(root_id, {CHANNEL: "seed"}), {}, {})
+        saver.put_writes(root, [(CHANNEL, "write-root")], "task")
+        child = saver.put(root, _checkpoint(child_id, {}), {}, {})
+
+        got = saver.get_delta_channel_history(config=child, channels=[CHANNEL])
+        reference = BaseCheckpointSaver.get_delta_channel_history(
+            saver, config=child, channels=[CHANNEL]
+        )
+        assert got[CHANNEL] == EXPECTED
+        assert got[CHANNEL] == reference[CHANNEL], "fast path disagrees with base"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("root_id", "child_id"), PARENT_ID_ORDERS)
+async def test_async_walk_reaches_parent_whatever_the_id_order(
+    root_id: str, child_id: str
+) -> None:
+    async with AsyncSqliteSaver.from_conn_string(":memory:") as saver:
+        root = await saver.aput(CONFIG, _checkpoint(root_id, {CHANNEL: "seed"}), {}, {})
+        await saver.aput_writes(root, [(CHANNEL, "write-root")], "task")
+        child = await saver.aput(root, _checkpoint(child_id, {}), {}, {})
+
+        got = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(config=child, channels=[CHANNEL])
+        assert got[CHANNEL] == EXPECTED
+
+
+EMPTY_CHECKPOINT_ID: dict[str, Any] = {
+    "configurable": {**CONFIG["configurable"], "checkpoint_id": ""}
+}
+
+
+def test_sync_empty_checkpoint_id_reads_from_the_latest_checkpoint() -> None:
+    with SqliteSaver.from_conn_string(":memory:") as saver:
+        root = saver.put(CONFIG, _checkpoint("a-older", {CHANNEL: "seed"}), {}, {})
+        saver.put_writes(root, [(CHANNEL, "write-root")], "task")
+        saver.put(root, _checkpoint("z-newer", {}), {}, {})
+
+        got = saver.get_delta_channel_history(
+            config=EMPTY_CHECKPOINT_ID, channels=[CHANNEL]
+        )
+
+        assert got[CHANNEL] == EXPECTED
+
+
+async def test_async_empty_checkpoint_id_reads_from_the_latest_checkpoint() -> None:
+    async with AsyncSqliteSaver.from_conn_string(":memory:") as saver:
+        root = await saver.aput(
+            CONFIG, _checkpoint("a-older", {CHANNEL: "seed"}), {}, {}
+        )
+        await saver.aput_writes(root, [(CHANNEL, "write-root")], "task")
+        await saver.aput(root, _checkpoint("z-newer", {}), {}, {})
+
+        got = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(
+            config=EMPTY_CHECKPOINT_ID, channels=[CHANNEL]
+        )
+
+        assert got[CHANNEL] == EXPECTED
+
+
+def test_walk_reaches_root_of_long_chain_with_descending_ids() -> None:
+    steps = 40
+    with SqliteSaver.from_conn_string(":memory:") as saver:
+        parent = saver.put(
+            CONFIG, _checkpoint(f"id-{steps:03d}", {CHANNEL: "seed"}), {}, {}
+        )
+        saver.put_writes(parent, [(CHANNEL, "write-root")], "task")
+        for step in range(steps - 1, 0, -1):
+            parent = saver.put(parent, _checkpoint(f"id-{step:03d}", {}), {}, {})
+
+        got = saver.get_delta_channel_history(config=parent, channels=[CHANNEL])
+        assert got[CHANNEL] == EXPECTED
+
+
+def test_walk_terminates_when_put_makes_the_parent_chain_cycle() -> None:
+    with SqliteSaver.from_conn_string(":memory:") as saver:
+        a = saver.put(CONFIG, _checkpoint("cid-a", {}), {}, {})
+        b = saver.put(a, _checkpoint("cid-b", {}), {}, {})
+        repoint_a_under_b = _checkpoint("cid-a", {})
+        saver.put(b, repoint_a_under_b, {}, {})
+
+        got = saver.get_delta_channel_history(config=b, channels=[CHANNEL])
+        assert got[CHANNEL] == {"writes": []}
+
+
+def test_walk_step_looks_up_the_parent_by_primary_key() -> None:
+    with SqliteSaver.from_conn_string(":memory:") as saver:
+        saver.setup()
+        plan = [
+            row[3]
+            for row in saver.conn.execute(
+                f"EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN {DELTA_STAGE1_SQL}", ("t", "", "id", "t", "")
+            )
+        ]
+    assert any(
+        step.startswith("SEARCH c ") and "checkpoint_id=?" in step for step in plan
+    ), f"recursive step should look up the parent by key, got {plan}"
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import pytest
 from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
 from langgraph.store.base import (
    GetOp,
+    InvalidNamespaceError,
    Item,
    ListNamespacesOp,
    MatchCondition,
@@ -1363,6 +1364,17 @@ def test_search_empty_prefix_is_unconstrained(store: SqliteStore) -> None:
    }


+@pytest.mark.parametrize("batched", [False, True])
+def test_search_rejects_nul_namespace_prefix(store: SqliteStore, batched: bool) -> None:
+    store.put(("a",), "key", {"v": 1})
+
+    with pytest.raises(InvalidNamespaceError, match="NUL"):
+        if batched:
+            store.batch([SearchOp(("a\x00",))])
+        else:
+            store.search(("a\x00",))
+
+
 def test_namespace_labels_with_trailing_newline(store: SqliteStore) -> None:
    """Labels may contain newlines, and must not match a differently-named label.

@@ -1435,3 +1447,51 @@ def test_list_namespaces_metacharacter_labels(store: SqliteStore) -> None:
        assert set(store.list_namespaces(prefix=[label, "child"], limit=100)) == {
            (label, "child"),
        }
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("namespace", [("foo.bar",), ("foo", ""), ("foo", 1)])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "kind", ["get", "put", "delete", "search", "list_prefix", "list_suffix"]
+)
+def test_batch_rejects_invalid_namespace_labels(
+    store: SqliteStore, namespace: tuple, kind: str
+) -> None:
+    """Ops passed straight to `batch` must not reach another namespace.
+
+    Namespaces are stored dot-joined, so `("foo.bar",)` flattens to the same
+    text as `("foo", "bar")`. `BaseStore` methods validate labels themselves,
+    but `batch` takes ops as given.
+    """
+    op = {
+        "get": GetOp(namespace, "key"),
+        "put": PutOp(namespace, "key", {"changed": True}),
+        "delete": PutOp(namespace, "key", None),
+        "search": SearchOp(namespace),
+        "list_prefix": ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("prefix", namespace),)),
+        "list_suffix": ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("suffix", namespace),)),
+    }[kind]
+    store.put(("foo", "bar"), "key", {"original": True})
+
+    with pytest.raises(InvalidNamespaceError):
+        store.batch([PutOp(("valid",), "key", {}), op])
+
+    item = store.get(("foo", "bar"), "key")
+    assert item is not None and item.value == {"original": True}
+    # The whole batch is rejected before any SQL runs.
+    assert store.get(("valid",), "key") is None
+
+
+def test_batch_allows_empty_search_prefix_and_listing_wildcards(
+    store: SqliteStore,
+) -> None:
+    store.put(("foo", "bar"), "key", {"v": 1})
+
+    found, listed = store.batch(
+        [
+            SearchOp(()),
+            ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("prefix", ("foo", "*")),)),
+        ]
+    )
+
+    assert [item.namespace for item in found] == [("foo", "bar")]
+    assert listed == [("foo", "bar")]
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+import sqlite3
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+from contextlib import closing
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import aiosqlite
+import pytest
+from langgraph.checkpoint.base import empty_checkpoint
+
+from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite import SqliteSaver
+from langgraph.checkpoint.sqlite.aio import AsyncSqliteSaver
+
+WRITES_BEFORE_TASK_PATH = """
+CREATE TABLE writes (
+    thread_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    checkpoint_ns TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+    checkpoint_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    task_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    idx INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    channel TEXT NOT NULL,
+    type TEXT,
+    value BLOB,
+    PRIMARY KEY (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, task_id, idx)
+);
+INSERT INTO writes VALUES ('t', '', 'c', 'old-task', 0, 'ch', 'null', X'');
+"""
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def legacy_db(tmp_path: Path) -> Path:
+    db = tmp_path / "legacy.sqlite"
+    with sqlite3.connect(db) as conn:
+        conn.executescript(WRITES_BEFORE_TASK_PATH)
+    return db
+
+
+def test_setup_migrates_legacy_writes_table_repeatably(legacy_db: Path) -> None:
+    for _ in range(2):
+        with SqliteSaver.from_conn_string(str(legacy_db)) as saver:
+            saver.setup()
+            rows = saver.conn.execute(
+                "SELECT task_id, task_path FROM writes"
+            ).fetchall()
+            assert rows == [("old-task", "")]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("fresh", [True, False], ids=["fresh", "legacy"])
+def test_put_writes_persists_task_path(
+    tmp_path: Path, legacy_db: Path, fresh: bool
+) -> None:
+    db = tmp_path / "fresh.sqlite" if fresh else legacy_db
+    with SqliteSaver.from_conn_string(str(db)) as saver:
+        config = saver.put(
+            {"configurable": {"thread_id": "t", "checkpoint_ns": ""}},
+            empty_checkpoint(),
+            {},
+            {},
+        )
+        saver.put_writes(config, [("ch", "v")], "task-1", "~__pregel_pull, node")
+        stored = saver.conn.execute(
+            "SELECT task_path FROM writes WHERE task_id = 'task-1'"
+        ).fetchall()
+    assert stored == [("~__pregel_pull, node",)]
+
+
+async def test_async_setup_migrates_legacy_writes_table_repeatably(
+    legacy_db: Path,
+) -> None:
+    for _ in range(2):
+        async with AsyncSqliteSaver.from_conn_string(str(legacy_db)) as saver:
+            await saver.setup()
+            config = await saver.aput(
+                {"configurable": {"thread_id": "t", "checkpoint_ns": ""}},
+                empty_checkpoint(),
+                {},
+                {},
+            )
+            await saver.aput_writes(
+                config, [("ch", "v")], "task-1", "~__pregel_pull, node"
+            )
+
+    async with aiosqlite.connect(legacy_db) as conn:
+        async with conn.execute(
+            "SELECT DISTINCT task_id, task_path FROM writes ORDER BY task_id"
+        ) as cur:
+            assert await cur.fetchall() == [
+                ("old-task", ""),
+                ("task-1", "~__pregel_pull, node"),
+            ]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def busy_db(tmp_path: Path) -> Iterator[Path]:
+    db = tmp_path / "busy.sqlite"
+    with SqliteSaver.from_conn_string(str(db)) as saver:
+        saver.setup()
+    with closing(sqlite3.connect(db, isolation_level=None)) as writer:
+        writer.execute("BEGIN IMMEDIATE")
+        yield db
+        writer.execute("ROLLBACK")
+
+
+def test_setup_does_not_wait_on_another_writer(busy_db: Path) -> None:
+    with closing(sqlite3.connect(busy_db, timeout=0)) as conn:
+        SqliteSaver(conn).setup()
+
+
+async def test_async_setup_does_not_wait_on_another_writer(busy_db: Path) -> None:
+    async with aiosqlite.connect(busy_db, timeout=0) as conn:
+        await AsyncSqliteSaver(conn).setup()
+
+
+def _legacy_database_with_history(db: Path) -> dict:
+    root = empty_checkpoint()
+    root["channel_values"] = {"ch": "seed"}
+    root["channel_versions"] = {"ch": 1}
+    with SqliteSaver.from_conn_string(str(db)) as saver:
+        root_config = saver.put(
+            {"configurable": {"thread_id": "t", "checkpoint_ns": ""}},
+            root,
+            {},
+            {"ch": 1},
+        )
+        saver.put_writes(root_config, [("ch", "write")], "task", "~__pregel_pull, n")
+        child = saver.put(root_config, empty_checkpoint(), {}, {})
+        saver.conn.execute("ALTER TABLE writes DROP COLUMN task_path")
+        saver.conn.commit()
+    return child
+
+
+def test_read_only_legacy_database_still_reads_delta_history(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    db = tmp_path / "legacy.sqlite"
+    child = _legacy_database_with_history(db)
+
+    saver = SqliteSaver(sqlite3.connect(f"file:{db}?mode=ro", uri=True))
+    got = saver.get_delta_channel_history(config=child, channels=["ch"])
+
+    assert got["ch"] == {"seed": "seed", "writes": [("task", "ch", "write")]}
+
+
+async def test_async_read_only_legacy_database_still_reads_delta_history(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    db = tmp_path / "legacy.sqlite"
+    child = _legacy_database_with_history(db)
+
+    async with aiosqlite.connect(f"file:{db}?mode=ro", uri=True) as conn:
+        saver = AsyncSqliteSaver(conn)
+        got = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(config=child, channels=["ch"])
+
+    assert got["ch"] == {"seed": "seed", "writes": [("task", "ch", "write")]}
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+version = "4.3.0"
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    { name = "langchain-core" },
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ test = [

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+version = "3.1.2"
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/92/9d/c4e665119135114480843e7ab388fa94d8480650450e6f8e26b70d323a4c/urllib3-2.8.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0cf3cae568d36aa9576b28dfb35f11328f1cb974ca7647d9475ebb86c75ac6e3", size = 135717, upload-time = "2026-09-15T19:29:34.577Z" },
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -162,6 +162,14 @@ class DeltaChannelHistory(TypedDict):
      Always present; possibly empty. Already filtered to one channel.
      Writes stored at the target checkpoint itself are pending for the
      next super-step and are excluded.
+
+      Within a single checkpoint, writes are ordered by `writes_sort_key`,
+      `(task_path, task_id, idx)`, which is the order live execution applies
+      a super-step's task writes in. `task_id` is a hash of the path, so
+      ordering by it permutes parallel tasks writing one channel, and
+      reducers need not be order-invariant. Writes stored without a
+      `task_path` (graph input, `update_state` and `Command` updates, rows
+      predating the column) sort first, by `task_id`.
    * `seed` — the stored value at the nearest ancestor whose
      `channel_values[ch]` is populated. Omitted if the walk reached the
      root without finding any stored value (consumer treats absence as
@@ -174,6 +182,20 @@ class DeltaChannelHistory(TypedDict):
    seed: NotRequired[Any]


+def writes_sort_key(
+    task_path: str, task_id: str = "", idx: int = 0
+) -> tuple[str, str, int]:
+    """Sort key for the writes of one super-step.
+
+    Live execution applies a super-step's tasks in this order, so a saver
+    that replays stored writes, as `get_delta_channel_history` does, must
+    sort them by it too, or an order-sensitive reducer rebuilds a different
+    value than the run produced. `task_path` is the string passed to
+    `put_writes`.
+    """
+    return (task_path, task_id, idx)
+
+
 class BaseCheckpointSaver(Generic[V]):
    """Base class for creating a graph checkpointer.

@@ -244,7 +266,8 @@ class BaseCheckpointSaver(Generic[V]):
            config: Configuration specifying which checkpoint to retrieve.

        Returns:
-            The requested checkpoint tuple, or `None` if not found.
+            The requested checkpoint tuple, or `None` if not found. Its
+                `pending_writes` must be in `writes_sort_key` order.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: Implement this method in your custom checkpoint saver.
@@ -434,7 +457,8 @@ class BaseCheckpointSaver(Generic[V]):
            config: Configuration specifying which checkpoint to retrieve.

        Returns:
-            The requested checkpoint tuple, or `None` if not found.
+            The requested checkpoint tuple, or `None` if not found. Its
+                `pending_writes` must be in `writes_sort_key` order.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: Implement this method in your custom checkpoint saver.
@@ -611,6 +635,10 @@ class BaseCheckpointSaver(Generic[V]):
        `PostgresSaver`) override for performance; the return contract is
        fixed here.

+        `PendingWrite` carries no `task_path`, so this default replays each
+        checkpoint's writes in `get_tuple`'s `pending_writes` order, which
+        `get_tuple` must return in `writes_sort_key` order.
+
        Args:
            config: Configuration identifying the target checkpoint.
            channels: Channel names to walk for. Empty → empty mapping.
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
    SerializerProtocol,
    get_checkpoint_id,
    get_checkpoint_metadata,
+    writes_sort_key,
 )

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -139,6 +140,15 @@ class InMemorySaver(
            result[k] = self.serde.loads_typed(vv)
        return result

+    def _ordered_writes(
+        self, thread_id: str, checkpoint_ns: str, checkpoint_id: str
+    ) -> list[tuple[str, str, tuple[str, bytes], str]]:
+        stored = self.writes.get((thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id), {})
+        return [
+            stored[k]
+            for k in sorted(stored, key=lambda k: writes_sort_key(stored[k][3], *k))
+        ]
+
    def get_delta_channel_history(
        self, *, config: RunnableConfig, channels: Sequence[str]
    ) -> Mapping[str, DeltaChannelHistory]:
@@ -160,8 +170,8 @@ class InMemorySaver(
            return {}
        thread_id = config["configurable"]["thread_id"]
        checkpoint_ns = config["configurable"].get("checkpoint_ns", "")
-        checkpoint_id = config["configurable"].get("checkpoint_id", "")
        ns_storage = self.storage.get(thread_id, {}).get(checkpoint_ns, {})
+        checkpoint_id = get_checkpoint_id(config) or max(ns_storage, default="")

        chain: list[str] = []
        target_entry = ns_storage.get(checkpoint_id)
@@ -198,9 +208,8 @@ class InMemorySaver(
                    blob_value_by_ch[ch] = self.serde.loads_typed(blob_entry)
                    terminated_here.add(ch)

-            step_writes = self.writes.get((thread_id, checkpoint_ns, cp_id), {})
-            for (_task_id, _idx), (tid, ch, serialized, _) in sorted(
-                step_writes.items(), reverse=True
+            for tid, ch, serialized, _ in reversed(
+                self._ordered_writes(thread_id, checkpoint_ns, cp_id)
            ):
                if ch not in remaining:
                    continue
@@ -246,7 +255,7 @@ class InMemorySaver(
        if checkpoint_id := get_checkpoint_id(config):
            if saved := self.storage[thread_id][checkpoint_ns].get(checkpoint_id):
                checkpoint, metadata, parent_checkpoint_id = saved
-                writes = self.writes[(thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id)].values()
+                writes = self._ordered_writes(thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id)
                checkpoint_: Checkpoint = self.serde.loads_typed(checkpoint)
                return CheckpointTuple(
                    config=config,
@@ -276,7 +285,7 @@ class InMemorySaver(
            if checkpoints := self.storage[thread_id][checkpoint_ns]:
                checkpoint_id = max(checkpoints.keys())
                checkpoint, metadata, parent_checkpoint_id = checkpoints[checkpoint_id]
-                writes = self.writes[(thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id)].values()
+                writes = self._ordered_writes(thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id)
                checkpoint_ = self.serde.loads_typed(checkpoint)
                return CheckpointTuple(
                    config={
@@ -379,9 +388,9 @@ class InMemorySaver(
                    elif limit is not None:
                        limit -= 1

-                    writes = self.writes[
-                        (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id)
-                    ].values()
+                    writes = self._ordered_writes(
+                        thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id
+                    )

                    checkpoint_: Checkpoint = self.serde.loads_typed(checkpoint)

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 _MAX_WARNED_TYPES = 1000
 _warned_unregistered_types: set[tuple[str, str]] = set()
 _warned_blocked_types: set[tuple[str, str]] = set()
+_warned_unreconstructable_types: set[tuple[str, str]] = set()


 def _is_safe_json_type(id_list: list[str]) -> bool:
@@ -79,6 +80,27 @@ def _warn_once(
    logger.warning(msg, *args)


+def _reconstruction_fallback(tup: Any, exc: Exception) -> Any:
+    """Return the serialized payload of an object that could not be rebuilt.
+
+    Returning `None` here would silently erase the value from restored state.
+    """
+    try:
+        module, name, payload = tup[0], tup[1], tup[2]
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+    _warn_once(
+        _warned_unreconstructable_types,
+        (str(module), str(name)),
+        "Could not reconstruct %s.%s from checkpoint (%s); "
+        "returning its serialized data instead.",
+        module,
+        name,
+        type(exc).__name__,
+    )
+    return payload
+
+
 class JsonPlusSerializer(SerializerProtocol):
    """Serializer that uses ormsgpack, with optional fallbacks.

@@ -638,6 +660,7 @@ def _create_msgpack_ext_hook(
                )
            )
        elif code == EXT_CONSTRUCTOR_SINGLE_ARG:
+            tup = None
            try:
                tup = ormsgpack.unpackb(
                    data, ext_hook=ext_hook, option=ormsgpack.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS
@@ -649,9 +672,10 @@ def _create_msgpack_ext_hook(
                    return tup[2]
                # module, name, arg
                return getattr(importlib.import_module(tup[0]), tup[1])(tup[2])
-            except Exception:
-                return None
+            except Exception as exc:
+                return _reconstruction_fallback(tup, exc)
        elif code == EXT_CONSTRUCTOR_POS_ARGS:
+            tup = None
            try:
                tup = ormsgpack.unpackb(
                    data, ext_hook=ext_hook, option=ormsgpack.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS
@@ -662,9 +686,10 @@ def _create_msgpack_ext_hook(
                    return _send_from_args(tup[2])
                # module, name, args
                return getattr(importlib.import_module(tup[0]), tup[1])(*tup[2])
-            except Exception:
-                return None
+            except Exception as exc:
+                return _reconstruction_fallback(tup, exc)
        elif code == EXT_CONSTRUCTOR_KW_ARGS:
+            tup = None
            try:
                tup = ormsgpack.unpackb(
                    data, ext_hook=ext_hook, option=ormsgpack.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS
@@ -673,9 +698,10 @@ def _create_msgpack_ext_hook(
                    return tup[2]
                # module, name, kwargs
                return getattr(importlib.import_module(tup[0]), tup[1])(**tup[2])
-            except Exception:
-                return None
+            except Exception as exc:
+                return _reconstruction_fallback(tup, exc)
        elif code == EXT_METHOD_SINGLE_ARG:
+            tup = None
            try:
                tup = ormsgpack.unpackb(
                    data, ext_hook=ext_hook, option=ormsgpack.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS
@@ -686,8 +712,8 @@ def _create_msgpack_ext_hook(
                return getattr(
                    getattr(importlib.import_module(tup[0]), tup[1]), tup[3]
                )(tup[2])
-            except Exception:
-                return None
+            except Exception as exc:
+                return _reconstruction_fallback(tup, exc)
        elif code == EXT_PYDANTIC_V1:
            try:
                tup = ormsgpack.unpackb(
@@ -771,7 +771,12 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):

        Returns:
            The retrieved item or `None` if not found.
+
+        Raises:
+            InvalidNamespaceError: If a namespace label is empty, is not a string,
+                or contains a period (`.`).
        """
+        _validate_namespace_labels(namespace)
        return self.batch(
            [GetOp(namespace, str(key), _ensure_refresh(self.ttl_config, refresh_ttl))]
        )[0]
@@ -801,6 +806,10 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
        Returns:
            List of items matching the search criteria.

+        Raises:
+            InvalidNamespaceError: If a `namespace_prefix` label is empty, is not a
+                string, or contains a period (`.`).
+
        ???+ example "Examples"

            Basic filtering:
@@ -840,6 +849,7 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
                Natural language search support depends on your store implementation
                and requires proper embedding configuration.
        """
+        _validate_namespace_labels(namespace_prefix)
        return self.batch(
            [
                SearchOp(
@@ -887,6 +897,11 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
                By default, the expiration timer refreshes on both read operations (get/search)
                and write operations (put/update), whenever the item is included in the operation.

+        Raises:
+            InvalidNamespaceError: If the namespace is empty, its root label is
+                `"langgraph"`, or a label is empty, is not a string, or contains a
+                period (`.`).
+
        Note:
            Indexing support depends on your store implementation.
            If you do not initialize the store with indexing capabilities,
@@ -940,7 +955,12 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
        Args:
            namespace: Hierarchical path for the item.
            key: Unique identifier within the namespace.
+
+        Raises:
+            InvalidNamespaceError: If a namespace label is empty, is not a string,
+                or contains a period (`.`).
        """
+        _validate_namespace_labels(namespace)
        self.batch([PutOp(namespace, str(key), None, ttl=None)])

    def list_namespaces(
@@ -969,6 +989,10 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
            A list of namespace tuples that match the criteria. Each tuple represents a
                full namespace path up to `max_depth`.

+        Raises:
+            InvalidNamespaceError: If a `prefix` or `suffix` label is empty, is not a
+                string, or contains a period (`.`).
+
        ???+ example "Examples":

            Setting `max_depth=3`. Given the namespaces:
@@ -984,6 +1008,8 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
            # [("a", "b", "c"), ("a", "b", "d"), ("a", "b", "f")]
            ```
        """
+        _validate_namespace_labels(prefix or ())
+        _validate_namespace_labels(suffix or ())
        match_conditions = []
        if prefix:
            match_conditions.append(MatchCondition(match_type="prefix", path=prefix))
@@ -1013,7 +1039,12 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):

        Returns:
            The retrieved item or `None` if not found.
+
+        Raises:
+            InvalidNamespaceError: If a namespace label is empty, is not a string,
+                or contains a period (`.`).
        """
+        _validate_namespace_labels(namespace)
        return (
            await self.abatch(
                [
@@ -1052,6 +1083,10 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
        Returns:
            List of items matching the search criteria.

+        Raises:
+            InvalidNamespaceError: If a `namespace_prefix` label is empty, is not a
+                string, or contains a period (`.`).
+
        ???+ example "Examples"

            Basic filtering:
@@ -1091,6 +1126,7 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
                Natural language search support depends on your store implementation
                and requires proper embedding configuration.
        """
+        _validate_namespace_labels(namespace_prefix)
        return (
            await self.abatch(
                [
@@ -1140,6 +1176,11 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
                By default, the expiration timer refreshes on both read operations (get/search)
                and write operations (put/update), whenever the item is included in the operation.

+        Raises:
+            InvalidNamespaceError: If the namespace is empty, its root label is
+                `"langgraph"`, or a label is empty, is not a string, or contains a
+                period (`.`).
+
        Note:
            Indexing support depends on your store implementation.
            If you do not initialize the store with indexing capabilities,
@@ -1201,7 +1242,12 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
        Args:
            namespace: Hierarchical path for the item.
            key: Unique identifier within the namespace.
+
+        Raises:
+            InvalidNamespaceError: If a namespace label is empty, is not a string,
+                or contains a period (`.`).
        """
+        _validate_namespace_labels(namespace)
        await self.abatch([PutOp(namespace, str(key), None)])

    async def alist_namespaces(
@@ -1230,6 +1276,10 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
            A list of namespace tuples that match the criteria. Each tuple represents a
                full namespace path up to `max_depth`.

+        Raises:
+            InvalidNamespaceError: If a `prefix` or `suffix` label is empty, is not a
+                string, or contains a period (`.`).
+
        ???+ example "Examples"

            Setting `max_depth=3` with existing namespaces:
@@ -1245,6 +1295,8 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
            # Returns: [("a", "b", "c"), ("a", "b", "d"), ("a", "b", "f")]
            ```
        """
+        _validate_namespace_labels(prefix or ())
+        _validate_namespace_labels(suffix or ())
        match_conditions = []
        if prefix:
            match_conditions.append(MatchCondition(match_type="prefix", path=prefix))
@@ -1263,6 +1315,14 @@ class BaseStore(ABC):
 def _validate_namespace(namespace: tuple[str, ...]) -> None:
    if not namespace:
        raise InvalidNamespaceError("Namespace cannot be empty.")
+    _validate_namespace_labels(namespace)
+    if namespace[0] == "langgraph":
+        raise InvalidNamespaceError(
+            f'Root label for namespace cannot be "langgraph". Got: {namespace}'
+        )
+
+
+def _validate_namespace_labels(namespace: tuple[str, ...]) -> None:
    for label in namespace:
        if not isinstance(label, str):
            raise InvalidNamespaceError(
@@ -1273,14 +1333,35 @@ def _validate_namespace(namespace: tuple[str, ...]) -> None:
            raise InvalidNamespaceError(
                f"Invalid namespace label '{label}' found in {namespace}. Namespace labels cannot contain periods ('.')."
            )
+        elif "\x00" in label:
+            raise InvalidNamespaceError(
+                f"Invalid namespace label '{label}' found in {namespace}. Namespace labels cannot contain NUL bytes ('\\x00')."
+            )
        elif not label:
            raise InvalidNamespaceError(
                f"Namespace labels cannot be empty strings. Got {label} in {namespace}"
            )
-    if namespace[0] == "langgraph":
-        raise InvalidNamespaceError(
-            f'Root label for namespace cannot be "langgraph". Got: {namespace}'
-        )
+
+
+def validate_op_namespace(op: Op) -> None:
+    """Validate the namespace labels an op carries before a store executes it.
+
+    `BaseStore` methods check labels before batching, but ops passed directly to
+    `batch`/`abatch` skip those methods. Stores that serialize namespaces as
+    delimited text should call this for every op they execute, so a label such
+    as `"foo.bar"` cannot address the namespace `("foo", "bar")`.
+
+    Raises:
+        InvalidNamespaceError: If a label is empty, is not a string, or contains
+            a period (`.`).
+    """
+    if isinstance(op, (GetOp, PutOp)):
+        _validate_namespace_labels(op.namespace)
+    elif isinstance(op, SearchOp):
+        _validate_namespace_labels(op.namespace_prefix)
+    elif isinstance(op, ListNamespacesOp):
+        for condition in op.match_conditions or ():
+            _validate_namespace_labels(condition.path)


 def _ensure_refresh(
@@ -1319,4 +1400,5 @@ __all__ = [
    "ensure_embeddings",
    "tokenize_path",
    "get_text_at_path",
+    "validate_op_namespace",
 ]
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ from langgraph.store.base import (
    _ensure_refresh,
    _ensure_ttl,
    _validate_namespace,
+    _validate_namespace_labels,
 )

 F = TypeVar("F", bound=Callable)
@@ -86,6 +87,7 @@ class AsyncBatchedBaseStore(BaseStore):
        *,
        refresh_ttl: bool | None = None,
    ) -> Item | None:
+        _validate_namespace_labels(namespace)
        self._ensure_task()
        fut = self._loop.create_future()
        self._aqueue.put_nowait(
@@ -111,6 +113,7 @@ class AsyncBatchedBaseStore(BaseStore):
        offset: int = 0,
        refresh_ttl: bool | None = None,
    ) -> list[SearchItem]:
+        _validate_namespace_labels(namespace_prefix)
        self._ensure_task()
        fut = self._loop.create_future()
        self._aqueue.put_nowait(
@@ -155,6 +158,7 @@ class AsyncBatchedBaseStore(BaseStore):
        namespace: tuple[str, ...],
        key: str,
    ) -> None:
+        _validate_namespace_labels(namespace)
        self._ensure_task()
        fut = self._loop.create_future()
        self._aqueue.put_nowait((fut, PutOp(namespace, key, None)))
@@ -169,6 +173,8 @@ class AsyncBatchedBaseStore(BaseStore):
        limit: int = 100,
        offset: int = 0,
    ) -> list[tuple[str, ...]]:
+        _validate_namespace_labels(prefix or ())
+        _validate_namespace_labels(suffix or ())
        self._ensure_task()
        fut = self._loop.create_future()
        match_conditions = []
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"

 [project]
 name = "langgraph-checkpoint"
-version = "4.2.0"
+version = "4.3.0"
 description = "Library with base interfaces for LangGraph checkpoint savers."
 authors = []
 requires-python = ">=3.10"
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-"""Run delta-channel conformance capabilities against InMemorySaver."""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import pytest
-
-conformance = pytest.importorskip(
-    "langgraph.checkpoint.conformance",
-    reason="langgraph-checkpoint-conformance not installed",
-)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_delta_channel_conformance():
-    # Imported inside the test: the module-level importorskip above is what
-    # makes these safe, so they cannot move to the top of the file.
-    from langgraph.checkpoint.conformance import validate  # noqa: PLC0415
-    from langgraph.checkpoint.conformance.initializer import (  # noqa: PLC0415
-        checkpointer_test,
-    )
-
-    from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import InMemorySaver  # noqa: PLC0415
-
-    @checkpointer_test(name="InMemorySaver")
-    async def mem_saver():
-        yield InMemorySaver()
-
-    report = await validate(
-        mem_saver,
-        capabilities={
-            "delta_channel_history",
-        },
-    )
-    for cap, result in report.results.items():
-        if result.passed is False:
-            details = "\n".join(result.failures or [])
-            pytest.fail(f"Capability {cap} failed:\n{details}")
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import pickle
 import re
 import sys
 import tempfile
+import types
 import uuid
 from collections import deque
 from datetime import date, datetime, time, timezone
@@ -33,12 +34,16 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.serde.event_hooks import (
    register_serde_event_listener,
 )
 from langgraph.checkpoint.serde.jsonplus import (
+    EXT_CONSTRUCTOR_KW_ARGS,
+    EXT_CONSTRUCTOR_POS_ARGS,
+    EXT_CONSTRUCTOR_SINGLE_ARG,
    EXT_METHOD_SINGLE_ARG,
    InvalidModuleError,
    JsonPlusSerializer,
    _msgpack_enc,
    _msgpack_ext_hook_to_json,
    _warned_blocked_types,
+    _warned_unreconstructable_types,
    _warned_unregistered_types,
 )
 from langgraph.store.base import Item
@@ -821,6 +826,7 @@ def _reset_warned_types() -> None:
    # a fresh slate and assertions about warning emission are stable.
    _warned_unregistered_types.clear()
    _warned_blocked_types.clear()
+    _warned_unreconstructable_types.clear()


 def test_msgpack_pydantic_warns_by_default(caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture) -> None:
@@ -1230,3 +1236,58 @@ def test_msgpack_nested_pydantic_serializes_as_dict(
    # No blocking should occur - inner is serialized as dict, not ext
    assert "blocked" not in caplog.text.lower()
    assert result == obj
+
+
+def test_msgpack_dataclass_from_removed_module_restores_payload(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture
+) -> None:
+    @dataclasses.dataclass
+    class SavedObject:
+        value: int
+
+    SavedObject.__module__ = "removed_module"
+    module = types.ModuleType("removed_module")
+    module.SavedObject = SavedObject
+    monkeypatch.setitem(sys.modules, "removed_module", module)
+    serde = JsonPlusSerializer(
+        allowed_msgpack_modules=[("removed_module", "SavedObject")]
+    )
+    dumped = serde.dumps_typed({"state": SavedObject(123)})
+    assert serde.loads_typed(dumped) == {"state": SavedObject(123)}
+
+    monkeypatch.delitem(sys.modules, "removed_module")
+    caplog.set_level(logging.WARNING, logger="langgraph.checkpoint.serde.jsonplus")
+
+    assert serde.loads_typed(dumped) == {"state": {"value": 123}}
+    assert (
+        "could not reconstruct removed_module.savedobject from checkpoint "
+        "(modulenotfounderror)" in caplog.text.lower()
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("code", "tup", "expected"),
+    [
+        (EXT_CONSTRUCTOR_SINGLE_ARG, ("missing_module", "Thing", "x"), "x"),
+        (EXT_CONSTRUCTOR_POS_ARGS, ("missing_module", "Thing", [1, 2]), [1, 2]),
+        (
+            EXT_CONSTRUCTOR_KW_ARGS,
+            ("missing_module", "Thing", {"value": 123}),
+            {"value": 123},
+        ),
+        (
+            EXT_METHOD_SINGLE_ARG,
+            ("datetime", "datetime", "not-a-date", "fromisoformat"),
+            "not-a-date",
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_msgpack_failed_reconstruction_returns_payload(
+    code: int, tup: tuple, expected: object
+) -> None:
+    serde = JsonPlusSerializer(allowed_msgpack_modules=True)
+    payload = ormsgpack.packb(
+        ormsgpack.Ext(code, _msgpack_enc(tup)), option=ormsgpack.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS
+    )
+
+    assert serde.loads_typed(("msgpack", payload)) == expected
@@ -420,6 +420,19 @@ class TestInMemorySaverDeltaChannel:
        assert "seed" not in result
        assert result["writes"] == []

+    def test_get_channel_writes_without_checkpoint_id_reads_the_latest(self) -> None:
+        saver = InMemorySaver()
+        thread: RunnableConfig = {
+            "configurable": {"thread_id": "t1", "checkpoint_ns": ""}
+        }
+        parent = saver.put(thread, empty_checkpoint(), {}, {})
+        saver.put_writes(parent, [("messages", "hi")], "task1")
+        saver.put(parent, empty_checkpoint(), {}, {})
+
+        result = saver.get_delta_channel_history(config=thread, channels=["messages"])
+
+        assert result == {"messages": {"writes": [("task1", "messages", "hi")]}}
+

 class TestBaseFallbackGetChannelWrites:
    """Exercises the `BaseCheckpointSaver.get_delta_channel_history` default
@@ -13,10 +13,14 @@ from langgraph.store.base import (
    GetOp,
    InvalidNamespaceError,
    Item,
+    ListNamespacesOp,
+    MatchCondition,
    Op,
    PutOp,
    Result,
+    SearchOp,
    get_text_at_path,
+    validate_op_namespace,
 )
 from langgraph.store.base.batch import AsyncBatchedBaseStore
 from langgraph.store.memory import InMemoryStore
@@ -528,6 +532,127 @@ async def test_cannot_put_empty_namespace() -> None:
    assert (await async_store.aget(("valid", "namespace"), "key")) is None


+INVALID_NAMESPACES = [("foo.bar",), ("foo\x00",), ("foo", ""), (123,)]
+NAMESPACE_METHODS = ["get", "delete", "search", "prefix", "suffix"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("namespace", INVALID_NAMESPACES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("method", NAMESPACE_METHODS)
+def test_rejects_invalid_namespace_labels(
+    mocker: MockerFixture, namespace: tuple, method: str
+) -> None:
+    store = InMemoryStore()
+    batch = mocker.spy(InMemoryStore, "batch")
+    call = {
+        "get": lambda: store.get(namespace, "key"),
+        "delete": lambda: store.delete(namespace, "key"),
+        "search": lambda: store.search(namespace),
+        "prefix": lambda: store.list_namespaces(prefix=namespace),
+        "suffix": lambda: store.list_namespaces(suffix=namespace),
+    }[method]
+
+    with pytest.raises(InvalidNamespaceError):
+        call()
+
+    batch.assert_not_called()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("batched", [False, True])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("namespace", INVALID_NAMESPACES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("method", NAMESPACE_METHODS)
+async def test_async_rejects_invalid_namespace_labels(
+    mocker: MockerFixture, batched: bool, namespace: tuple, method: str
+) -> None:
+    # The batched store must reject before queueing: a failure inside the
+    # shared `abatch` would fail every op queued alongside this one.
+    store = MockAsyncBatchedStore() if batched else InMemoryStore()
+    # `MockAsyncBatchedStore` dispatches through `InMemoryStore.batch`.
+    batch = mocker.spy(InMemoryStore, "batch")
+    abatch = mocker.spy(InMemoryStore, "abatch")
+    call = {
+        "get": lambda: store.aget(namespace, "key"),
+        "delete": lambda: store.adelete(namespace, "key"),
+        "search": lambda: store.asearch(namespace),
+        "prefix": lambda: store.alist_namespaces(prefix=namespace),
+        "suffix": lambda: store.alist_namespaces(suffix=namespace),
+    }[method]
+
+    with pytest.raises(InvalidNamespaceError):
+        await call()
+
+    batch.assert_not_called()
+    abatch.assert_not_called()
+
+
+def test_search_and_listing_keep_empty_prefixes_and_wildcards() -> None:
+    store = InMemoryStore()
+    store.put(("tenant", "a_%"), "key", {"v": 1})
+    store.put(("tenant", "b", "child"), "key", {"v": 1})
+
+    assert len(store.search(())) == 2
+    assert [item.namespace for item in store.search(("tenant", "a_%"))] == [
+        ("tenant", "a_%")
+    ]
+    assert sorted(store.list_namespaces(prefix=("tenant", "*"), suffix=("*",))) == [
+        ("tenant", "a_%"),
+        ("tenant", "b", "child"),
+    ]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("batched", [False, True])
+async def test_async_search_and_listing_keep_empty_prefixes_and_wildcards(
+    batched: bool,
+) -> None:
+    store = MockAsyncBatchedStore() if batched else InMemoryStore()
+    await store.aput(("tenant", "a_%"), "key", {"v": 1})
+    await store.aput(("tenant", "b", "child"), "key", {"v": 1})
+
+    assert len(await store.asearch(())) == 2
+    assert [item.namespace for item in await store.asearch(("tenant", "a_%"))] == [
+        ("tenant", "a_%")
+    ]
+    assert sorted(
+        await store.alist_namespaces(prefix=("tenant", "*"), suffix=("*",))
+    ) == [("tenant", "a_%"), ("tenant", "b", "child")]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("namespace", INVALID_NAMESPACES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "kind", ["get", "put", "delete", "search", "list_prefix", "list_suffix"]
+)
+def test_validate_op_namespace_rejects_invalid_labels(
+    namespace: tuple, kind: str
+) -> None:
+    op = {
+        "get": GetOp(namespace, "key"),
+        "put": PutOp(namespace, "key", {"v": 1}),
+        "delete": PutOp(namespace, "key", None),
+        "search": SearchOp(namespace),
+        "list_prefix": ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("prefix", namespace),)),
+        "list_suffix": ListNamespacesOp((MatchCondition("suffix", namespace),)),
+    }[kind]
+
+    with pytest.raises(InvalidNamespaceError):
+        validate_op_namespace(op)
+
+
+def test_validate_op_namespace_allows_empty_prefix_and_wildcards() -> None:
+    for op in (
+        SearchOp(()),
+        ListNamespacesOp(),
+        ListNamespacesOp(
+            (
+                MatchCondition("prefix", ("tenant", "*")),
+                MatchCondition("suffix", ("*",)),
+            )
+        ),
+        GetOp(("tenant", "a_%"), "key"),
+        # Write-only rules belong to `put`, not to op validation.
+        PutOp(("langgraph", "x"), "key", {"v": 1}),
+    ):
+        validate_op_namespace(op)
+
+
 async def test_async_batch_store_deduplication(mocker: MockerFixture) -> None:
    abatch = mocker.spy(InMemoryStore, "batch")
    store = MockAsyncBatchedStore()
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ wheels = [

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+version = "2026.10.19"
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/51/29046e48f693c54e5b7412216d447a1d8362c9653148d98c02cdf65fa733/certifi-2026.10.19-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:42d35340cc5b9ba78e818ddbff0c5b1c2b779de448a340fd1b989f5fa8670e1b", size = 136464, upload-time = "2026-10-20T02:24:15.072Z" },
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 [[package]]
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ wheels = [

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-version = "1.6.1"
+version = "1.6.5"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
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    { name = "httpx" },
@@ -282,9 +282,9 @@ dependencies = [
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    { name = "uuid-utils" },
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 [[package]]
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 [[package]]
 name = "langgraph-checkpoint"
-version = "4.2.0"
+version = "4.3.0"
 source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
    { name = "langchain-core" },
@@ -1015,14 +1015,14 @@ wheels = [

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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/86/9a/1b4ac9ddc34cc0ab4624bc219825d66af52f1ad87f4778ad08ad03fa06d5/ty-0.0.84-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:dee7421451efcbd70f03e95a8f2c8d9e5ec3d35edcd27b4095ee00ee062abfc4", size = 13959410, upload-time = "2026-09-24T13:16:08.661Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c9/04/70e289437a67dfd686056ab4fd91880261a8233033a6a95d29393741fb97/ty-0.0.84-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:31e96307cf621babe969307dd657783d672e2d8bdbd06493710da635bf63fa07", size = 14350294, upload-time = "2026-09-24T13:16:11.865Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9c/f4/ae7dbd118425c850981d23efb850f0d9d7f6b8d2b852bde2767434f668b4/ty-0.0.84-py3-none-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:4bdc85f91cbaae35825f2b17bb4ac5de0563367875cb0f42b2bf07a1bf7ff2ba", size = 13176439, upload-time = "2026-09-24T13:16:15.049Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/29/ec/994d87252f065dda5a500bc8afc726d18f6582d81d6f4ff1feb8a267c800/ty-0.0.84-py3-none-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:71cc9aa7a7c89d4e12c6a814e9c0c3310ad5bee44efedbd6f5a42d91e9ac0f0d", size = 13962879, upload-time = "2026-09-24T13:16:18.191Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6d/1c/e6e91852b72566b1ab9aca504712857dfb89324c12092a5bd61d42d34427/ty-0.0.84-py3-none-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:6c9d3718c4a0d318bc9c92af9b2aa85c3294e7dff54cf1d69ad79568f56516da", size = 13656453, upload-time = "2026-09-24T13:16:21.51Z" },
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -1338,11 +1338,11 @@ wheels = [

 [[package]]
 name = "urllib3"
-version = "2.7.0"
+version = "2.8.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/53/0c/06f8b233b8fd13b9e5ee11424ef85419ba0d8ba0b3138bf360be2ff56953/urllib3-2.7.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:231e0ec3b63ceb14667c67be60f2f2c40a518cb38b03af60abc813da26505f4c", size = 433602, upload-time = "2026-05-07T16:13:18.596Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e3/05/b17359e1cefb4f909b5e40b1b90a496d987258916dbbf88e842c729f510e/urllib3-2.8.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:63bf2ead4c879426ebf22ef2a781eeb4aa3b4ae798a0435506f8687fd5bb9b63", size = 458972, upload-time = "2026-09-15T19:29:36.253Z" }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7f/3e/5db95bcf282c52709639744ca2a8b149baccf648e39c8cc87553df9eae0c/urllib3-2.7.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:9fb4c81ebbb1ce9531cce37674bbc6f1360472bc18ca9a553ede278ef7276897", size = 131087, upload-time = "2026-05-07T16:13:17.151Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/92/9d/c4e665119135114480843e7ab388fa94d8480650450e6f8e26b70d323a4c/urllib3-2.8.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0cf3cae568d36aa9576b28dfb35f11328f1cb974ca7647d9475ebb86c75ac6e3", size = 135717, upload-time = "2026-09-15T19:29:34.577Z" },
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ The CLI uses a `langgraph.json` configuration file with these key settings:
 }
 ```

+Git dependencies should use credential-free URLs. The CLI conservatively scans direct `langgraph.json` dependencies, common Python package files, uv project and lock files, and common Node.js package and lock files for HTTP Git URLs with userinfo. This check is not exhaustive: generated Docker builds can copy other files, including nested requirement or constraint files, into image layers without scanning them. For private dependencies, provide short-lived credentials through your build environment's secret-backed Git credential helper. Do not store credentials in copied files such as `langgraph.json` or `pip_config_file`.
+
 See the [full documentation](https://reference.langchain.com/python/langgraph-cli) for detailed configuration options.

 ## Development
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ from langgraph_cli.schemas import (
    GraphDef,
    HttpConfig,
    IndexConfig,
+    PriorityConfig,
    SecurityConfig,
    SerdeConfig,
    StoreConfig,
@@ -113,6 +114,7 @@ def add_descriptions_to_schema(schema, cls):
                StoreConfig,
                IndexConfig,
                AuthConfig,
+                PriorityConfig,
                SecurityConfig,
                HttpConfig,
                CorsConfig,
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
    "test:all": "yarn test && yarn test:int && yarn lint:langgraph"
  },
  "dependencies": {
-    "@langchain/core": "^1.2.9",
-    "@langchain/langgraph": "^1.4.13"
+    "@langchain/core": "^1.2.13",
+    "@langchain/langgraph": "^1.4.18"
  },
  "resolutions": {
    "@langchain/langgraph-checkpoint": "1.0.4",
@@ -30,21 +30,21 @@
    "@eslint/eslintrc/js-yaml": "4.3.2"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "@eslint/eslintrc": "^3.3.6",
+    "@eslint/eslintrc": "^3.3.7",
    "@eslint/js": "^10.0.1",
    "@tsconfig/recommended": "^1.0.13",
    "@types/jest": "^30.0.0",
-    "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^8.68.0",
-    "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^8.68.0",
-    "dotenv": "^17.4.2",
-    "eslint": "^10.9.1",
+    "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^8.70.1",
+    "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^8.70.1",
+    "dotenv": "^18.0.4",
+    "eslint": "^10.11.0",
    "eslint-config-prettier": "^10.1.8",
    "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.32.0",
    "eslint-plugin-no-instanceof": "^1.0.1",
    "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^5.5.6",
-    "jest": "^30.5.0",
-    "prettier": "^3.9.6",
-    "ts-jest": "^29.4.12",
+    "jest": "^30.5.2",
+    "prettier": "^3.9.9",
+    "ts-jest": "^29.4.14",
    "typescript": "^7.0.2"
  }
 }
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "@js-monorepo-example/shared": "*",
-    "@langchain/core": "^1.2.9",
-    "@langchain/langgraph": "^1.4.13"
+    "@langchain/core": "^1.2.13",
+    "@langchain/langgraph": "^1.4.18"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "typescript": "^7.0.2"
@@ -17,18 +17,18 @@
    "lint": "eslint 'apps/**/*.ts' 'libs/**/*.ts'"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "turbo": "^2.10.12",
+    "turbo": "^2.11.5",
    "typescript": "^7.0.2",
    "@tsconfig/recommended": "^1.0.13",
-    "@eslint/eslintrc": "^3.3.6",
+    "@eslint/eslintrc": "^3.3.7",
    "@eslint/js": "^10.0.1",
-    "eslint": "^10.9.1",
+    "eslint": "^10.11.0",
    "eslint-config-prettier": "^10.1.8",
    "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.27.5",
    "eslint-plugin-no-instanceof": "^1.0.1",
    "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^5.5.6",
-    "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^8.68.0",
-    "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^8.68.0",
-    "prettier": "^3.9.6"
+    "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^8.70.1",
+    "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^8.70.1",
+    "prettier": "^3.9.9"
  }
 }
@@ -2,6 +2,24 @@
 # yarn lockfile v1


+"@cacheable/memory@^2.2.0":
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@cacheable/memory/-/memory-2.2.0.tgz#72aeb8b051f6d597d10ac8595b94ad8302bd2239"
+  integrity sha512-CTLKqLItRCEixEAewD3/j9DB3/o96gpTPD4eJ1v+DGOlxZRZncRQkGYqqnAGCscYd6RNeXfGeiuCphsPtqyIfQ==
+  dependencies:
+    "@cacheable/utils" "^2.5.0"
+    "@keyv/bigmap" "^1.3.1"
+    hookified "^1.15.1"
+    keyv "^5.6.0"
+
+"@cacheable/utils@^2.5.0":
+  version "2.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@cacheable/utils/-/utils-2.5.0.tgz#534c91113aa48fe43baedb169550b6ee070ef303"
+  integrity sha512-buipgOVDkkPXNR5+xBpDw7Zk2n1EvU7qBJCNUcL7rhQ//kfpOXPAvQ511Os0vpLYJ1pZnvudNytkQt2hst3wqA==
+  dependencies:
+    hashery "^1.5.1"
+    keyv "^5.6.0"
+
 "@cfworker/json-schema@^4.0.2":
  version "4.1.1"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@cfworker/json-schema/-/json-schema-4.1.1.tgz#4a2a3947ee9fa7b7c24be981422831b8674c3be6"
@@ -42,10 +60,10 @@
  dependencies:
    "@types/json-schema" "^7.0.15"

-"@eslint/eslintrc@^3.3.6":
-  version "3.3.6"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@eslint/eslintrc/-/eslintrc-3.3.6.tgz#d22bfd6b3a7d8e1f2c0b2f2e6de111b53ec6e13e"
-  integrity sha512-l2Ul9PrHsPCKcEY/ac7VgFj9D80C7S68sOKc618SyHDPK36s1XcFebXY0iTzUVn4Yq+YbwvSnDmCz9yxjX+QrA==
+"@eslint/eslintrc@^3.3.7":
+  version "3.3.7"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@eslint/eslintrc/-/eslintrc-3.3.7.tgz#76d3dedec4a30ea32df797bf8a0085c1311b7316"
+  integrity sha512-F42g89Qd5oAWtp0k0nnSrjziAKza7w8SVT4mStc18LZMaRb4J1HQAHLCalEtDCxrTuksx7NU9qsmeLwpOfPqWw==
  dependencies:
    ajv "^6.14.0"
    debug "^4.3.2"
@@ -53,7 +71,7 @@
    globals "^14.0.0"
    ignore "^5.2.0"
    import-fresh "^3.2.1"
-    js-yaml "^4.3.0"
+    js-yaml "^4.3.2"
    minimatch "^3.1.5"
    strip-json-comments "^3.1.1"

@@ -67,10 +85,10 @@
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@eslint/object-schema/-/object-schema-3.0.5.tgz#88e9bf4d11d2b19c082e78ebe7ce88724a5eb091"
  integrity sha512-vqTaUEgxzm+YDSdElad6PiRoX4t8VGDjCtt05zn4nU810UIx/uNEV7/lZJ6KwFThKZOzOxzXy48da+No7HZaMw==

-"@eslint/plugin-kit@^0.7.2":
-  version "0.7.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@eslint/plugin-kit/-/plugin-kit-0.7.2.tgz#4b0962f3f2c7ce8bc98b3ecfe34525c09d2cb729"
-  integrity sha512-+CNAzxglkrpNf/kKywqQfk74QjtceuOE7Qm+AF8miRvPF/wmmK5+OJOgVh3AVTT3RP2mH3+FOaxlE5v72owk0A==
+"@eslint/plugin-kit@^0.7.3":
+  version "0.7.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@eslint/plugin-kit/-/plugin-kit-0.7.3.tgz#cc7268cc36405b331ef92db1bc37971f21d66fe1"
+  integrity sha512-IkO+/KEUvwbVpiURZg+P7zF74z5Jxe0UgJxVni+RtoHQ6IZieXaO02kmadomap/q+l6bc/jdPGGqTjhuZnuz1Q==
  dependencies:
    "@eslint/core" "^1.2.1"
    levn "^0.4.1"
@@ -103,10 +121,23 @@
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@isaacs/cliui/-/cliui-9.0.0.tgz#4d0a3f127058043bf2e7ee169eaf30ed901302f3"
  integrity sha512-AokJm4tuBHillT+FpMtxQ60n8ObyXBatq7jD2/JA9dxbDDokKQm8KMht5ibGzLVU9IJDIKK4TPKgMHEYMn3lMg==

-"@langchain/core@^1.2.9":
-  version "1.2.9"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@langchain/core/-/core-1.2.9.tgz#4f5fb27ba07c51ce4fb8e1dc32eb36945737afa1"
-  integrity sha512-conzSEj9Zu1AyXJLXsSbgrtxtxinmI1yGqQ5CIJZSoV5rvv+yvQE/vgBnoySpBQ/bl3YPgj2FL/gbDjWykLSfg==
+"@keyv/bigmap@^1.3.1":
+  version "1.3.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@keyv/bigmap/-/bigmap-1.3.1.tgz#fc82fa83947e7ff68c6798d08907db842771ef2c"
+  integrity sha512-WbzE9sdmQtKy8vrNPa9BRnwZh5UF4s1KTmSK0KUVLo3eff5BlQNNWDnFOouNpKfPKDnms9xynJjsMYjMaT/aFQ==
+  dependencies:
+    hashery "^1.4.0"
+    hookified "^1.15.0"
+
+"@keyv/serialize@^1.1.1":
+  version "1.1.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@keyv/serialize/-/serialize-1.1.1.tgz#0c01dd3a3483882af7cf3878d4e71d505c81fc4a"
+  integrity sha512-dXn3FZhPv0US+7dtJsIi2R+c7qWYiReoEh5zUntWCf4oSpMNib8FDhSoed6m3QyZdx5hK7iLFkYk3rNxwt8vTA==
+
+"@langchain/core@^1.2.13":
+  version "1.2.13"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@langchain/core/-/core-1.2.13.tgz#4ea4eb0308a25af350f75de2fbf34aecb819177e"
+  integrity sha512-ADGTxZ84n3civruUX1LlTOdua/PDGoni2U6TmKTX7hvRU2Jlepu8vLJI4Wnwj45KUKhUCrW94Il12Q2bxE3e8A==
  dependencies:
    "@cfworker/json-schema" "^4.0.2"
    "@standard-schema/spec" "^1.1.0"
@@ -121,31 +152,26 @@
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@langchain/langgraph-checkpoint/-/langgraph-checkpoint-1.1.5.tgz#c793177f9afcce31a1e9922f317f88fec1254282"
  integrity sha512-BwDwl5VeTOh6CVuiIPgsUgfK51vTJDMSbFcSCUfjJWsl8/DPdK/mbv+ejxJstkSk/BlSPMP4JfXWcN6jD2ea2Q==

-"@langchain/langgraph-sdk@~1.10.0":
-  version "1.10.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@langchain/langgraph-sdk/-/langgraph-sdk-1.10.0.tgz#6ec1364a97caf615983161ae1f00b196897b9cd6"
-  integrity sha512-cPPkh+hMNgeOaGtJRrqs1AjZde45cG2+Ma9Sc10wz2RyvT8SKToCKS+VvkS18SsLajnmq6/FKVmthq6rnUVYOw==
+"@langchain/langgraph-sdk@~1.12.0":
+  version "1.12.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@langchain/langgraph-sdk/-/langgraph-sdk-1.12.0.tgz#b063a7eba0a66f51cbc841a824626a47eca1eec9"
+  integrity sha512-F3AOZjKZRUGmE3FzY+RaVZI6WzXOkwnuF7jqgto6rDPSnO9OdVdYGvwGDi3jjRGf5xLoDtX2dpsR9z5KptU+5A==
  dependencies:
    "@langchain/protocol" "^0.0.19"
    "@types/json-schema" "^7.0.15"
    p-queue "^9.0.1"
    p-retry "^7.1.1"

-"@langchain/langgraph@^1.4.13":
-  version "1.4.13"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@langchain/langgraph/-/langgraph-1.4.13.tgz#168ab4f05c212fd5ab4b2816bcad2e963b345101"
-  integrity sha512-LO1ak6jNQ9jR13tm7Ay4Yh2/otrH7LNVUwWTAI7WJigVdW5Fb6LuYSZUzVn4S7sVSiyVFfnrUcDTd8c7eAzPrQ==
+"@langchain/langgraph@^1.4.18":
+  version "1.4.18"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@langchain/langgraph/-/langgraph-1.4.18.tgz#c8cc4ea734834262fdb00ae6a45a0849620e4fd2"
+  integrity sha512-yrMMJ9hk2NVMD2xU2WoVrgFawAU6s/RzEl/dX9BhlyxZHazo1wHY35z4K2BIBzTUh4z3giCzrUoqRAqW2CWpWg==
  dependencies:
    "@langchain/langgraph-checkpoint" "^1.1.5"
-    "@langchain/langgraph-sdk" "~1.10.0"
-    "@langchain/protocol" "^0.0.18"
+    "@langchain/langgraph-sdk" "~1.12.0"
+    "@langchain/protocol" "^0.0.19"
    "@standard-schema/spec" "1.1.0"

-"@langchain/protocol@^0.0.18":
-  version "0.0.18"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@langchain/protocol/-/protocol-0.0.18.tgz#6d96155e7263c958fbce6d4b7241b4725b72fbad"
-  integrity sha512-XW1egQtPfsGI41w2AMZNFZrUIwFSQHTjVMZs0OaTpCAvht/QLoaPN8FQcsysMVypOhupG28J29yOorrc70otBQ==
-
 "@langchain/protocol@^0.0.19":
  version "0.0.19"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@langchain/protocol/-/protocol-0.0.19.tgz#7fe43fed115dc34b3b4c246e8d5283fbcbfab7b0"
@@ -171,35 +197,35 @@
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@tsconfig/recommended/-/recommended-1.0.13.tgz#269fce3ad04ca70b93269ff44cca81b950f542da"
  integrity sha512-sySRuBfMKyKO/j2ZAhR8kSembhjuPEV4Ra3AHtmWLq51+iGaudr45crPSzNC5b7/Ctrh9dfUpBuTlYrH6rM58Q==

-"@turbo/darwin-64@2.10.12":
-  version "2.10.12"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/darwin-64/-/darwin-64-2.10.12.tgz#719ac12ae47caf7b4be855d672582cdbfde177ea"
-  integrity sha512-9nKgKoF6ZOUsM+or0OtNf+TTJSfGvDNP7ZFv/ZGWVwOSCkumyctQiTeHwB4UNljHTnC41AqylgbunLDHoccNrA==
+"@turbo/darwin-64@2.11.5":
+  version "2.11.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/darwin-64/-/darwin-64-2.11.5.tgz#6ddc580c2b7d05e578ca1c06b3f61473f4b7b00e"
+  integrity sha512-KdY4y7BBjIisl+jAkb3FFaRjClGqHyaeHCcVcCT8LBzFFwUu6thgfxyRZAx0uL4KoxLmH+iOan8UhVf/aDDcaA==

-"@turbo/darwin-arm64@2.10.12":
-  version "2.10.12"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/darwin-arm64/-/darwin-arm64-2.10.12.tgz#ac2d3dde3a2407f8359ca2e3152690280cff2714"
-  integrity sha512-H4Elb1jqTZVeIC9bbcNwjSzemZ6RegoTOVHeuV5Osirt2Z8UguTyisMEkvZjPVZgMeN9J4ERZBFad40tFnkb7w==
+"@turbo/darwin-arm64@2.11.5":
+  version "2.11.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/darwin-arm64/-/darwin-arm64-2.11.5.tgz#a756c67bb828cd00d03e909769dd39453c1f1e69"
+  integrity sha512-ToZDGi2u410+TfRtC/O1/LpujGgvNJoRBZnwVXob7oO0+3OSlwIO3zofXKUvwQvlba7a8ZXPyCZwufjAXd7f0w==

-"@turbo/linux-64@2.10.12":
-  version "2.10.12"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/linux-64/-/linux-64-2.10.12.tgz#264a0ec88a1f69f93cf57dab20be1b4c50bf226c"
-  integrity sha512-lr7KIotukvjZwEXiFSYAeOH3BWzjFVBbSzTbv0fuGFsNukYyH0+g1hB5ecqnJkgkYU+KHEMG1edOhnjiKON1wQ==
+"@turbo/linux-64@2.11.5":
+  version "2.11.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/linux-64/-/linux-64-2.11.5.tgz#b95c05218aebb06c06e5f991d48c55b78dc5e005"
+  integrity sha512-Ub2d/nAbdWLaSytcEaPp1wm/YuIvHEIqNrCRMI/UgOGyFdOhgxm8VyWPAJilQWRYxYVrqEUoy2K5S5K8SG50rA==

-"@turbo/linux-arm64@2.10.12":
-  version "2.10.12"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/linux-arm64/-/linux-arm64-2.10.12.tgz#3ee53d1f930d2bb65708e904971be0e765381e37"
-  integrity sha512-f0pZDTtvzB5SuNwuXBaKbZHUCMCukgc8nMlHEuvLmj91Fzec+MEbr3cAvGNor5htEDqZnO6Lxt9N/GPI/77oGA==
+"@turbo/linux-arm64@2.11.5":
+  version "2.11.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/linux-arm64/-/linux-arm64-2.11.5.tgz#c7a1d1a44c8c8dcff4b72fbafe9a5059c8fb668a"
+  integrity sha512-JQjmGxp724Wuft9FAxPMtmBur1CEdUyxJ+FVoIvKkgj63rXHl9PYCWrsU2tMjVi609XTQ3M8vZD9Yc9qVAVYrw==

-"@turbo/windows-64@2.10.12":
-  version "2.10.12"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/windows-64/-/windows-64-2.10.12.tgz#ac0a0b7794f9a541e68e930383f48747f7e648ab"
-  integrity sha512-SDOueJRjS/QcykWf2KCRtTLmIl5YMKsLbXkXQGhDwcTXvKXZiS5ih5lBl/gkwZIpYFjqA/rAlfMzlAFcVHNe0g==
+"@turbo/windows-64@2.11.5":
+  version "2.11.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/windows-64/-/windows-64-2.11.5.tgz#60bdaaa7e8ba32f32623b31a1c75f6c3db400a0c"
+  integrity sha512-AFkbPmXNd8XgCi/66YEHR2bVl3gtusXyDihTIVEPAuSB+7ulLmJePvz1unWPVKLHdbCTTIdKq2mpJ1B1e3lJXw==

-"@turbo/windows-arm64@2.10.12":
-  version "2.10.12"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/windows-arm64/-/windows-arm64-2.10.12.tgz#50eb6c20a20d0aab216d2b6aa13cc3100ea44106"
-  integrity sha512-0i0mVUa4kKk+/B3RwEwPMf9CB+T7ul56hn5FFHNA4VUNTOoLBEd6aNf3FaKfCatDNZ6cicCEf6if9QUTVyzzcA==
+"@turbo/windows-arm64@2.11.5":
+  version "2.11.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@turbo/windows-arm64/-/windows-arm64-2.11.5.tgz#18bd5a0ad30c4e094995786bd78916b6de6b5c1c"
+  integrity sha512-52ziXYP3snGOxjv19xA3WL1WDKv9Q6uDAa/7EKIR5j4hocMlYURkrOHbJ2ZZI+VfPU5MwKpcGeRfHxHJu7Y/Pw==

 "@types/esrecurse@^4.3.1":
  version "4.3.1"
@@ -221,110 +247,110 @@
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/json5/-/json5-0.0.29.tgz#ee28707ae94e11d2b827bcbe5270bcea7f3e71ee"
  integrity sha512-dRLjCWHYg4oaA77cxO64oO+7JwCwnIzkZPdrrC71jQmQtlhM556pwKo5bUzqvZndkVbeFLIIi+9TC40JNF5hNQ==

-"@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin@^8.68.0":
-  version "8.68.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin/-/eslint-plugin-8.68.0.tgz#a8fbdb1cf49aafaf16071b646daad890151bd149"
-  integrity sha512-WASHDpCm6qO5jj9g1a+8NiW5+GCkAyLReR56/4VruYmNgfUmqpxOfZ2Yfb8xGfJPWv5Qi6LSD8sXdces3vbp/Q==
+"@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin@^8.70.1":
+  version "8.70.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin/-/eslint-plugin-8.70.1.tgz#d404bac4cb04e4dcd20086e46e13c952bd0771e0"
+  integrity sha512-nDNrUQ/4ruSNYbu749TRY7cfrzPtoLHEXSNBI8aaNY32LlZCajixqRf3FqcKC4p5Cam4VOHYx/t+i5+nKXvrqA==
  dependencies:
    "@eslint-community/regexpp" "^4.12.2"
-    "@typescript-eslint/scope-manager" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/type-utils" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/utils" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys" "8.68.0"
+    "@typescript-eslint/scope-manager" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/type-utils" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/utils" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys" "8.70.1"
    ignore "^7.0.5"
    natural-compare "^1.4.0"
    ts-api-utils "^2.5.0"

-"@typescript-eslint/parser@^8.68.0":
-  version "8.68.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/parser/-/parser-8.68.0.tgz#61de31481354c50457bc9621a7ed746779f09ee7"
-  integrity sha512-fHq2VC1kpyYfvEcbiMjOpySY4WS7voEp89yAThrHRX5sm9j2lzYppCb2umFMEed4fWcyeLjHxrz0mpjNBaBxMQ==
+"@typescript-eslint/parser@^8.70.1":
+  version "8.70.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/parser/-/parser-8.70.1.tgz#6c99b7b954efc05dae179001c8b477d1a8948dcf"
+  integrity sha512-nO974WLllwhSFWQXnMLj6nDGa8f0khKEz1JzpPJ1u7Vm/4X1X6ZHajpoknU4bb41vJyMB0HHVyS2GqdhWfIXZw==
  dependencies:
-    "@typescript-eslint/scope-manager" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys" "8.68.0"
+    "@typescript-eslint/scope-manager" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys" "8.70.1"
    debug "^4.4.3"

-"@typescript-eslint/project-service@8.68.0":
-  version "8.68.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/project-service/-/project-service-8.68.0.tgz#ea4b2869f59165c420cd7a4bbebc38039794e8cc"
-  integrity sha512-5GQtWZCXFcFYux955pvoS02WLc49pXNlvIxocKjS0clvwo3in1RdlzVKyiqQH9vE5AKWFLTaUgeQkOrTS+0Qxw==
+"@typescript-eslint/project-service@8.70.1":
+  version "8.70.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/project-service/-/project-service-8.70.1.tgz#d5635594cc8a573f0e15a772b1704e93a00134c1"
+  integrity sha512-62xOgboPfwc3/IgPSX/W6oQR3ZbF04194FPGUGH8HL8iLFHbt/456/8Ph1wLNUgVF+s94FlHoipBsz+v7+LMnA==
  dependencies:
-    "@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils" "^8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/types" "^8.68.0"
+    "@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils" "^8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/types" "^8.70.1"
    debug "^4.4.3"

-"@typescript-eslint/scope-manager@8.68.0":
-  version "8.68.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/scope-manager/-/scope-manager-8.68.0.tgz#e5a13a1159497faeab4e48279bf07576045b1499"
-  integrity sha512-T5eXpcaJNg8bhjHJ8Rjp68Vq/QBteYtTKY8TZqVNPaUbuz0f6jI9t6aDkylwvalpAB9XTTFeFOjrjXAZ3YvmVA==
+"@typescript-eslint/scope-manager@8.70.1":
+  version "8.70.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/scope-manager/-/scope-manager-8.70.1.tgz#0feeae4da2d279b960cdbfe5e0a02fbf1195e93f"
+  integrity sha512-Pa0EeSeAusQc1WbjQMac+YfenewYTBu0KjgYvkUKwhXaHUKbFog23Dm/rp0DX/6tyYOQ3Xl1a+3EcFNZynGHCw==
  dependencies:
-    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys" "8.68.0"
+    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys" "8.70.1"

-"@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils@8.68.0":
-  version "8.68.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils/-/tsconfig-utils-8.68.0.tgz#594d7a3c5952055b3c431fc563ca7fd1defcce18"
-  integrity sha512-F7zrGQfiJHojPwi8vhxZQC1tWtJzvL74cK/nqri2lk8YUXvYaYwl263xOJ69jDWPUk1hmcdoayFwk9lX09npVw==
+"@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils@8.70.1":
+  version "8.70.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils/-/tsconfig-utils-8.70.1.tgz#e9353a6e5f3498a29b40946ca3e11f6166fef09e"
+  integrity sha512-jumze1fPI+sDOaM2TWGQdn39PDxTr7TZGeuyLkAbNyx2vtMT3uRnVKChN0hfht5V2TugphJzF6bYXvBcE09qqg==

-"@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils@^8.68.0":
-  version "8.69.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils/-/tsconfig-utils-8.69.0.tgz#d3b0ccc781ab252a90a0b3989b9d1eb85ab59469"
-  integrity sha512-xNqK7YTDZsLniQMV/4rpFR8Z5JlqeRvVjuG1YgF/mdPVH84HSD19L8CczMA0qg2RfwEV231GHH3VnToJDo4MfQ==
+"@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils@^8.70.1":
+  version "8.71.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils/-/tsconfig-utils-8.71.0.tgz#83a69c9a514af8f5ff099cc6c0d609c273e8f039"
+  integrity sha512-Z1UlWHADEK2Mlb9NpWfDeSjqoZ5EyrOv4R3eQpbkzqn/EwaIdOpXXupEA1+0ZIOSJSZZDBHG0BrQyN8zUG6Pwg==

-"@typescript-eslint/type-utils@8.68.0":
-  version "8.68.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/type-utils/-/type-utils-8.68.0.tgz#8f3e838dbd740909db27053857468cd037b00220"
-  integrity sha512-X77zqoY1EjeWGs/0JNxeaMfp5C5lIz4Tw8y66F1Ne8Faq6g424sBNYM6xBAqElfGZPLpWS+CZAp0DXyKDzWiHg==
+"@typescript-eslint/type-utils@8.70.1":
+  version "8.70.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/type-utils/-/type-utils-8.70.1.tgz#6ea36f2c7dc0776c1c8e1c380b4896f00bc4c27f"
+  integrity sha512-7zKTnyvaVWqzLZHPFQtX1hVHqgkMC+WebPWakNCSyrQVbIP1AM0L0TlBZtACldIRb6PptI8Odk+jyZ5kP3B1VA==
  dependencies:
-    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/utils" "8.68.0"
+    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/utils" "8.70.1"
    debug "^4.4.3"
    ts-api-utils "^2.5.0"

-"@typescript-eslint/types@8.68.0":
-  version "8.68.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/types/-/types-8.68.0.tgz#3f9d4e62fbe5728f09403cdc7b4d58af842ac1af"
-  integrity sha512-9RnpsGJjrAllCMefGVVsImJM24YurhC0Q1h4UbvivtvOqXmR/vEJge2OoE++z9m6hyg8T1Q8t5SNT6tHSbrxcg==
+"@typescript-eslint/types@8.70.1":
+  version "8.70.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/types/-/types-8.70.1.tgz#2022b9d07d057174eba25b9bbd289641d262a196"
+  integrity sha512-Dm1ypdhhrGCTyyehxElhgJ6kgk8MVCv5qXdoOVqPr1uqk42jX8KjrZqhROvdShczA8qrDoYiOWn1ykWlx2k81Q==

-"@typescript-eslint/types@^8.68.0":
-  version "8.69.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/types/-/types-8.69.0.tgz#5d9ad3f707c2e4f70a2db540031104df3e63bcf5"
-  integrity sha512-K3VrubUPhlo9VDBS6QdI8YB5j7ClpqLRdefcz6PFrhnwicehBweqQ9Evhl4l+FYz0HdDmMqIiSX0aldGRYtDCA==
+"@typescript-eslint/types@^8.70.1":
+  version "8.71.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/types/-/types-8.71.0.tgz#a230a121e71665060afe27d1f1ad110371f9451e"
+  integrity sha512-cJ4OoxPGWvFnBTnSZyaU+qJzGTqPTGJY+gDchj6cRyLRdmIdt4rcsE4twj+zPfrNiWuVi38wijHzShL++Z9atQ==

-"@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree@8.68.0":
-  version "8.68.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree/-/typescript-estree-8.68.0.tgz#bf4165029825138ac27231a3ff02923ecd977f38"
-  integrity sha512-OKKsD0tYmoNiU5PW2zehO1yO56jYOm1ShYlxon/Z0SJNidAkdVg86eg9ruRuoXf8xfnuWZGbwDsStkoXbZtIIA==
+"@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree@8.70.1":
+  version "8.70.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree/-/typescript-estree-8.70.1.tgz#ced48fee6f7043835d2edfed9786ae74813a3c99"
+  integrity sha512-TU8PwyGN0PQJUcE96mw8eCQ44SmxGdQlJmlWakHaHQ15eIuuvye5yNtmh/i6oS88jzXVQB71xdNkbkB/fMwL0g==
  dependencies:
-    "@typescript-eslint/project-service" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys" "8.68.0"
+    "@typescript-eslint/project-service" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/tsconfig-utils" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys" "8.70.1"
    debug "^4.4.3"
    minimatch "^10.2.2"
    semver "^7.7.3"
    tinyglobby "^0.2.15"
    ts-api-utils "^2.5.0"

-"@typescript-eslint/utils@8.68.0":
-  version "8.68.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/utils/-/utils-8.68.0.tgz#00547f2c8de8aca2a3c21752a9711f73206fd36d"
-  integrity sha512-PB5gJMMOg0Q5P1tsgWtEAqQacJXq0qEqRHDX/YJ4FaTMLfZPpHB3gjl2EJuiZyPABxmj4ZQYiY9m1bdAJ5y7tQ==
+"@typescript-eslint/utils@8.70.1":
+  version "8.70.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/utils/-/utils-8.70.1.tgz#6a97887cee702df513692f5cdc7f79baeef48e02"
+  integrity sha512-Esgul8MsnKnRLdYU2Eb2cRV9bS5HJYtKj1ByJnOzzG2M58DGdSUQ1jUuILxipqcpB2h9WLrbD5GijIWUjX/Tqw==
  dependencies:
    "@eslint-community/eslint-utils" "^4.9.1"
-    "@typescript-eslint/scope-manager" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.68.0"
-    "@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree" "8.68.0"
+    "@typescript-eslint/scope-manager" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.70.1"
+    "@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree" "8.70.1"

-"@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys@8.68.0":
-  version "8.68.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys/-/visitor-keys-8.68.0.tgz#78db3c9bb258a0309d9e2b1b617127c3a8fb1f54"
-  integrity sha512-YR65gGdGvTUAWLldC3xLOvOzamdGzB4A5/N8rehEaHs3Zvoe39BhgY+u0SPch1OvrVTfLcc55wsSgK2NcnTS/A==
+"@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys@8.70.1":
+  version "8.70.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys/-/visitor-keys-8.70.1.tgz#b4cde0ed16982bd963a6310fcae554f59fd14124"
+  integrity sha512-Vwj9lUIW5Xq3wQ9w6gv3R86g1hMK8f2zNOdGTAgeXUMMXFK78G9ruCjjqutHMNJc0+CH7LYRnHeUB9IT8wFmcw==
  dependencies:
-    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.68.0"
+    "@typescript-eslint/types" "8.70.1"
    eslint-visitor-keys "^5.0.0"

 "@typescript/typescript-aix-ppc64@7.0.2":
@@ -555,20 +581,31 @@ base64-js@^1.5.1:
  integrity sha512-AKpaYlHn8t4SVbOHCy+b5+KKgvR4vrsD8vbvrbiQJps7fKDTkjkDry6ji0rUJjC0kzbNePLwzxq8iypo41qeWA==

 brace-expansion@^1.1.7:
-  version "1.1.12"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.12.tgz#ab9b454466e5a8cc3a187beaad580412a9c5b843"
-  integrity sha512-9T9UjW3r0UW5c1Q7GTwllptXwhvYmEzFhzMfZ9H7FQWt+uZePjZPjBP/W1ZEyZ1twGWom5/56TF4lPcqjnDHcg==
+  version "1.1.21"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.21.tgz#edf4fab5c64d051aea5a8def49aba1c7522279f3"
+  integrity sha512-9zeA+KLZNNzglF2TPKRQEDyx6Yby7daAkuy8MiPzpXPsYDWi/DRM8jmwUDxokQjYqBpv5DgPiwD4h4ZZSy1Ujw==
  dependencies:
    balanced-match "^1.0.0"
    concat-map "0.0.1"

 brace-expansion@^5.0.8:
-  version "5.0.9"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-5.0.9.tgz#7c72438809b5fa5babf54199a1f1c281a6984fcf"
-  integrity sha512-ScQ4IuvIEF1TMlP7Zt+vjJ//9zlPb2SDcxWxM3bk8s6t6GGdJ7KO1dCcTidOPJKePW30LE/2cT7wCyPho9/Wxg==
+  version "5.0.12"
+  resolved "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-5.0.12.tgz#995fbb4750a77c4d16a7dc942ff2ca6ef8e675ec"
+  integrity sha512-YovQ3rzhaLMIrDjNDMkNS01tea93qhEhG5xy8f6+R0l+dw3Ki+5sCoIoI942iuLZTHWogWktgwVDhU09iNEimQ==
  dependencies:
    balanced-match "^4.0.2"

+cacheable@^2.5.0:
+  version "2.5.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/cacheable/-/cacheable-2.5.0.tgz#d142d41043e5a865f6053cc70ef4e3ad068bd5ce"
+  integrity sha512-60cyAOytib/OzBw1JNSoSV/boK1AtHryDIjvVBk7XbN4ugfkM3+Sry7fEjNgPMGgOjuaZPAp8ruZ0Cxafwyq9g==
+  dependencies:
+    "@cacheable/memory" "^2.2.0"
+    "@cacheable/utils" "^2.5.0"
+    hookified "^1.15.0"
+    keyv "^5.6.0"
+    qified "^0.10.1"
+
 call-bind-apply-helpers@^1.0.0, call-bind-apply-helpers@^1.0.1, call-bind-apply-helpers@^1.0.2:
  version "1.0.2"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/call-bind-apply-helpers/-/call-bind-apply-helpers-1.0.2.tgz#4b5428c222be985d79c3d82657479dbe0b59b2d6"
@@ -886,17 +923,17 @@ eslint-visitor-keys@^5.0.0, eslint-visitor-keys@^5.0.1:
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint-visitor-keys/-/eslint-visitor-keys-5.0.1.tgz#9e3c9489697824d2d4ce3a8ad12628f91e9f59be"
  integrity sha512-tD40eHxA35h0PEIZNeIjkHoDR4YjjJp34biM0mDvplBe//mB+IHCqHDGV7pxF+7MklTvighcCPPZC7ynWyjdTA==

-eslint@^10.9.1:
-  version "10.9.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint/-/eslint-10.9.1.tgz#409da5c41a5536d5a849f8555a18ca7ef1eb963b"
-  integrity sha512-9VaAkDURekixUQJy0oJYl2DcN6oKMfxay7XzaGYAWQwsb6qfKf+x76R2k1L8kb1boc+FyCAaTA9GmiKaaiaF+A==
+eslint@^10.11.0:
+  version "10.11.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/eslint/-/eslint-10.11.0.tgz#304d1591b7c6a327e3f64b4f550f99fda160ae20"
+  integrity sha512-P7a6UEEqb9G95MYAtqkmsTbVXIYyzIfl6NGOIJk162PaahFxFyeGcrlXYFSiagECg4sEm8IseJdZBKR3rx6MsQ==
  dependencies:
    "@eslint-community/eslint-utils" "^4.8.0"
    "@eslint-community/regexpp" "^4.12.2"
    "@eslint/config-array" "^0.23.5"
    "@eslint/config-helpers" "^0.7.0"
    "@eslint/core" "^1.2.1"
-    "@eslint/plugin-kit" "^0.7.2"
+    "@eslint/plugin-kit" "^0.7.3"
    "@humanfs/node" "^0.16.6"
    "@humanwhocodes/module-importer" "^1.0.1"
    "@humanwhocodes/retry" "^0.4.2"
@@ -911,7 +948,7 @@ eslint@^10.9.1:
    esquery "^1.7.0"
    esutils "^2.0.2"
    fast-deep-equal "^3.1.3"
-    file-entry-cache "^8.0.0"
+    file-entry-cache "11.1.5 || >11.1.6 <12"
    find-up "^5.0.0"
    glob-parent "^6.0.2"
    ignore "^5.2.0"
@@ -999,12 +1036,12 @@ fdir@^6.5.0:
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/fdir/-/fdir-6.5.0.tgz#ed2ab967a331ade62f18d077dae192684d50d350"
  integrity sha512-tIbYtZbucOs0BRGqPJkshJUYdL+SDH7dVM8gjy+ERp3WAUjLEFJE+02kanyHtwjWOnwrKYBiwAmM0p4kLJAnXg==

-file-entry-cache@^8.0.0:
-  version "8.0.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/file-entry-cache/-/file-entry-cache-8.0.0.tgz#7787bddcf1131bffb92636c69457bbc0edd6d81f"
-  integrity sha512-XXTUwCvisa5oacNGRP9SfNtYBNAMi+RPwBFmblZEF7N7swHYQS6/Zfk7SRwx4D5j3CH211YNRco1DEMNVfZCnQ==
+"file-entry-cache@11.1.5 || >11.1.6 <12":
+  version "11.1.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/file-entry-cache/-/file-entry-cache-11.1.5.tgz#c8210eb055de63e68685ccfb6a017e386d4577d0"
+  integrity sha512-+PFTHITI08JIGhnNpGNI8T8inUpgZfk3GNEqfT9R2zZV2iFXg3CvqzSl/uEhs7TSGujYRELEANyDvS8Fj7+S7Q==
  dependencies:
-    flat-cache "^4.0.0"
+    flat-cache "^6.1.23"

 find-up@^5.0.0:
  version "5.0.0"
@@ -1014,18 +1051,19 @@ find-up@^5.0.0:
    locate-path "^6.0.0"
    path-exists "^4.0.0"

-flat-cache@^4.0.0:
-  version "4.0.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flat-cache/-/flat-cache-4.0.1.tgz#0ece39fcb14ee012f4b0410bd33dd9c1f011127c"
-  integrity sha512-f7ccFPK3SXFHpx15UIGyRJ/FJQctuKZ0zVuN3frBo4HnK3cay9VEW0R6yPYFHC0AgqhukPzKjq22t5DmAyqGyw==
+flat-cache@^6.1.23:
+  version "6.1.23"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flat-cache/-/flat-cache-6.1.23.tgz#735dc888c271868d7301b3bbb8edba5028afb61d"
+  integrity sha512-f++BY9pTk+983xK1FLzlLpmM0i0z+jHmx3QESGkURMXujQZz1k5wzwX6hjnQ8goaD0B+sYnDK1yZ6MTyZfUaqA==
  dependencies:
-    flatted "^3.2.9"
-    keyv "^4.5.4"
+    cacheable "^2.5.0"
+    flatted "^3.4.2"
+    hookified "^1.15.0"

-flatted@^3.2.9:
-  version "3.4.2"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flatted/-/flatted-3.4.2.tgz#f5c23c107f0f37de8dbdf24f13722b3b98d52726"
-  integrity sha512-PjDse7RzhcPkIJwy5t7KPWQSZ9cAbzQXcafsetQoD7sOJRQlGikNbx7yZp2OotDnJyrDcbyRq3Ttb18iYOqkxA==
+flatted@^3.4.2:
+  version "3.4.4"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/flatted/-/flatted-3.4.4.tgz#aeeca2a506303f0cee61c59e6c9f2a88d2f29fc6"
+  integrity sha512-5+ybhBZANEJxaH3X5evAFatUxLfEHSr7n6kYJ+1Qd0mUqr4eu9gIf6GDbWHf8RJijHrjjO8G+la14SlL2SeS1Q==

 for-each@^0.3.3, for-each@^0.3.5:
  version "0.3.5"
@@ -1145,6 +1183,13 @@ has-tostringtag@^1.0.2:
  dependencies:
    has-symbols "^1.0.3"

+hashery@^1.4.0, hashery@^1.5.1:
+  version "1.5.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hashery/-/hashery-1.5.1.tgz#4ba82ad54911ac617467870845d57a9fe508a400"
+  integrity sha512-iZyKG96/JwPz1N55vj2Ie2vXbhu440zfUfJvSwEqEbeLluk7NnapfGqa7LH0mOsnDxTF85Mx8/dyR6HfqcbmbQ==
+  dependencies:
+    hookified "^1.15.0"
+
 hasown@^2.0.2:
  version "2.0.2"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hasown/-/hasown-2.0.2.tgz#003eaf91be7adc372e84ec59dc37252cedb80003"
@@ -1152,6 +1197,16 @@ hasown@^2.0.2:
  dependencies:
    function-bind "^1.1.2"

+hookified@^1.15.0, hookified@^1.15.1:
+  version "1.15.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hookified/-/hookified-1.15.1.tgz#b1fafeaa5489cdc29cb85546a8f837ed4ffbbcb6"
+  integrity sha512-MvG/clsADq1GPM2KGo2nyfaWVyn9naPiXrqIe4jYjXNZQt238kWyOGrsyc/DmRAQ+Re6yeo6yX/yoNCG5KAEVg==
+
+hookified@^2.1.1:
+  version "2.2.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/hookified/-/hookified-2.2.0.tgz#1d024ac1668973dd5bcc4a96ab9ccdb7639ef8d4"
+  integrity sha512-p/LgFzRN5FeoD3DLS6bkUapeye6E4SI6yJs6KetENd18S+FBthqYq2amJUWpt5z0EQwwHemidjY5OqJGEKm5uA==
+
 ignore@^5.2.0:
  version "5.3.2"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ignore/-/ignore-5.3.2.tgz#3cd40e729f3643fd87cb04e50bf0eb722bc596f5"
@@ -1390,18 +1445,13 @@ js-tiktoken@^1.0.12:
  dependencies:
    base64-js "^1.5.1"

-js-yaml@^4.3.0:
+js-yaml@^4.3.2:
  version "4.3.2"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-4.3.2.tgz#8e44fb14a2643c59726bb15787b5f1512cb3d3fb"
  integrity sha512-SFNOvSJ+Dgf/9An904Yx+CgSlIPCkIpao4qo51lpee25TIRejdH3rhR4EZMGoNx3/TP3O+wzWuiTFl4sqbltzA==
  dependencies:
    argparse "^2.0.1"

-json-buffer@3.0.1:
-  version "3.0.1"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-buffer/-/json-buffer-3.0.1.tgz#9338802a30d3b6605fbe0613e094008ca8c05a13"
-  integrity sha512-4bV5BfR2mqfQTJm+V5tPPdf+ZpuhiIvTuAB5g8kcrXOZpTT/QwwVRWBywX1ozr6lEuPdbHxwaJlm9G6mI2sfSQ==
-
 json-schema-traverse@^0.4.1:
  version "0.4.1"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/json-schema-traverse/-/json-schema-traverse-0.4.1.tgz#69f6a87d9513ab8bb8fe63bdb0979c448e684660"
@@ -1419,12 +1469,12 @@ json5@^1.0.2:
  dependencies:
    minimist "^1.2.0"

-keyv@^4.5.4:
-  version "4.5.4"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/keyv/-/keyv-4.5.4.tgz#a879a99e29452f942439f2a405e3af8b31d4de93"
-  integrity sha512-oxVHkHR/EJf2CNXnWxRLW6mg7JyCCUcG0DtEGmL2ctUo1PNTin1PUil+r/+4r5MpVgC/fn1kjsx7mjSujKqIpw==
+keyv@^5.6.0:
+  version "5.6.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/keyv/-/keyv-5.6.0.tgz#03044074c6b4d072d0a62c7b9fa649537baf0105"
+  integrity sha512-CYDD3SOtsHtyXeEORYRx2qBtpDJFjRTGXUtmNEMGyzYOKj1TE3tycdlho7kA1Ufx9OYWZzg52QFBGALTirzDSw==
  dependencies:
-    json-buffer "3.0.1"
+    "@keyv/serialize" "^1.1.1"

 "langsmith@>=0.5.0 <1.0.0":
  version "0.7.1"
@@ -1657,16 +1707,23 @@ prettier-linter-helpers@^1.0.1:
  dependencies:
    fast-diff "^1.1.2"

-prettier@^3.9.6:
-  version "3.9.6"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/prettier/-/prettier-3.9.6.tgz#b3ea5146515d40fc53f18aa63f74dfab1e10dbf6"
-  integrity sha512-OpN0zzVdiaiAhxpuuj5efpIS4sY9j7bY6uR5mnj5yPzGkdkjNKSJeUThPb60Jw29QuAZgA4o+/iB49kFiaBX6g==
+prettier@^3.9.9:
+  version "3.9.9"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/prettier/-/prettier-3.9.9.tgz#09b826918c91cd4cbc80e0cbd1d2a922ff04f233"
+  integrity sha512-Z/CJHIkdujO/OtN7nXUii0Rf3VT5SRuhjBA82Xvu2XhBUgX3nhP67T0LHceBdQLex7OOFGTox+Q5Yg8Jk2Qivg==

 punycode@^2.1.0:
  version "2.3.1"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/punycode/-/punycode-2.3.1.tgz#027422e2faec0b25e1549c3e1bd8309b9133b6e5"
  integrity sha512-vYt7UD1U9Wg6138shLtLOvdAu+8DsC/ilFtEVHcH+wydcSpNE20AfSOduf6MkRFahL5FY7X1oU7nKVZFtfq8Fg==

+qified@^0.10.1:
+  version "0.10.1"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/qified/-/qified-0.10.1.tgz#0640bf21bbe6ca540db290ad8f5fde4d870b8bda"
+  integrity sha512-+Owyggi9IxT1ePKGafcI87ubSmxol6smwJ+RAHDQlx9+9cPwFWDiKFFCPuWhr9ignlGpZ9vDQLw67N4dcTVFEA==
+  dependencies:
+    hookified "^2.1.1"
+
 reflect.getprototypeof@^1.0.6, reflect.getprototypeof@^1.0.9:
  version "1.0.10"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/reflect.getprototypeof/-/reflect.getprototypeof-1.0.10.tgz#c629219e78a3316d8b604c765ef68996964e7bf9"
@@ -1913,17 +1970,17 @@ tsconfig-paths@^3.15.0:
    minimist "^1.2.6"
    strip-bom "^3.0.0"

-turbo@^2.10.12:
-  version "2.10.12"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/turbo/-/turbo-2.10.12.tgz#22f552bd88182d58365960a02e5f45e628fb965b"
-  integrity sha512-AswgMPnpOoaVZHrrSBejETzEbuIA69OVGwfkHwfrY0A23VjWXBANzgq9+OymWOHAIArB7D1+1z498WY8fGg1Jw==
+turbo@^2.11.5:
+  version "2.11.5"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/turbo/-/turbo-2.11.5.tgz#e7223abd0555b978d3efe1b00ea9a98f43afb7ab"
+  integrity sha512-qLXheqz3TUvJpHIV6MUBwkNkvwKxMVG/QsimyiKT9DfNWPHJ294G/i5nDaH+fbHJt3UH7orubNNxAqYkbUNGAQ==
  optionalDependencies:
-    "@turbo/darwin-64" "2.10.12"
-    "@turbo/darwin-arm64" "2.10.12"
-    "@turbo/linux-64" "2.10.12"
-    "@turbo/linux-arm64" "2.10.12"
-    "@turbo/windows-64" "2.10.12"
-    "@turbo/windows-arm64" "2.10.12"
+    "@turbo/darwin-64" "2.11.5"
+    "@turbo/darwin-arm64" "2.11.5"
+    "@turbo/linux-64" "2.11.5"
+    "@turbo/linux-arm64" "2.11.5"
+    "@turbo/windows-64" "2.11.5"
+    "@turbo/windows-arm64" "2.11.5"

 type-check@^0.4.0, type-check@~0.4.0:
  version "0.4.0"
@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "0.4.32"
+__version__ = "0.4.38"
@@ -847,6 +847,7 @@ def dev(
        store=config_json.get("store"),
        wait_for_client=wait_for_client,
        auth=config_json.get("auth"),
+        priority=config_json.get("priority"),
        http=config_json.get("http"),
        ui=config_json.get("ui"),
        ui_config=config_json.get("ui_config"),
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import re
 import shlex
 import textwrap
 from collections import Counter
+from collections.abc import Iterable
 from typing import Literal, NamedTuple

 import click
@@ -36,6 +37,10 @@ DISALLOWED_BUILD_COMMAND_CHARS = [
 # This blocks background execution (cmd &) while allowing command
 # chaining (cmd1 && cmd2) which is common in build commands.
 _SINGLE_AMPERSAND_RE = re.compile(r"(?<!&)&(?:&&)*(?!&)")
+_GIT_HTTP_AUTHORITY_RES = (
+    re.compile(r"git\+https?://(?P<authority>[^/\s\"']+)", re.I),
+    re.compile(r"\bgit\s*=\s*[\"']https?://(?P<authority>[^/\s\"']+)", re.I),
+)
 _API_VERSION_PATTERN = re.compile(
    r"^(?P<major>\d+)"
    r"(?:\.(?P<minor>\d+))?"
@@ -78,6 +83,62 @@ def has_disallowed_build_command_content(command: str) -> bool:
    return False


+def _has_git_http_url_userinfo(dependency: str) -> bool:
+    """Check whether a Git HTTP URL contains userinfo."""
+    return any(
+        "@" in match.group("authority")
+        for pattern in _GIT_HTTP_AUTHORITY_RES
+        for match in pattern.finditer(dependency)
+    )
+
+
+def _validate_git_http_url_userinfo(
+    values: Iterable[str], *, source: pathlib.Path | None = None
+) -> None:
+    """Reject credential-bearing Git HTTP URLs without echoing their values."""
+    if not any(_has_git_http_url_userinfo(value) for value in values):
+        return
+    message = (
+        "Git dependency URLs must not contain credentials or other URL "
+        "userinfo because generated Dockerfiles and image layers can retain "
+        "them. Use a credential-free Git URL and provide short-lived "
+        "credentials through your build environment's secret-backed Git "
+        "credential helper."
+    )
+    if source is not None:
+        message += f" Found in: {source}"
+    raise click.UsageError(message)
+
+
+def _validate_git_http_url_userinfo_files(paths: Iterable[pathlib.Path]) -> None:
+    """Reject credential-bearing Git HTTP URLs in dependency files."""
+    for path in paths:
+        path = path.resolve()
+        if not path.is_file():
+            continue
+        try:
+            contents = path.read_text(encoding="utf-8", errors="replace")
+        except OSError:
+            raise click.UsageError(
+                f"Could not inspect dependency file for embedded credentials: {path}"
+            ) from None
+        _validate_git_http_url_userinfo([contents], source=path)
+
+
+def _validate_local_dependency_files(config_path: pathlib.Path, config: Config) -> None:
+    """Validate dependency files copied into a non-uv Python image."""
+    paths: list[pathlib.Path] = []
+    for dependency in config["dependencies"]:
+        if not isinstance(dependency, str) or not dependency.startswith("."):
+            continue
+        root = (config_path.parent / dependency).resolve()
+        paths.extend(
+            root / name
+            for name in ("requirements.txt", "pyproject.toml", "setup.py", "setup.cfg")
+        )
+    _validate_git_http_url_userinfo_files(paths)
+
+
 MIN_PYTHON_VERSION = "3.11"
 DEFAULT_PYTHON_VERSION = "3.11"

@@ -320,7 +381,9 @@ def _get_source_kind(config: Config) -> str | None:
    return kind if isinstance(kind, str) else None


-def validate_config(config: Config) -> Config:
+def validate_config(
+    config: Config, *, source_path: pathlib.Path | None = None
+) -> Config:
    """Validate a configuration dictionary."""

    graphs = config.get("graphs", {})
@@ -379,6 +442,7 @@ def validate_config(config: Config) -> Config:
        "store": config.get("store"),
        "auth": config.get("auth"),
        "encryption": config.get("encryption"),
+        "priority": config.get("priority"),
        "http": config.get("http"),
        # Pass through webhooks config so it can be injected into the image
        "webhooks": config.get("webhooks"),
@@ -415,6 +479,15 @@ def validate_config(config: Config) -> Config:
                '  "source": {"kind": "uv", "root": ".."}'
            )

+    _validate_git_http_url_userinfo(
+        (
+            dependency
+            for dependency in config["dependencies"]
+            if isinstance(dependency, str)
+        ),
+        source=source_path,
+    )
+
    source = config.get("source")
    source_kind = _get_source_kind(config)
    if source is not None and not isinstance(source, dict):
@@ -534,6 +607,19 @@ def validate_config(config: Config) -> Config:
                    f"Invalid encryption.path format: '{encryption_conf['path']}'. "
                    "Must be in format './path/to/file.py:attribute_name'"
                )
+    # Validate priority config
+    if priority_conf := config.get("priority"):
+        if "path" in priority_conf:
+            if ":" not in priority_conf["path"]:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Invalid priority.path format: '{priority_conf['path']}'. "
+                    "Must be in format './path/to/file.py:attribute_name'"
+                )
+            if _is_node_graph(priority_conf["path"]):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "JavaScript priority callbacks are not supported: "
+                    f"'{priority_conf['path']}'. Use a Python file or module instead."
+                )
    if http_conf := config.get("http"):
        if "app" in http_conf:
            if ":" not in http_conf["app"]:
@@ -577,6 +663,7 @@ _KNOWN_CONFIG_KEYS = {
    "store",
    "auth",
    "encryption",
+    "priority",
    "http",
    "webhooks",
    "checkpointer",
@@ -609,7 +696,7 @@ def validate_config_file(config_path: pathlib.Path) -> Config:
    """Load and validate a configuration file."""
    with open(config_path) as f:
        config = json.load(f)
-    validated = validate_config(config)
+    validated = validate_config(config, source_path=config_path.resolve())
    # Enforce the package.json doesn't enforce an
    # incompatible Node.js version
    if validated.get("node_version"):
@@ -1008,6 +1095,49 @@ def _update_encryption_path(
    )


+def _update_priority_path(
+    config_path: pathlib.Path, config: Config, local_deps: LocalDeps
+) -> None:
+    """Update priority.path to use Docker container paths."""
+    priority_conf = config.get("priority")
+    if not priority_conf or not (path_str := priority_conf.get("path")):
+        return
+
+    module_str, sep, attr_str = path_str.partition(":")
+    if not sep or not module_str.startswith("."):
+        return  # Already validated or absolute path
+
+    resolved = config_path.parent / module_str
+    if not resolved.exists():
+        raise FileNotFoundError(
+            f"Priority file not found: {resolved} (from {path_str})"
+        )
+    if not resolved.is_file():
+        raise IsADirectoryError(f"Priority path must be a file: {resolved}")
+
+    # Check faux packages first (they take precedence)
+    for faux_path, (_, destpath) in local_deps.faux_pkgs.items():
+        if resolved.is_relative_to(faux_path):
+            new_path = f"{destpath}/{resolved.relative_to(faux_path)}:{attr_str}"
+            priority_conf["path"] = new_path
+            return
+
+    # Check real packages
+    for real_path in local_deps.real_pkgs:
+        if resolved.is_relative_to(real_path):
+            new_path = (
+                f"/deps/{real_path.name}/{resolved.relative_to(real_path)}:{attr_str}"
+            )
+            priority_conf["path"] = new_path
+            return
+
+    raise ValueError(
+        f"Priority file '{resolved}' not covered by dependencies.\n"
+        "Add its parent directory to the 'dependencies' array in your config.\n"
+        f"Current dependencies: {config['dependencies']}"
+    )
+
+
 def _update_checkpointer_path(
    config_path: pathlib.Path, config: Config, local_deps: LocalDeps
 ) -> None:
@@ -1141,6 +1271,9 @@ def _build_runtime_env_vars(config: Config) -> list[str]:
    if (encryption_config := config.get("encryption")) is not None:
        env_vars.append(f"ENV LANGGRAPH_ENCRYPTION='{json.dumps(encryption_config)}'")

+    if (priority_config := config.get("priority")) is not None:
+        env_vars.append(f"ENV LANGGRAPH_PRIORITY='{json.dumps(priority_config)}'")
+
    if (http_config := config.get("http")) is not None:
        env_vars.append(f"ENV LANGGRAPH_HTTP='{json.dumps(http_config)}'")

@@ -1280,6 +1413,7 @@ def python_config_to_docker(
            api_version=api_version,
            build_tools_to_uninstall=build_tools_to_uninstall,
        )
+    _validate_local_dependency_files(config_path, config)
    if pip_installer == "auto":
        if _image_supports_uv(base_image):
            pip_installer = "uv"
@@ -1307,6 +1441,8 @@ def python_config_to_docker(
    _update_auth_path(config_path, config, local_deps)
    # Rewrite encryption path, so it points to the correct location in the Docker container
    _update_encryption_path(config_path, config, local_deps)
+    # Rewrite priority path, so it points to the correct location in the Docker container
+    _update_priority_path(config_path, config, local_deps)
    # Rewrite checkpointer path, so it points to the correct location in the Docker container
    _update_checkpointer_path(config_path, config, local_deps)
    # Rewrite HTTP app path, so it points to the correct location in the Docker container
@@ -1490,7 +1626,18 @@ def node_config_to_docker(
 ) -> tuple[str, dict[str, str]]:
    # Calculate paths for monorepo support
    install_root = (
-        pathlib.Path(build_context).resolve() if build_context else config_path.parent
+        pathlib.Path(build_context).resolve()
+        if build_context
+        else config_path.parent.resolve()
+    )
+    config_root = config_path.parent.resolve()
+    dependency_roots = (
+        (install_root, config_root) if install_root != config_root else (install_root,)
+    )
+    _validate_git_http_url_userinfo_files(
+        root / name
+        for root in dependency_roots
+        for name in ("package.json", "package-lock.json", "yarn.lock", "pnpm-lock.yaml")
    )
    install_cmd = install_command or _get_node_pm_install_cmd(install_root)
    if build_context:
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from langgraph_cli.host_backend import (
    HostBackendError,
    SourceName,
 )
-from langgraph_cli.image_reference import ImageReference
+from langgraph_cli.image_reference import DIGEST_SEPARATOR, ImageReference
 from langgraph_cli.progress import Progress
 from langgraph_cli.util import warn_non_wolfi_distro

@@ -231,15 +231,6 @@ class RequestedPlacement:
    def requested(self) -> bool:
        return self.listener_id is not None or self.k8s_namespace is not None

-    def ensure_not_requested(self, deployment_id: str) -> None:
-        if self.requested:
-            raise click.UsageError(
-                "Listener and namespace are fixed when a deployment is created. "
-                f"Deployment {deployment_id} already exists, so drop --listener-id "
-                "and --k8s-namespace, or create a new deployment with a different "
-                "--name."
-            )
-
    def on(self, listener: Listener) -> Placement:
        return OnListener(listener.id, self._namespace(listener))

@@ -624,6 +615,41 @@ def format_deployments_table(deployments: Sequence[dict[str, object]]) -> str:
    return "\n".join(lines)


+def _extract_listener_namespaces(listener: dict[str, object]) -> str:
+    compute_config = listener.get("compute_config")
+    namespaces = (
+        compute_config.get("k8s_namespaces")
+        if isinstance(compute_config, dict)
+        else None
+    )
+    if isinstance(namespaces, list) and namespaces:
+        return ", ".join(str(namespace) for namespace in namespaces)
+    return "-"
+
+
+def format_listeners_table(listeners: Sequence[dict[str, object]]) -> str:
+    headers = ("Listener ID", "Compute ID", "Namespaces")
+    rows = [
+        (
+            str(listener.get("id", "-") or "-"),
+            str(listener.get("compute_id", "-") or "-"),
+            _extract_listener_namespaces(listener),
+        )
+        for listener in listeners
+    ]
+    widths = [
+        max(len(headers[index]), *(len(row[index]) for row in rows))
+        for index in range(len(headers))
+    ]
+
+    def format_row(row: Sequence[str]) -> str:
+        return "  ".join(value.ljust(widths[index]) for index, value in enumerate(row))
+
+    lines = [format_row(headers), format_row(tuple("-" * width for width in widths))]
+    lines.extend(format_row(row) for row in rows)
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
 def format_revisions_table(revisions: Sequence[dict[str, object]]) -> str:
    headers = ("Revision ID", "Status", "Created At")
    latest_deployed_seen = False
@@ -1020,15 +1046,28 @@ def _print_deployment_result(
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------


+def _strip_url_scheme(url: str) -> str:
+    """Return a registry reference without a trailing slash or URL scheme."""
+    reference = url.rstrip("/")
+    if "://" in reference:
+        reference = reference.split("//", 1)[1]
+    return reference
+
+
+# Artifact Registry's username for access tokens. Control planes whose registry
+# needs another one return it as `username`.
+_DEFAULT_REGISTRY_USERNAME = "oauth2accesstoken"
+
+
@contextmanager
-def _docker_config_for_token(registry_host: str, token: str):
+def _docker_config_for_token(registry_host: str, token: str, username: str):
    """Create a temporary Docker config with only the push token.

    Yields the path to a temporary config directory that can be passed
    to `docker --config <path>` so that system credential helpers
    (e.g. gcloud) don't interfere with the push token.
    """
-    auth_b64 = base64.b64encode(f"oauth2accesstoken:{token}".encode()).decode()
+    auth_b64 = base64.b64encode(f"{username}:{token}".encode()).decode()
    config_data = {"auths": {registry_host: {"auth": auth_b64}}}
    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
        with open(os.path.join(tmpdir, "config.json"), "w") as f:
@@ -1166,10 +1205,37 @@ class DockerBuildCommand:
            return cls(("docker", "build"), ())
        flags: tuple[str, ...] = ("--platform", _DEPLOYMENT_PLATFORM, "--load")
        if not verbose:
-            flags += ("--progress=quiet",)
+            flags += ("--progress=plain",)
        return cls(("docker", "buildx", "build"), flags)


+def _active_docker_host(runner: CommandRunner) -> str | None:
+    """Return the daemon endpoint of the user's active Docker context.
+
+    None when `DOCKER_HOST` is set, which Docker honors with any config
+    directory. Also None when the lookup fails (for example, `DOCKER_CONTEXT`
+    names a context that doesn't exist) or the context has no Docker endpoint
+    (Docker prints `<no value>`); that keeps Docker's own default in place.
+    """
+    if os.environ.get("DOCKER_HOST"):
+        return None
+    try:
+        stdout, _ = runner.run(
+            subp_exec(
+                "docker",
+                "context",
+                "inspect",
+                "--format",
+                "{{.Endpoints.docker.Host}}",
+                collect=True,
+            )
+        )
+    except (click.exceptions.Exit, OSError):
+        return None
+    host = (stdout or "").strip()
+    return host if "://" in host else None
+
+
 def _docker_argv(docker_config_dir: str | None) -> tuple[str, ...]:
    if docker_config_dir is None:
        return ("docker",)
@@ -1203,17 +1269,13 @@ def _push_image(
    runner: CommandRunner,
    image: str,
    *,
-    docker_config_dir: str | None,
+    docker: tuple[str, ...],
    verbose: bool,
 ) -> None:
    for attempt in range(1, _PUSH_ATTEMPTS + 1):
        try:
            with Progress(message="Pushing...", elapsed=not verbose):
-                runner.run(
-                    subp_exec(
-                        *_docker_argv(docker_config_dir), "push", image, verbose=verbose
-                    )
-                )
+                runner.run(subp_exec(*docker, "push", image, verbose=verbose))
            return
        except click.exceptions.Exit:
            if attempt == _PUSH_ATTEMPTS:
@@ -1282,21 +1344,27 @@ def _run_local_build(
            raise click.ClickException(
                "Push token response missing token or registry_url"
            )
+        username = push_data.get("username") or _DEFAULT_REGISTRY_USERNAME
        step += 1

-        normalized_registry = registry_url.rstrip("/")
-        if "://" in normalized_registry:
-            normalized_registry = normalized_registry.split("//", 1)[1]
-        repo_seed = image_name or name or spec.config.parent.name
-        remote_image = str(
-            ImageReference(
-                f"{normalized_registry}/{normalize_name(repo_seed)}",
-                tag,
+        if push_data.get("repository_url"):
+            # The control plane chose the exact repository (an ECR repository
+            # is a single image name, so nothing may be appended to it).
+            repository = _strip_url_scheme(push_data["repository_url"])
+        else:
+            repo_seed = image_name or name or spec.config.parent.name
+            repository = (
+                f"{_strip_url_scheme(registry_url)}/{normalize_name(repo_seed)}"
            )
-        )
-        registry_host = normalized_registry.split("/")[0]
+        remote_image = str(ImageReference(repository, tag))
+        registry_host = repository.split("/")[0]

-        with _docker_config_for_token(registry_host, deployment_token) as cfg:
+        with _docker_config_for_token(registry_host, deployment_token, username) as cfg:
+            # A config directory has no current context, so Docker would fall
+            # back to /var/run/docker.sock; keep using the daemon the build used.
+            docker_host = _active_docker_host(runner)
+            host_args = ("--host", docker_host) if docker_host else ()
+            docker = (*_docker_argv(cfg), *host_args)
            _log_deploy_step(step, f"Logging into {registry_host}")
            token_input = (
                deployment_token
@@ -1305,10 +1373,10 @@ def _run_local_build(
            )
            runner.run(
                subp_exec(
-                    *_docker_argv(cfg),
+                    *docker,
                    "login",
                    "-u",
-                    "oauth2accesstoken",
+                    username,
                    "--password-stdin",
                    registry_host,
                    input=token_input,
@@ -1321,7 +1389,7 @@ def _run_local_build(
            runner.run(
                subp_exec("docker", "tag", image_to_push, remote_image, verbose=verbose)
            )
-            _push_image(runner, remote_image, docker_config_dir=cfg, verbose=verbose)
+            _push_image(runner, remote_image, docker=docker, verbose=verbose)
        step += 1

        resolved_image = _resolve_pushed_image_digest(
@@ -1492,6 +1560,14 @@ def _resolve_or_create(
            secrets=ctx.secrets,
        )
    except HostBackendError as err:
+        if err.status_code == 400 and err.detail == (
+            "Scale to zero deployments are not supported in AWS environments"
+        ):
+            raise HostBackendError(
+                f"{err.message}\nUse --deployment-type dev instead.",
+                status_code=err.status_code,
+                detail=err.detail,
+            ) from None
        if _needs_a_listener(err):
            raise ListenerRequiredError(
                "The image has to come from a registry you manage, so re-run with "
@@ -1544,9 +1620,9 @@ def _ensure_customer_registry_source(existing: ExistingDeployment) -> None:
    if existing.source != _CUSTOMER_REGISTRY_SOURCE:
        raise click.UsageError(
            f"Deployment {existing.id} was not created from an external image "
-            "and cannot be updated with --push-to. Run without --push-to to keep "
-            "its current build mode, or use a different --name to create a new "
-            "deployment."
+            "and cannot be updated with --push-to or --image-uri. Run without "
+            "either flag to keep its current build mode, or use a different "
+            "--name to create a new deployment."
        )


@@ -1599,10 +1675,85 @@ class RemoteBuildSource:


@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
-class CustomerRegistrySource:
+class BuildAndPush:
    reference: ImageReference
    prebuilt_image: str | None
-    requested_placement: RequestedPlacement
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class PublishedImage:
+    image_uri: str
+
+
+ImageSource = BuildAndPush | PublishedImage
+
+
+def _resource_spec(image_pull_secrets: tuple[str, ...]) -> Mapping[str, object]:
+    if not image_pull_secrets:
+        return _OPERATOR_DEFAULT_RESOURCE_SPEC
+    return {
+        "image_pull_secrets": [{"name": name} for name in image_pull_secrets],
+    }
+
+
+# Mirrors the control plane's own LocalObjectReference.name validation (a
+# Kubernetes DNS subdomain), so a bad secret name is rejected here instead of
+# after a build and push.
+_K8S_SECRET_NAME_RE = re.compile(
+    r"^[a-z0-9]([-a-z0-9]*[a-z0-9])?(\.[a-z0-9]([-a-z0-9]*[a-z0-9])?)*$"
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class CreateOnlySettings:
+    """Options for an external-image deployment that only apply when
+    creating one, never when updating an existing deployment."""
+
+    placement: RequestedPlacement
+    image_pull_secrets: tuple[str, ...] = ()
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        for name in self.image_pull_secrets:
+            if len(name) > 253 or not _K8S_SECRET_NAME_RE.match(name):
+                raise click.UsageError(
+                    f"--image-pull-secret {name!r} is not a valid Kubernetes "
+                    "secret name (lowercase alphanumeric characters, '-', or "
+                    "'.' only, max 253 characters)."
+                )
+
+    @property
+    def requested(self) -> bool:
+        return self.placement.requested or bool(self.image_pull_secrets)
+
+    def ensure_creatable(self, push_to: str | None, image_uri: str | None) -> None:
+        if push_to is None and image_uri is None and self.requested:
+            raise click.UsageError(
+                "--listener-id, --k8s-namespace, and --image-pull-secret only "
+                "apply when creating a deployment with --push-to or --image-uri."
+            )
+
+    def ensure_not_existing(self, deployment_id: str) -> None:
+        if self.placement.requested:
+            raise click.UsageError(
+                "Listener and namespace are fixed when a deployment is "
+                f"created. Deployment {deployment_id} already exists, so "
+                "drop --listener-id and --k8s-namespace, or create a new "
+                "deployment with a different --name."
+            )
+        if self.image_pull_secrets:
+            raise click.UsageError(
+                "langgraph deploy does not update image pull secrets on an "
+                f"existing deployment. Deployment {deployment_id} already "
+                "exists, so drop --image-pull-secret and update resource_spec "
+                "through the API or the LangSmith UI instead, or create a "
+                "new deployment with a different --name."
+            )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class CustomerRegistrySource:
+    image: ImageSource
+    create_only: CreateOnlySettings

    def run(self, ctx: DeployContext) -> DeployOutcome:
        if isinstance(ctx.selector, ById):
@@ -1624,7 +1775,7 @@ class CustomerRegistrySource:
        self, ctx: DeployContext, existing: ExistingDeployment, step: int
    ) -> DeployOutcome:
        _ensure_customer_registry_source(existing)
-        self.requested_placement.ensure_not_requested(existing.id)
+        self.create_only.ensure_not_existing(existing.id)
        image_uri, step = self._publish(ctx, step)
        _log_deploy_step(step, f"Updating deployment {existing.id}")
        updated = ctx.client.update_deployment(
@@ -1639,7 +1790,7 @@ class CustomerRegistrySource:
        )

    def _resolve_placement(self, ctx: DeployContext) -> Placement:
-        requested = self.requested_placement
+        requested = self.create_only.placement
        if requested.listener_id is not None:
            return requested.on(_requested_listener(ctx.client, requested.listener_id))
        if not (ctx.endpoints.is_cloud or requested.requested):
@@ -1668,7 +1819,9 @@ class CustomerRegistrySource:
                else None,
                source=_CUSTOMER_REGISTRY_SOURCE,
                source_config={
-                    "resource_spec": _OPERATOR_DEFAULT_RESOURCE_SPEC,
+                    "resource_spec": _resource_spec(
+                        self.create_only.image_pull_secrets
+                    ),
                    **placement.source_config(),
                },
                source_revision_config={"image_uri": image_uri},
@@ -1686,16 +1839,22 @@ class CustomerRegistrySource:
        )

    def _publish(self, ctx: DeployContext, step: int) -> tuple[str, int]:
-        image = str(self.reference)
+        if isinstance(self.image, PublishedImage):
+            return self.image.image_uri, step
+        image = str(self.image.reference)
        with Runner() as runner:
-            if self.prebuilt_image:
-                _log_deploy_step(step, f"Validating image {self.prebuilt_image}")
+            if self.image.prebuilt_image:
+                _log_deploy_step(step, f"Validating image {self.image.prebuilt_image}")
                _validate_prebuilt_image(
-                    runner, self.prebuilt_image, verbose=ctx.verbose
+                    runner, self.image.prebuilt_image, verbose=ctx.verbose
                )
                runner.run(
                    subp_exec(
-                        "docker", "tag", self.prebuilt_image, image, verbose=ctx.verbose
+                        "docker",
+                        "tag",
+                        self.image.prebuilt_image,
+                        image,
+                        verbose=ctx.verbose,
                    )
                )
            else:
@@ -1703,7 +1862,7 @@ class CustomerRegistrySource:
                _build_image(runner, ctx.spec, image, verbose=ctx.verbose)
            step += 1
            _log_deploy_step(step, f"Pushing image {image}")
-            _push_image(runner, image, docker_config_dir=None, verbose=ctx.verbose)
+            _push_image(runner, image, docker=_docker_argv(None), verbose=ctx.verbose)
            step += 1
            digest = _resolve_pushed_image_digest(
                runner, remote_image=image, docker_config_dir=None, verbose=ctx.verbose
@@ -1733,26 +1892,48 @@ def _push_reference(push_to: str, tag: str | None) -> ImageReference:
    return reference.with_tag(normalize_image_tag(tag or _DEFAULT_IMAGE_TAG))


+def _validate_image_uri(image_uri: str) -> str:
+    value = image_uri.strip()
+    if not value:
+        raise click.UsageError("--image-uri must not be empty.")
+    if DIGEST_SEPARATOR not in value:
+        raise click.UsageError(
+            "--image-uri must pin a digest, e.g. "
+            f"repository{DIGEST_SEPARATOR}<sha256 hex>. Kubernetes can cache "
+            "images by tag, so redeploying a mutable tag may silently keep "
+            "running the previous image."
+        )
+    return value
+
+
 def _select_source(
    *,
    push_to: str | None,
    image: str | None,
+    image_uri: str | None,
    image_name: str | None,
    tag: str | None,
    remote_build_flag: bool | None,
    placement: RequestedPlacement,
+    image_pull_secrets: tuple[str, ...],
    selector: DeploymentSelector,
 ) -> DeploymentSource:
-    if push_to is None and placement.requested:
-        raise click.UsageError(
-            "--listener-id and --k8s-namespace only apply when creating a "
-            "deployment with --push-to."
-        )
-    if placement.requested and isinstance(selector, ById):
-        raise click.UsageError(
-            "Listener and namespace are fixed when a deployment is created, so "
-            "they cannot be set for an existing --deployment-id. Drop them, or "
-            "create a new deployment with --name."
+    create_only = CreateOnlySettings(placement, image_pull_secrets)
+    create_only.ensure_creatable(push_to, image_uri)
+    if create_only.requested and isinstance(selector, ById):
+        create_only.ensure_not_existing(selector.deployment_id)
+    if image_uri is not None:
+        if push_to is not None:
+            raise click.UsageError("--image-uri cannot be combined with --push-to.")
+        if image is not None:
+            raise click.UsageError("--image-uri cannot be combined with --image.")
+        if tag is not None:
+            raise click.UsageError("--image-uri cannot be combined with --tag.")
+        if remote_build_flag is not None:
+            raise click.UsageError("--image-uri cannot be combined with --remote.")
+        return CustomerRegistrySource(
+            image=PublishedImage(_validate_image_uri(image_uri)),
+            create_only=create_only,
        )
    if push_to is not None:
        if remote_build_flag is True:
@@ -1761,9 +1942,8 @@ def _select_source(
        if image is None:
            _require_local_docker()
        return CustomerRegistrySource(
-            reference=reference,
-            prebuilt_image=image,
-            requested_placement=placement,
+            image=BuildAndPush(reference=reference, prebuilt_image=image),
+            create_only=create_only,
        )
    if image and remote_build_flag is True:
        raise click.UsageError("--image cannot be combined with --remote builds.")
@@ -1793,7 +1973,10 @@ def _create_host_backend_client(
    host_url: str | None,
    api_key: str | None,
    env_vars: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    *,
+    no_input: bool | None = None,
 ) -> HostBackendClient:
+    effective_no_input = _no_input if no_input is None else no_input
    if env_vars is None:
        env_vars = _parse_env_from_config({}, pathlib.Path.cwd() / DEFAULT_CONFIG)
    resolved_api_key = api_key
@@ -1808,7 +1991,7 @@ def _create_host_backend_client(
                resolved_api_key = val
                break
    if not resolved_api_key:
-        if _no_input:
+        if effective_no_input:
            raise click.ClickException(
                "No LangSmith API key found. Set LANGSMITH_API_KEY in the "
                "environment or .env file."
@@ -1833,6 +2016,8 @@ def _create_host_backend_client(
 def _call_host_backend_with_optional_tenant(
    client: HostBackendClient,
    operation: Callable[[HostBackendClient], _T],
+    *,
+    no_input: bool | None = None,
 ) -> _T:
    """Run *operation*, prompting for a workspace ID on org-scoped 403s.

@@ -1841,6 +2026,7 @@ def _call_host_backend_with_optional_tenant(
    in-place so all subsequent calls through the same instance are
    tenant-aware.
    """
+    effective_no_input = _no_input if no_input is None else no_input
    prompted_for_tenant = False

    while True:
@@ -1852,7 +2038,7 @@ def _call_host_backend_with_optional_tenant(
                and err.status_code == 403
                and "requires workspace specification" in err.message
            ):
-                if _no_input:
+                if effective_no_input:
                    raise click.ClickException(
                        "API key is org-scoped and requires a workspace ID. "
                        "Set LANGSMITH_TENANT_ID in your .env file or "
@@ -2035,11 +2221,13 @@ def _deploy_base_options(
            ),
            click.option(
                "--deployment-type",
-                type=click.Choice(["dev", "prod"]),
-                default="dev",
+                type=click.Choice(["serverless", "dedicated", "dev", "prod"]),
+                default="serverless",
                show_default=True,
                help=(
-                    "Deployment type (used when creating a new deployment). "
+                    "Deployment type (used when creating a new deployment): "
+                    "serverless (scale to zero) or dedicated (prod); "
+                    "legacy dev and prod are also accepted. "
                    "Ignored with --push-to."
                ),
            ),
@@ -2075,19 +2263,42 @@ def _deploy_base_options(
                    "Give the tag here or with --tag (default: latest)."
                ),
            ),
+            click.option(
+                "--image-uri",
+                help=(
+                    "Deploy an image that's already in a registry you manage, "
+                    "without building, retagging, or pushing anything. For "
+                    "self-hosted and hybrid LangSmith. Give the full reference, "
+                    "e.g. 123456789.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/agents/"
+                    "my-agent:v1.2.3 or ...@sha256:<digest>. Cannot be combined "
+                    "with --push-to, --image, --tag, or --remote."
+                ),
+            ),
            click.option(
                "--listener-id",
                help=(
                    "Listener that will run the deployment, for workspaces that "
                    "deploy through a listener in your own cluster. Only used when "
-                    "creating a deployment with --push-to."
+                    "creating a deployment with --push-to or --image-uri."
                ),
            ),
            click.option(
                "--k8s-namespace",
                help=(
                    "Kubernetes namespace the listener deploys into. Only used when "
-                    "creating a deployment with --push-to."
+                    "creating a deployment with --push-to or --image-uri."
+                ),
+            ),
+            click.option(
+                "--image-pull-secret",
+                "image_pull_secrets",
+                multiple=True,
+                help=(
+                    "Name of a Kubernetes secret (type kubernetes.io/"
+                    "dockerconfigjson) in the deployment's namespace to use for "
+                    "pulling the image from a private registry. Repeat to give "
+                    "more than one. Only used when creating a deployment with "
+                    "--push-to or --image-uri."
                ),
            ),
            click.option(
@@ -2200,8 +2411,10 @@ def _deploy_cmd(
    image_name: str | None,
    image: str | None,
    push_to: str | None,
+    image_uri: str | None,
    listener_id: str | None,
    k8s_namespace: str | None,
+    image_pull_secrets: tuple[str, ...],
    tag: str | None,
    base_image: str | None,
    install_command: str | None,
@@ -2273,10 +2486,12 @@ def _deploy_cmd(
    source = _select_source(
        push_to=push_to,
        image=image,
+        image_uri=image_uri,
        image_name=image_name,
        tag=tag,
        remote_build_flag=remote_build_flag,
        placement=RequestedPlacement(listener_id, k8s_namespace),
+        image_pull_secrets=image_pull_secrets,
        selector=selector,
    )

@@ -2303,7 +2518,9 @@ def _deploy_cmd(
            ),
            verbose=verbose,
            selector=selector,
-            deployment_type=deployment_type,
+            deployment_type={"serverless": "dev_zero", "dedicated": "prod"}.get(
+                deployment_type, deployment_type
+            ),
            secrets=secrets,
            tracked_packages=tracked_packages,
        )
@@ -2408,6 +2625,53 @@ def deploy_list(
    click.echo(format_deployments_table(deployments))


+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# deploy listeners
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@deploy.group(
+    "listeners",
+    cls=NestedHelpGroup,
+    help="[Beta] Inspect listeners available to this workspace.",
+)
+def deploy_listeners() -> None:
+    pass
+
+
+@OPT_HOST_API_KEY
+@OPT_HOST_URL
+@click.option(
+    "--json",
+    "json_output",
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help="Emit the listeners as a JSON array instead of a table.",
+)
+@deploy_listeners.command(
+    "list",
+    help=(
+        "[Beta] List listeners available to this workspace.\n\n"
+        "Pass a listener's id to `langgraph deploy --push-to ... "
+        "--listener-id <id>` to deploy through it."
+    ),
+)
+def deploy_listeners_list(
+    api_key: str | None, host_url: str | None, json_output: bool
+) -> None:
+    client = _create_host_backend_client(host_url, api_key, no_input=json_output)
+    listeners = _call_host_backend_with_optional_tenant(
+        client, lambda c: c.list_listeners(), no_input=json_output
+    )
+    if json_output:
+        click.echo(json_mod.dumps(listeners))
+        return
+    if not listeners:
+        click.echo("No listeners found for this workspace.")
+        return
+    click.echo(format_listeners_table(listeners))
+
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # deploy revisions
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -44,11 +44,8 @@ async def subp_exec(
    on_stdout: Callable[[str], bool | None] | None = None,
 ) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
    if verbose:
-        cmd_str = f"+ {cmd} {' '.join(map(str, args))}"
-        if input:
-            print(cmd_str, " <\n", "\n".join(filter(None, input.splitlines())), sep="")
-        else:
-            print(cmd_str)
+        # Never echo stdin: it can carry secrets (docker login --password-stdin).
+        print(f"+ {cmd} {' '.join(map(str, args))}")
    if wait:
        await asyncio.sleep(wait)

@@ -249,9 +249,12 @@ class HostBackendClient:
        return self._request("DELETE", f"/v2/deployments/{deployment_id}")

    def request_push_token(self, deployment_id: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        # Tells the control plane this client logs in with the returned
+        # `username` and pushes to `repository_url`. LangSmith AWS requires it.
        return self._request(
            "POST",
            f"/v2/deployments/{deployment_id}/push-token",
+            {"supports_registry_username": True},
        )

    def request_upload_url(self, deployment_id: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
@@ -373,6 +373,27 @@ class EncryptionConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
    """


+class PriorityConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Configuration for custom run priority logic.
+
+    Allows you to decide each thread's priority settings with a Python function
+    that the server calls at the first run on a thread with no settings, which
+    can come long after the thread was created."""
+
+    path: str
+    """Required. Path to an instance of the Priority() class that registers an assign function.
+
+    Format: "path/to/file.py:my_priority"
+
+    Example:
+        {
+            "priority": {
+                "path": "./priority.py:my_priority"
+            }
+        }
+    """
+
+
 class CorsConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
    """Specifies Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) rules for your server.

@@ -650,7 +671,8 @@ class Config(TypedDict, total=False):

    pip_config_file: str | None
    """Optional. Path to a pip config file (e.g., "/etc/pip.conf" or "pip.ini") for controlling
-    package installation (custom indices, credentials, etc.).
+    package installation (custom indices, timeouts, etc.). The file is copied into the
+    generated image, so it must not contain credentials or other secrets.

    Only relevant if Python dependencies are installed via pip. If omitted, default pip settings are used.
    """
@@ -689,6 +711,9 @@ class Config(TypedDict, total=False):
      - "." or "./src" if you have a local Python package
      - str (aka "anthropic") for a PyPI package
      - "git+https://github.com/org/repo.git@main" for a Git-based package
+    Git HTTP URLs must not contain userinfo such as a username or token. For private
+    dependencies, provide short-lived credentials through the build environment's
+    secret-backed Git credential helper.
    Defaults to an empty list, meaning no additional packages installed beyond your base environment.

    This field is not supported when `source.kind` is `uv`.
@@ -749,6 +774,13 @@ class Config(TypedDict, total=False):
    Allows you to implement custom encryption for sensitive data stored in the database.
    """

+    priority: PriorityConfig | None
+    """Optional. Custom run priority config, including the path to your Python priority logic.
+
+    Allows you to decide each thread's priority settings at the first run on a thread with no settings,
+    which can come long after the thread was created.
+    """
+
    http: HttpConfig | None
    """Optional. Configuration for the built-in HTTP server, controlling which custom routes are exposed
    and how cross-origin requests are handled.
@@ -780,6 +812,7 @@ __all__ = [
    "CheckpointerConfig",
    "AuthConfig",
    "EncryptionConfig",
+    "PriorityConfig",
    "HttpConfig",
    "MiddlewareOrders",
    "Distros",
@@ -880,6 +880,7 @@ def python_config_to_docker_uv_lock(
        _get_node_pm_install_cmd,
        _get_pip_cleanup_lines,
        _image_supports_uv,
+        _validate_git_http_url_userinfo_files,
        docker_tag,
    )

@@ -890,16 +891,26 @@ def python_config_to_docker_uv_lock(
        )

    config_root = config_path.parent.resolve()
+    source_root = config["source"].get("root", ".")
+    project_root = (config_root / source_root).resolve()
+    _validate_git_http_url_userinfo_files(
+        [project_root / "pyproject.toml", project_root / "uv.lock"]
+    )
+
    install_cmd = "uv pip install --system"
    _, global_reqs_pip_install, pip_config_file_str = _build_python_install_commands(
        config, install_cmd
    )
    plan = _plan_uv_lock_workspace(config_path, config)
+    _validate_git_http_url_userinfo_files(
+        package.pyproject_path for package in plan.install_order
+    )

    _update_uv_lock_graph_paths(config_path, config, plan)
    for section, key in [
        ("auth", "path"),
        ("encryption", "path"),
+        ("priority", "path"),
        ("checkpointer", "path"),
        ("http", "app"),
    ]:
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
                  "type": "null"
                }
              ],
-              "description": "Optional. Path to a pip config file (e.g., \"/etc/pip.conf\" or \"pip.ini\") for controlling\npackage installation (custom indices, credentials, etc.).\n\nOnly relevant if Python dependencies are installed via pip. If omitted, default pip settings are used.\n"
+              "description": "Optional. Path to a pip config file (e.g., \"/etc/pip.conf\" or \"pip.ini\") for controlling\npackage installation (custom indices, timeouts, etc.). The file is copied into the\ngenerated image, so it must not contain credentials or other secrets.\n\nOnly relevant if Python dependencies are installed via pip. If omitted, default pip settings are used.\n"
            },
            "_INTERNAL_docker_tag": {
              "anyOf": [
@@ -196,6 +196,17 @@
                }
              ]
            },
+            "priority": {
+              "anyOf": [
+                {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/PriorityConfig"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "null"
+                }
+              ],
+              "description": "Optional. Custom run priority config, including the path to your Python priority logic.\n\nAllows you to decide each thread's priority settings at the first run on a thread with no settings,\nwhich can come long after the thread was created.\n"
+            },
            "source": {
              "anyOf": [
                {
@@ -270,7 +281,7 @@
                  "type": "null"
                }
              ],
-              "description": "Optional. Path to a pip config file (e.g., \"/etc/pip.conf\" or \"pip.ini\") for controlling\npackage installation (custom indices, credentials, etc.).\n\nOnly relevant if Python dependencies are installed via pip. If omitted, default pip settings are used.\n"
+              "description": "Optional. Path to a pip config file (e.g., \"/etc/pip.conf\" or \"pip.ini\") for controlling\npackage installation (custom indices, timeouts, etc.). The file is copied into the\ngenerated image, so it must not contain credentials or other secrets.\n\nOnly relevant if Python dependencies are installed via pip. If omitted, default pip settings are used.\n"
            },
            "_INTERNAL_docker_tag": {
              "anyOf": [
@@ -438,6 +449,17 @@
                }
              ]
            },
+            "priority": {
+              "anyOf": [
+                {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/PriorityConfig"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "null"
+                }
+              ],
+              "description": "Optional. Custom run priority config, including the path to your Python priority logic.\n\nAllows you to decide each thread's priority settings at the first run on a thread with no settings,\nwhich can come long after the thread was created.\n"
+            },
            "source": {
              "$ref": "#/$defs/UvSource"
            },
@@ -666,6 +688,17 @@
                }
              ]
            },
+            "priority": {
+              "anyOf": [
+                {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/PriorityConfig"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "null"
+                }
+              ],
+              "description": "Optional. Custom run priority config, including the path to your Python priority logic.\n\nAllows you to decide each thread's priority settings at the first run on a thread with no settings,\nwhich can come long after the thread was created.\n"
+            },
            "source": {
              "anyOf": [
                {
@@ -1170,6 +1203,18 @@
      },
      "required": []
    },
+    "PriorityConfig": {
+      "title": "PriorityConfig",
+      "description": "Configuration for custom run priority logic.\n\nAllows you to decide each thread's priority settings with a Python function\nthat the server calls at the first run on a thread with no settings, which\ncan come long after the thread was created.",
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "path": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "Required. Path to an instance of the Priority() class that registers an assign function.\n"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": []
+    },
    "UvSource": {
      "title": "UvSource",
      "description": "Deployment source rooted at a uv project or workspace.",
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
                  "type": "null"
                }
              ],
-              "description": "Optional. Path to a pip config file (e.g., \"/etc/pip.conf\" or \"pip.ini\") for controlling\npackage installation (custom indices, credentials, etc.).\n\nOnly relevant if Python dependencies are installed via pip. If omitted, default pip settings are used.\n"
+              "description": "Optional. Path to a pip config file (e.g., \"/etc/pip.conf\" or \"pip.ini\") for controlling\npackage installation (custom indices, timeouts, etc.). The file is copied into the\ngenerated image, so it must not contain credentials or other secrets.\n\nOnly relevant if Python dependencies are installed via pip. If omitted, default pip settings are used.\n"
            },
            "_INTERNAL_docker_tag": {
              "anyOf": [
@@ -196,6 +196,17 @@
                }
              ]
            },
+            "priority": {
+              "anyOf": [
+                {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/PriorityConfig"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "null"
+                }
+              ],
+              "description": "Optional. Custom run priority config, including the path to your Python priority logic.\n\nAllows you to decide each thread's priority settings at the first run on a thread with no settings,\nwhich can come long after the thread was created.\n"
+            },
            "source": {
              "anyOf": [
                {
@@ -270,7 +281,7 @@
                  "type": "null"
                }
              ],
-              "description": "Optional. Path to a pip config file (e.g., \"/etc/pip.conf\" or \"pip.ini\") for controlling\npackage installation (custom indices, credentials, etc.).\n\nOnly relevant if Python dependencies are installed via pip. If omitted, default pip settings are used.\n"
+              "description": "Optional. Path to a pip config file (e.g., \"/etc/pip.conf\" or \"pip.ini\") for controlling\npackage installation (custom indices, timeouts, etc.). The file is copied into the\ngenerated image, so it must not contain credentials or other secrets.\n\nOnly relevant if Python dependencies are installed via pip. If omitted, default pip settings are used.\n"
            },
            "_INTERNAL_docker_tag": {
              "anyOf": [
@@ -438,6 +449,17 @@
                }
              ]
            },
+            "priority": {
+              "anyOf": [
+                {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/PriorityConfig"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "null"
+                }
+              ],
+              "description": "Optional. Custom run priority config, including the path to your Python priority logic.\n\nAllows you to decide each thread's priority settings at the first run on a thread with no settings,\nwhich can come long after the thread was created.\n"
+            },
            "source": {
              "$ref": "#/$defs/UvSource"
            },
@@ -666,6 +688,17 @@
                }
              ]
            },
+            "priority": {
+              "anyOf": [
+                {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/PriorityConfig"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "null"
+                }
+              ],
+              "description": "Optional. Custom run priority config, including the path to your Python priority logic.\n\nAllows you to decide each thread's priority settings at the first run on a thread with no settings,\nwhich can come long after the thread was created.\n"
+            },
            "source": {
              "anyOf": [
                {
@@ -1170,6 +1203,18 @@
      },
      "required": []
    },
+    "PriorityConfig": {
+      "title": "PriorityConfig",
+      "description": "Configuration for custom run priority logic.\n\nAllows you to decide each thread's priority settings with a Python function\nthat the server calls at the first run on a thread with no settings, which\ncan come long after the thread was created.",
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "path": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "Required. Path to an instance of the Priority() class that registers an assign function.\n"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": []
+    },
    "UvSource": {
      "title": "UvSource",
      "description": "Deployment source rooted at a uv project or workspace.",
@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ import json
 import pathlib
 import re
 import shutil
+import sys
 import tempfile
 import textwrap
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from pathlib import Path
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock

 import click
 from click.testing import CliRunner
@@ -14,6 +16,7 @@ import langgraph_cli.deploy as deploy_module
 from langgraph_cli.cli import cli, prepare_args_and_stdin
 from langgraph_cli.config import Config, _get_pip_cleanup_lines, validate_config
 from langgraph_cli.docker import DEFAULT_POSTGRES_URI, DockerCapabilities, Version
+from langgraph_cli.host_backend import HostBackendError
 from langgraph_cli.util import clean_empty_lines

 FORMATTED_CLEANUP_LINES = _get_pip_cleanup_lines(
@@ -370,6 +373,32 @@ def test_dev_command_requires_ssl_certfile_and_keyfile_together(tmp_path) -> Non
    assert "Both --ssl-certfile and --ssl-keyfile must be provided" in result.output


+def test_dev_command_passes_priority_to_the_server(tmp_path, monkeypatch) -> None:
+    config_path = tmp_path / "langgraph.json"
+    config_path.write_text(
+        json.dumps(
+            {
+                "dependencies": ["."],
+                "graphs": {"agent": "./agent.py:graph"},
+                "priority": {"path": "./priority.py:priority"},
+            }
+        ),
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    # The test environment doesn't install langgraph-api, so stand in for its server.
+    server = MagicMock()
+    monkeypatch.setitem(sys.modules, "langgraph_api.cli", server)
+    # dev appends the working directory and its dependencies to sys.path.
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "path", list(sys.path))
+
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(cli, ["dev", "--config", str(config_path)])
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert server.run_server.call_args.kwargs["priority"] == {
+        "path": "./priority.py:priority"
+    }
+
+
 def test_deploy_list_command(monkeypatch) -> None:
    runner = CliRunner()
    captured: dict[str, str] = {}
@@ -453,6 +482,203 @@ def test_deploy_list_command_no_results(monkeypatch) -> None:
    assert result.output.strip() == "No deployments found."


+def test_deploy_listeners_list_command(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    captured: dict[str, str] = {}
+
+    class FakeClient:
+        def __init__(self, host_url: str, api_key: str, tenant_id: str | None = None):
+            captured["host_url"] = host_url
+            captured["api_key"] = api_key
+            captured["tenant_id"] = tenant_id or ""
+
+        def list_listeners(self):
+            return [
+                {
+                    "id": "listener-1",
+                    "compute_id": "prod-cluster",
+                    "compute_config": {"k8s_namespaces": ["agents"]},
+                },
+                {
+                    "id": "listener-2",
+                    "compute_id": "multi-cluster",
+                    "compute_config": {"k8s_namespaces": ["agents", "agents-staging"]},
+                },
+            ]
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(deploy_module, "HostBackendClient", FakeClient)
+
+    result = runner.invoke(
+        cli,
+        [
+            "deploy",
+            "listeners",
+            "list",
+            "--api-key",
+            "test-key",
+            "--host-url",
+            "https://api.example.com",
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert captured == {
+        "host_url": "https://api.example.com",
+        "api_key": "test-key",
+        "tenant_id": "",
+    }
+    assert "Listener ID" in result.output
+    assert "Compute ID" in result.output
+    assert "Namespaces" in result.output
+    assert "listener-1" in result.output
+    assert "prod-cluster" in result.output
+    assert "agents, agents-staging" in result.output
+
+
+def test_deploy_listeners_list_command_no_results(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    runner = CliRunner()
+
+    class FakeClient:
+        def __init__(self, host_url: str, api_key: str, tenant_id: str | None = None):
+            pass
+
+        def list_listeners(self):
+            return []
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(deploy_module, "HostBackendClient", FakeClient)
+
+    result = runner.invoke(
+        cli,
+        [
+            "deploy",
+            "listeners",
+            "list",
+            "--api-key",
+            "test-key",
+            "--host-url",
+            "https://api.example.com",
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert result.output.strip() == "No listeners found for this workspace."
+
+
+def test_deploy_listeners_list_command_json(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    runner = CliRunner()
+
+    listeners = [
+        {
+            "id": "listener-1",
+            "compute_id": "prod-cluster",
+            "compute_config": {"k8s_namespaces": ["agents"]},
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "listener-2",
+            "compute_id": "multi-cluster",
+            "compute_config": {"k8s_namespaces": ["agents", "agents-staging"]},
+        },
+    ]
+
+    class FakeClient:
+        def __init__(self, host_url: str, api_key: str, tenant_id: str | None = None):
+            pass
+
+        def list_listeners(self):
+            return listeners
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(deploy_module, "HostBackendClient", FakeClient)
+
+    result = runner.invoke(
+        cli,
+        [
+            "deploy",
+            "listeners",
+            "list",
+            "--json",
+            "--api-key",
+            "test-key",
+            "--host-url",
+            "https://api.example.com",
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert json.loads(result.output) == listeners
+
+
+def test_deploy_listeners_list_command_json_no_results(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    runner = CliRunner()
+
+    class FakeClient:
+        def __init__(self, host_url: str, api_key: str, tenant_id: str | None = None):
+            pass
+
+        def list_listeners(self):
+            return []
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(deploy_module, "HostBackendClient", FakeClient)
+
+    result = runner.invoke(
+        cli,
+        [
+            "deploy",
+            "listeners",
+            "list",
+            "--json",
+            "--api-key",
+            "test-key",
+            "--host-url",
+            "https://api.example.com",
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert json.loads(result.output) == []
+
+
+def test_deploy_listeners_list_command_json_org_scoped_403(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    """With --json, an org-scoped 403 must raise cleanly instead of
+    prompting for a workspace ID, which would write to stdout and hang
+    waiting for input that a scripted invocation never provides."""
+    runner = CliRunner()
+
+    class FakeClient:
+        def __init__(self, host_url: str, api_key: str, tenant_id: str | None = None):
+            pass
+
+        def list_listeners(self):
+            raise HostBackendError("requires workspace specification", status_code=403)
+
+        def set_tenant(self, tenant_id: str) -> None:
+            raise AssertionError("must not retry with a prompted tenant with --json")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(deploy_module, "HostBackendClient", FakeClient)
+
+    prompt_calls = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        click, "prompt", lambda *a, **k: prompt_calls.append((a, k)) or "unreachable"
+    )
+
+    result = runner.invoke(
+        cli,
+        [
+            "deploy",
+            "listeners",
+            "list",
+            "--json",
+            "--api-key",
+            "test-key",
+            "--host-url",
+            "https://api.example.com",
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert prompt_calls == [], "must not prompt interactively with --json"
+    assert result.exit_code != 0
+    assert "LANGSMITH_TENANT_ID" in result.output
+
+
 def test_deploy_revisions_list_command(monkeypatch) -> None:
    runner = CliRunner()
    captured: dict[str, str] = {}
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ ARCHIVE = ("/tmp/src.tgz", 2048, "langgraph.json")
 OBJECT_PATH = "tarballs/src.tgz"
 PLATFORM_FORMAT = "{{.Os}}/{{.Architecture}}"
 DIGESTS_FORMAT = "{{json .RepoDigests}}"
+CONTEXT_HOST_FORMAT = "{{.Endpoints.docker.Host}}"
+CONTEXT_HOST = "unix:///Users/dev/.docker/run/docker.sock"
 NOT_A_CLI_DEPLOYMENT = (
    "push token is only available for 'internal_docker' source deployments"
 )
@@ -93,6 +95,7 @@ class ControlPlaneDouble:
    timeline: list[str]
    existing_deployments: list[dict] = field(default_factory=list)
    push_token_status: int = 200
+    push_token_extra: dict = field(default_factory=dict)
    create_error: str | None = None
    listeners: list[dict] = field(default_factory=list)
    listeners_by_id: dict[str, dict] = field(default_factory=dict)
@@ -147,7 +150,12 @@ class ControlPlaneDouble:
            if self.push_token_status != 200:
                return httpx.Response(self.push_token_status, text=NOT_A_CLI_DEPLOYMENT)
            return httpx.Response(
-                200, json={"token": PUSH_TOKEN, "registry_url": REGISTRY_URL}
+                200,
+                json={
+                    "token": PUSH_TOKEN,
+                    "registry_url": REGISTRY_URL,
+                    **self.push_token_extra,
+                },
            )
        if path.endswith("/upload-url"):
            return httpx.Response(
@@ -186,6 +194,8 @@ class DockerCommand:
 class DockerDouble:
    timeline: list[str]
    failing_pushes: int = 0
+    context_lookup_fails: bool = False
+    context_host: str = CONTEXT_HOST
    builds: list[dict] = field(default_factory=list)
    commands: list[DockerCommand] = field(default_factory=list)

@@ -229,6 +239,10 @@ class DockerDouble:
        if "push" in args and self.failing_pushes > 0:
            self.failing_pushes -= 1
            raise click.exceptions.Exit(1)
+        if CONTEXT_HOST_FORMAT in args:
+            if self.context_lookup_fails:
+                raise click.exceptions.Exit(1)
+            return f"{self.context_host}\n", None
        if PLATFORM_FORMAT in args:
            return "linux/amd64\n", None
        if DIGESTS_FORMAT in args:
@@ -238,6 +252,8 @@ class DockerDouble:

    @staticmethod
    def _verb(args: tuple[str, ...]) -> str:
+        if CONTEXT_HOST_FORMAT in args:
+            return "inspect-context"
        if PLATFORM_FORMAT in args:
            return "inspect-platform"
        if DIGESTS_FORMAT in args:
@@ -286,7 +302,12 @@ def deploy_project(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> DeployPro
        json.dumps({"graphs": {"agent": "agent.py:graph"}, "dependencies": ["."]})
    )
    monkeypatch.chdir(tmp_path)
-    for name in ("LANGSMITH_TENANT_ID", "LANGSMITH_ENDPOINT", "LANGGRAPH_HOST_URL"):
+    for name in (
+        "LANGSMITH_TENANT_ID",
+        "LANGSMITH_ENDPOINT",
+        "LANGGRAPH_HOST_URL",
+        "DOCKER_HOST",
+    ):
        monkeypatch.delenv(name, raising=False)

    timeline: list[str] = []
@@ -323,6 +344,44 @@ def deploy_project(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> DeployPro
    return DeployProject(control_plane, docker, timeline, uploads)


+@pytest.mark.parametrize("build_mode", ["--no-remote", "--remote"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("detail", "expects_dev_hint"),
+    [
+        ("Scale to zero deployments are not supported in AWS environments", True),
+        ("No eligible cluster is currently available to host this deployment.", False),
+    ],
+)
+def test_create_failure_preserves_backend_error_and_only_hints_for_aws_rejection(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject, build_mode: str, detail: str, expects_dev_hint: bool
+) -> None:
+    deploy_project.control_plane.create_error = detail
+
+    result = deploy_project.run(build_mode)
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 1, result.output
+    assert detail in result.output
+    assert ("Use --deployment-type dev instead." in result.output) is expects_dev_hint
+    assert deploy_project.control_plane.bodies[CREATE_DEPLOYMENT]["source_config"] == {
+        "deployment_type": "dev_zero"
+    }
+    assert deploy_project.timeline == [LIST_DEPLOYMENTS, CREATE_DEPLOYMENT]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("build_mode", ["--no-remote", "--remote"])
+def test_aws_serverless_creation_succeeds_when_backend_accepts_it(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject, build_mode: str
+) -> None:
+    result = deploy_project.run(
+        build_mode, host_url="https://aws.api.host.langchain.com"
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert deploy_project.control_plane.bodies[CREATE_DEPLOYMENT]["source_config"] == {
+        "deployment_type": "dev_zero"
+    }
+
+
 def test_first_local_deploy_creates_then_builds_pushes_and_updates_in_order(
    deploy_project: DeployProject,
 ) -> None:
@@ -334,6 +393,7 @@ def test_first_local_deploy_creates_then_builds_pushes_and_updates_in_order(
        CREATE_DEPLOYMENT,
        "docker build",
        _push_token(CREATED_ID),
+        "docker inspect-context",
        "docker login",
        "docker tag",
        "docker push",
@@ -343,15 +403,41 @@ def test_first_local_deploy_creates_then_builds_pushes_and_updates_in_order(
    assert "Deployment updated" in result.output


-def test_first_local_deploy_creates_an_internal_docker_deployment(
-    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("deployment_type", "wire_type"),
+    [
+        ("serverless", "dev_zero"),
+        ("dedicated", "prod"),
+        ("dev", "dev"),
+        ("prod", "prod"),
+    ],
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("build_mode", ["--no-remote", "--remote"])
+def test_deployment_type_aliases(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject, deployment_type: str, wire_type: str, build_mode: str
 ) -> None:
-    deploy_project.run("--no-remote")
+    result = deploy_project.run(build_mode, "--deployment-type", deployment_type)

+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert deploy_project.control_plane.bodies[CREATE_DEPLOYMENT]["source_config"] == {
+        "deployment_type": wire_type
+    }
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("build_mode", "source"),
+    [("--no-remote", "internal_docker"), ("--remote", "internal_source")],
+)
+def test_first_deploy_defaults_to_serverless(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject, build_mode: str, source: str
+) -> None:
+    result = deploy_project.run(build_mode)
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
    assert deploy_project.control_plane.bodies[CREATE_DEPLOYMENT] == {
        "name": "my-app",
-        "source": "internal_docker",
-        "source_config": {"deployment_type": "dev"},
+        "source": source,
+        "source_config": {"deployment_type": "dev_zero"},
        "source_revision_config": {},
        "secrets": [],
    }
@@ -363,7 +449,7 @@ def test_first_local_deploy_creates_an_internal_docker_deployment(
        pytest.param(
            "arm64",
            ("docker", "buildx", "build"),
-            ("--platform", "linux/amd64", "--load", "--progress=quiet"),
+            ("--platform", "linux/amd64", "--load", "--progress=plain"),
            id="apple_silicon_cross_builds_for_linux_amd64",
        ),
        pytest.param(
@@ -400,7 +486,7 @@ def test_local_deploy_logs_in_with_the_control_plane_push_token(

    login = deploy_project.docker.command("login")
    assert login.args[:2] == ("docker", "--config")
-    assert login.args[3:] == (
+    assert login.args[-5:] == (
        "login",
        "-u",
        "oauth2accesstoken",
@@ -410,6 +496,95 @@ def test_local_deploy_logs_in_with_the_control_plane_push_token(
    assert login.kwargs["input"] == f"{PUSH_TOKEN}\n"


+def test_local_deploy_logs_in_and_pushes_through_the_active_docker_context(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    """The temporary config has no current context, so without the active
+    context's endpoint Docker would push through /var/run/docker.sock."""
+    result = deploy_project.run("--no-remote")
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    for verb in ("login", "push"):
+        args = deploy_project.docker.command(verb).args
+        assert args[3:5] == ("--host", CONTEXT_HOST), verb
+
+
+def test_local_deploy_leaves_an_explicit_docker_host_to_docker(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setenv("DOCKER_HOST", "tcp://127.0.0.1:2375")
+
+    result = deploy_project.run("--no-remote")
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    for verb in ("login", "push"):
+        assert "--host" not in deploy_project.docker.command(verb).args, verb
+
+
+def test_local_deploy_keeps_dockers_default_when_the_context_lookup_fails(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    deploy_project.docker.context_lookup_fails = True
+
+    result = deploy_project.run("--no-remote")
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert "--host" not in deploy_project.docker.command("push").args
+
+
+def test_local_deploy_ignores_a_context_without_a_docker_endpoint(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    deploy_project.docker.context_host = "<no value>"
+
+    result = deploy_project.run("--no-remote")
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert "--host" not in deploy_project.docker.command("push").args
+
+
+def test_local_deploy_tells_the_control_plane_it_honors_registry_usernames(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    deploy_project.run("--no-remote")
+
+    assert deploy_project.control_plane.bodies[_push_token(CREATED_ID)] == {
+        "supports_registry_username": True
+    }
+
+
+ECR_REPOSITORY = "123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/lsd/agent-1"
+ECR_PUSH_TOKEN_FIELDS = {"username": "AWS", "repository_url": ECR_REPOSITORY}
+
+
+def test_local_deploy_logs_in_with_the_username_the_control_plane_returns(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    deploy_project.control_plane.push_token_extra = ECR_PUSH_TOKEN_FIELDS
+
+    deploy_project.run("--no-remote")
+
+    login = deploy_project.docker.command("login")
+    assert login.args[-5:] == (
+        "login",
+        "-u",
+        "AWS",
+        "--password-stdin",
+        "123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-2.amazonaws.com",
+    )
+
+
+def test_local_deploy_pushes_to_exactly_the_returned_repository(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    deploy_project.control_plane.push_token_extra = ECR_PUSH_TOKEN_FIELDS
+
+    deploy_project.run("--no-remote")
+
+    tag = deploy_project.docker.command("tag")
+    assert tag.args[-1] == f"{ECR_REPOSITORY}:latest"
+
+
 def test_local_deploy_tags_the_build_into_the_token_registry(
    deploy_project: DeployProject,
 ) -> None:
@@ -458,6 +633,7 @@ def test_prebuilt_image_is_validated_and_pushed_without_a_build(
    assert deploy_project.docker.builds == []
    assert deploy_project.docker.verbs() == [
        "docker inspect-platform",
+        "docker inspect-context",
        "docker login",
        "docker tag",
        "docker push",
@@ -695,6 +871,106 @@ def test_push_to_with_deployment_id_fetches_the_deployment_once(
    ]


+def test_image_uri_creates_an_external_deployment_without_any_docker_work(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    result = deploy_project.run("--image-uri", EXTERNAL_DIGEST)
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert deploy_project.docker.verbs() == []
+    assert deploy_project.timeline == [LIST_DEPLOYMENTS, CREATE_DEPLOYMENT]
+    assert deploy_project.control_plane.bodies[CREATE_DEPLOYMENT][
+        "source_revision_config"
+    ] == {"image_uri": EXTERNAL_DIGEST}
+
+
+def test_image_uri_updates_an_existing_external_deployment_without_any_docker_work(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    deploy_project.control_plane.existing_deployments = [
+        {"id": "dep-ext", "name": "my-app", "source": "external_docker"}
+    ]
+
+    result = deploy_project.run("--image-uri", EXTERNAL_DIGEST)
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert deploy_project.docker.verbs() == []
+    assert deploy_project.timeline == [LIST_DEPLOYMENTS, _patch("dep-ext")]
+    assert deploy_project.control_plane.bodies[_patch("dep-ext")] == {
+        "source_revision_config": {"image_uri": EXTERNAL_DIGEST},
+        "secrets": [],
+        "tracked_packages": TRACKED_PACKAGES,
+    }
+
+
+def test_image_uri_places_a_new_deployment_on_the_only_listener(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    deploy_project.control_plane.listeners = [LISTENER]
+
+    result = deploy_project.run(
+        "--image-uri", EXTERNAL_DIGEST, host_url=CLOUD_CONTROL_PLANE_URL
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert deploy_project.docker.verbs() == []
+    assert deploy_project.control_plane.bodies[CREATE_DEPLOYMENT]["source_config"] == {
+        "resource_spec": {},
+        "listener_id": LISTENER_ID,
+        "listener_config": {"k8s_namespace": "agents"},
+    }
+
+
+def test_image_uri_rejects_a_non_external_deployment_before_any_docker_work(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    deploy_project.control_plane.existing_deployments = [
+        {"id": "dep-cli", "name": "my-app", "source": "internal_docker"}
+    ]
+
+    result = deploy_project.run("--image-uri", EXTERNAL_DIGEST)
+
+    assert result.exit_code != 0
+    assert "cannot be updated with --push-to or --image-uri" in result.output
+    assert deploy_project.docker.verbs() == []
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("args", "message"),
+    [
+        pytest.param(
+            ("--image-uri", EXTERNAL_DIGEST, "--push-to", PUSH_REPOSITORY),
+            "--image-uri cannot be combined with --push-to.",
+            id="with_push_to",
+        ),
+        pytest.param(
+            ("--image-uri", EXTERNAL_DIGEST, "--image", "local/app:dev"),
+            "--image-uri cannot be combined with --image.",
+            id="with_image",
+        ),
+        pytest.param(
+            ("--image-uri", EXTERNAL_DIGEST, "--tag", "v2"),
+            "--image-uri cannot be combined with --tag.",
+            id="with_tag",
+        ),
+        pytest.param(
+            ("--image-uri", EXTERNAL_DIGEST, "--remote"),
+            "--image-uri cannot be combined with --remote.",
+            id="with_remote",
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_image_uri_conflicting_flags_are_rejected_before_any_docker_work(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject, args: tuple[str, ...], message: str
+) -> None:
+    result = deploy_project.run(*args)
+
+    assert result.exit_code != 0
+    assert message in result.output
+    assert deploy_project.docker.verbs() == []
+    assert deploy_project.timeline == []
+
+
 def test_invalid_tag_fails_before_any_control_plane_call(
    deploy_project: DeployProject,
 ) -> None:
@@ -818,6 +1094,100 @@ def test_self_hosted_control_plane_places_when_asked(
    }


+def test_image_pull_secret_is_included_in_resource_spec_on_create(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    result = deploy_project.run(
+        "--push-to",
+        PUSH_REPOSITORY,
+        "--image-pull-secret",
+        "regcred",
+        "--image-pull-secret",
+        "other-secret",
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert deploy_project.control_plane.bodies[CREATE_DEPLOYMENT]["source_config"] == {
+        "resource_spec": {
+            "image_pull_secrets": [
+                {"name": "regcred"},
+                {"name": "other-secret"},
+            ],
+        },
+    }
+
+
+def test_image_pull_secret_works_with_image_uri_too(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    result = deploy_project.run(
+        "--image-uri", EXTERNAL_DIGEST, "--image-pull-secret", "regcred"
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert deploy_project.control_plane.bodies[CREATE_DEPLOYMENT]["source_config"] == {
+        "resource_spec": {"image_pull_secrets": [{"name": "regcred"}]},
+    }
+
+
+def test_image_pull_secret_without_push_to_or_image_uri_is_refused(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    result = deploy_project.run("--image-pull-secret", "regcred")
+
+    assert result.exit_code != 0
+    assert "only apply when creating a deployment with --push-to" in result.output
+    assert deploy_project.timeline == []
+
+
+def test_an_invalid_image_pull_secret_name_is_rejected_before_any_docker_work(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    result = deploy_project.run(
+        "--push-to", PUSH_REPOSITORY, "--image-pull-secret", "Not_Valid!"
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code != 0
+    assert "not a valid Kubernetes" in result.output
+    assert deploy_project.docker.verbs() == []
+    assert deploy_project.timeline == []
+
+
+def test_image_pull_secret_cannot_update_an_existing_deployment(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    result = deploy_project.run(
+        "--deployment-id",
+        "dep-1",
+        "--push-to",
+        PUSH_REPOSITORY,
+        "--image-pull-secret",
+        "regcred",
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code != 0
+    assert "--image-pull-secret" in result.output
+    assert "dep-1" in result.output
+    assert deploy_project.timeline == []
+
+
+def test_image_pull_secret_cannot_update_a_deployment_found_by_name(
+    deploy_project: DeployProject,
+) -> None:
+    deploy_project.control_plane.existing_deployments = [
+        {"id": "dep-ext", "name": "my-app", "source": "external_docker"}
+    ]
+
+    result = deploy_project.run(
+        "--image-uri", EXTERNAL_DIGEST, "--image-pull-secret", "regcred"
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code != 0
+    assert "--image-pull-secret" in result.output
+    assert deploy_project.docker.verbs() == []
+    assert _patch("dep-ext") not in deploy_project.timeline
+
+
 def test_updating_a_deployment_never_looks_up_listeners(
    deploy_project: DeployProject,
 ) -> None:
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from langgraph_cli.config import (
    config_to_docker,
    default_base_image,
    docker_tag,
+    get_unknown_keys,
    has_disallowed_build_command_content,
    validate_config,
    validate_config_file,
@@ -155,6 +156,7 @@ def test_validate_config():
        "store": None,
        "auth": None,
        "encryption": None,
+        "priority": None,
        "webhooks": None,
        "checkpointer": None,
        "http": None,
@@ -184,6 +186,7 @@ def test_validate_config():
        "store": None,
        "auth": None,
        "encryption": None,
+        "priority": None,
        "webhooks": None,
        "checkpointer": None,
        "http": None,
@@ -255,6 +258,243 @@ def test_validate_config():
        )


+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "dependency",
+    [
+        "git+https://user:secret-token@github.com/org/private.git@main",
+        "private-package @ git+http://token@github.com/org/private.git",
+        "git+HTTPS://user%40example.com:secret%2Ftoken@github.com/org/private.git",
+        "git+https://${GIT_TOKEN}@github.com/org/private.git",
+    ],
+)
+def test_validate_config_rejects_git_http_url_userinfo(dependency: str):
+    with pytest.raises(click.UsageError) as exc_info:
+        validate_config(
+            {
+                "python_version": "3.11",
+                "dependencies": [dependency],
+                "graphs": {"agent": "./agent.py:graph"},
+            }
+        )
+
+    message = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "must not contain credentials or other URL userinfo" in message
+    assert "secret-token" not in message
+    assert "secret%2Ftoken" not in message
+
+
+def test_validate_config_file_reports_source_for_git_http_url_userinfo(
+    tmp_path: pathlib.Path,
+):
+    config_path = tmp_path / "langgraph.json"
+    config_path.write_text(
+        json.dumps(
+            {
+                "python_version": "3.11",
+                "dependencies": ["git+https://secret-token@github.com/org/private.git"],
+                "graphs": {"agent": "./agent.py:graph"},
+            }
+        )
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(click.UsageError) as exc_info:
+        validate_config_file(config_path)
+
+    message = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "secret-token" not in message
+    assert f"Found in: {config_path.resolve()}" in message
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "manifest", ["package.json", "package-lock.json", "yarn.lock", "pnpm-lock.yaml"]
+)
+def test_config_to_docker_rejects_git_http_url_userinfo_in_node_files(
+    tmp_path: pathlib.Path, manifest: str
+):
+    config_path = tmp_path / "langgraph.json"
+    config_path.write_text("{}\n")
+    (tmp_path / "agent.js").write_text("export const graph = {};\n")
+    (tmp_path / "package.json").write_text('{"name":"agent"}\n')
+    (tmp_path / manifest).write_text(
+        '"priv": "git+https://user:secret-token@github.com/org/private.git"\n'
+    )
+    config = validate_config(
+        {
+            "node_version": "20",
+            "graphs": {"agent": "./agent.js:graph"},
+        }
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(click.UsageError) as exc_info:
+        config_to_docker(
+            config_path,
+            config,
+            base_image="langchain/langgraphjs-api",
+        )
+
+    message = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "must not contain credentials or other URL userinfo" in message
+    assert "secret-token" not in message
+    assert f"Found in: {(tmp_path / manifest).resolve()}" in message
+
+
+def test_config_to_docker_allows_node_git_urls_without_http_userinfo(
+    tmp_path: pathlib.Path,
+):
+    config_path = tmp_path / "langgraph.json"
+    config_path.write_text("{}\n")
+    (tmp_path / "agent.js").write_text("export const graph = {};\n")
+    (tmp_path / "package.json").write_text(
+        '{"dependencies":{"public":"git+https://github.com/org/public.git"}}\n'
+    )
+    config = validate_config(
+        {
+            "node_version": "20",
+            "graphs": {"agent": "./agent.js:graph"},
+        }
+    )
+
+    docker, _ = config_to_docker(
+        config_path,
+        config,
+        base_image="langchain/langgraphjs-api",
+    )
+
+    assert f"ADD . /deps/{tmp_path.name}" in docker
+
+
+def test_config_to_docker_rejects_git_http_url_userinfo_in_node_workspace(
+    tmp_path: pathlib.Path,
+):
+    config_root = tmp_path / "apps" / "agent"
+    config_root.mkdir(parents=True)
+    config_path = config_root / "langgraph.json"
+    config_path.write_text("{}\n")
+    (config_root / "agent.js").write_text("export const graph = {};\n")
+    (config_root / "package.json").write_text(
+        '{"dependencies":{"priv":"git+https://secret-token@github.com/org/private.git"}}\n'
+    )
+    (tmp_path / "package.json").write_text('{"name":"workspace"}\n')
+    config = validate_config(
+        {
+            "node_version": "20",
+            "graphs": {"agent": "./agent.js:graph"},
+        }
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(click.UsageError) as exc_info:
+        config_to_docker(
+            config_path,
+            config,
+            base_image="langchain/langgraphjs-api",
+            build_context=str(tmp_path),
+        )
+
+    message = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "secret-token" not in message
+    assert f"Found in: {(config_root / 'package.json').resolve()}" in message
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "dependency",
+    [
+        "git+https://github.com/org/public.git@main",
+        "private-package @ git+https://github.com/org/private.git@main",
+        "git+ssh://git@github.com/org/private.git@main",
+    ],
+)
+def test_validate_config_allows_git_urls_without_http_userinfo(dependency: str):
+    config = validate_config(
+        {
+            "python_version": "3.11",
+            "dependencies": [dependency],
+            "graphs": {"agent": "./agent.py:graph"},
+        }
+    )
+
+    assert config["dependencies"] == [dependency]
+
+
+def test_config_to_docker_rejects_git_http_url_userinfo_in_requirements(
+    tmp_path: pathlib.Path,
+):
+    config_path = tmp_path / "langgraph.json"
+    config_path.write_text("{}\n")
+    (tmp_path / "agent.py").write_text("graph = object()\n")
+    (tmp_path / "requirements.txt").write_text(
+        "private @ git+https://secret-token@github.com/org/private.git\n"
+    )
+    config = validate_config(
+        {
+            "python_version": "3.11",
+            "dependencies": ["."],
+            "graphs": {"agent": "./agent.py:graph"},
+        }
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(click.UsageError) as exc_info:
+        config_to_docker(
+            config_path,
+            config,
+            base_image="langchain/langgraph-api:0.2.47",
+        )
+
+    message = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "must not contain credentials or other URL userinfo" in message
+    assert "secret-token" not in message
+    assert f"Found in: {(tmp_path / 'requirements.txt').resolve()}" in message
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("manifest", ["pyproject.toml", "uv.lock"])
+def test_config_to_docker_rejects_git_http_url_userinfo_in_uv_files(
+    tmp_path: pathlib.Path, manifest: str
+):
+    config_path = tmp_path / "langgraph.json"
+    config_path.write_text("{}\n")
+    (tmp_path / "src").mkdir()
+    (tmp_path / "src" / "agent.py").write_text("graph = object()\n")
+    pyproject = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
+        [project]
+        name = "agent"
+        version = "0.1.0"
+        dependencies = ["private"]
+
+        [tool.uv.sources]
+        private = { git = "https://github.com/org/private.git" }
+        """
+    ).strip()
+    uv_lock = "# uv lock file\n"
+    if manifest == "pyproject.toml":
+        pyproject = pyproject.replace(
+            "https://github.com", "https://secret-token@github.com"
+        )
+    else:
+        uv_lock += (
+            'source = { git = "https://secret-token@github.com/org/private.git" }\n'
+        )
+    (tmp_path / "pyproject.toml").write_text(pyproject + "\n")
+    (tmp_path / "uv.lock").write_text(uv_lock)
+    config = validate_config(
+        {
+            "python_version": "3.11",
+            "graphs": {"agent": "./src/agent.py:graph"},
+            "source": {"kind": "uv"},
+        }
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(click.UsageError) as exc_info:
+        config_to_docker(
+            config_path,
+            config,
+            base_image="langchain/langgraph-api:0.2.47",
+        )
+
+    message = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "must not contain credentials or other URL userinfo" in message
+    assert "secret-token" not in message
+
+
 def test_validate_config_image_distro():
    """Test validation of image_distro field."""
    # Valid image_distro values should work
@@ -1052,6 +1292,109 @@ def test_config_to_docker_python_encryption_formatted():
    )


+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "path", ["./priority.py:priority", "my_package.priority:priority"]
+)
+def test_config_to_docker_python_priority(path: str):
+    # Test that priority config is kept by validation and isn't an unknown key
+    raw_config = {
+        "python_version": "3.11",
+        "graphs": {"agent": "./agent.py:graph"},
+        "dependencies": ["."],
+        "priority": {"path": path},
+    }
+    validated = validate_config(raw_config)
+
+    assert validated["priority"] == {"path": path}
+    assert get_unknown_keys(raw_config) == []
+
+
+def test_config_to_docker_python_priority_bad_path():
+    # Test that invalid priority path format raises ValueError
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid priority.path format"):
+        validate_config(
+            {
+                "python_version": "3.11",
+                "graphs": {"agent": "./agent.py:graph"},
+                "dependencies": ["."],
+                "priority": {"path": "./priority.py"},  # Missing :attribute
+            }
+        )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ext", [".ts", ".mts", ".cts", ".js", ".mjs", ".cjs"])
+def test_config_to_docker_python_priority_js_path(ext: str):
+    # Test that a JavaScript priority path is rejected
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="JavaScript priority callbacks"):
+        validate_config(
+            {
+                "python_version": "3.11",
+                "graphs": {"agent": "./agent.py:graph"},
+                "dependencies": ["."],
+                "priority": {"path": f"./priority{ext}:priority"},
+            }
+        )
+
+
+def test_config_to_docker_nodejs_priority():
+    # Test that a Node.js-only project can name a Python priority file
+    actual_docker_stdin, _ = config_to_docker(
+        PATH_TO_CONFIG,
+        validate_config(
+            {
+                "node_version": "20",
+                "graphs": {"agent": "./graphs/agent.js:graph"},
+                "priority": {"path": "./priority.py:priority"},
+            }
+        ),
+        base_image="langchain/langgraphjs-api",
+    )
+    assert (
+        """ENV LANGGRAPH_PRIORITY='{"path": "./priority.py:priority"}'"""
+        in actual_docker_stdin
+    )
+
+
+def test_config_to_docker_python_priority_formatted():
+    # Test that priority config is written to the Docker output with its container path
+    actual_docker_stdin, _ = config_to_docker(
+        PATH_TO_CONFIG,
+        validate_config(
+            {
+                "python_version": "3.11",
+                "dependencies": ["."],
+                "graphs": {"agent": "./graphs/agent.py:graph"},
+                "priority": {"path": "./agent.py:my_priority"},
+            }
+        ),
+        base_image="langchain/langgraph-api",
+    )
+    assert (
+        "ENV LANGGRAPH_PRIORITY="
+        """'{"path": "/deps/outer-unit_tests/unit_tests/agent.py:my_priority"}'"""
+        in actual_docker_stdin
+    )
+
+
+def test_config_to_docker_python_priority_not_in_dependencies():
+    # Test that a priority file outside the dependencies raises ValueError
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ValueError, match="Priority file .* not covered by dependencies"
+    ):
+        config_to_docker(
+            PATH_TO_CONFIG,
+            validate_config(
+                {
+                    "python_version": "3.11",
+                    "dependencies": ["./graphs"],
+                    "graphs": {"agent": "./graphs/agent.py:graph"},
+                    "priority": {"path": "./agent.py:my_priority"},
+                }
+            ),
+            base_image="langchain/langgraph-api",
+        )
+
+
 def test_config_to_docker_nodejs_internal_docker_tag():
    graphs = {"agent": "./graphs/agent.js:graph"}
    actual_docker_stdin, additional_contexts = config_to_docker(
@@ -1494,6 +1837,38 @@ def test_config_to_docker_uv_lock_honors_root_workspace_sources():
        )


+def test_config_to_docker_uv_lock_rewrites_priority_path():
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+        tmpdir_path = pathlib.Path(tmpdir)
+        project_root, config_path = _write_uv_lock_workspace(
+            tmpdir_path,
+            agent_sources="[tool.uv.sources]\nshared = { workspace = true }",
+        )
+        (project_root / "libs" / "shared" / "src" / "shared" / "priority.py").touch()
+
+        config = validate_config(
+            {
+                "python_version": "3.11",
+                "graphs": {
+                    "agent": "../../apps/agent/src/agent/graph.py:graph",
+                },
+                "source": {"kind": "uv", "root": "../..", "package": "agent"},
+                "priority": {
+                    "path": "../../libs/shared/src/shared/priority.py:priority"
+                },
+            }
+        )
+        docker, _ = config_to_docker(
+            config_path, config, base_image="langchain/langgraph-api:0.2.47"
+        )
+
+        assert (
+            "ENV LANGGRAPH_PRIORITY="
+            """'{"path": "/deps/workspace/libs/shared/src/shared/priority.py:priority"}'"""
+            in docker
+        )
+
+
 def test_config_to_docker_uv_lock_ignores_unrelated_workspace_package_sources():
    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
        tmpdir_path = pathlib.Path(tmpdir)
@@ -13,14 +13,17 @@ import pytest

 import langgraph_cli.deploy as deploy_mod
 from langgraph_cli.deploy import (
+    BuildAndPush,
    ById,
    ByName,
+    CreateOnlySettings,
    CustomerRegistrySource,
    DockerBuildCommand,
    ExistingDeployment,
    Listener,
    ManagedRegistrySource,
    OnListener,
+    PublishedImage,
    RemoteBuildSource,
    RequestedPlacement,
    Unplaced,
@@ -32,6 +35,7 @@ from langgraph_cli.deploy import (
    _parse_env_from_config,
    _resolve_env_path,
    _resolve_pushed_image_digest,
+    _resource_spec,
    _select_source,
    _validate_prebuilt_image,
    find_deployment_by_name,
@@ -44,7 +48,9 @@ from langgraph_cli.image_reference import ImageReference

 class TestDockerConfigForToken:
    def test_creates_config_json(self):
-        with _docker_config_for_token("us-docker.pkg.dev", "my-token") as cfg:
+        with _docker_config_for_token(
+            "us-docker.pkg.dev", "my-token", "oauth2accesstoken"
+        ) as cfg:
            config_path = os.path.join(cfg, "config.json")
            assert os.path.isfile(config_path)
            with open(config_path) as f:
@@ -52,13 +58,26 @@ class TestDockerConfigForToken:
            expected_auth = base64.b64encode(b"oauth2accesstoken:my-token").decode()
            assert data == {"auths": {"us-docker.pkg.dev": {"auth": expected_auth}}}

+    def test_uses_the_given_username(self):
+        with _docker_config_for_token(
+            "123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-2.amazonaws.com", "ecr-password", "AWS"
+        ) as cfg:
+            with open(os.path.join(cfg, "config.json")) as f:
+                data = json.load(f)
+        expected_auth = base64.b64encode(b"AWS:ecr-password").decode()
+        assert data["auths"]["123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-2.amazonaws.com"] == {
+            "auth": expected_auth
+        }
+
    def test_tempdir_cleaned_up(self):
-        with _docker_config_for_token("registry.example.com", "tok") as cfg:
+        with _docker_config_for_token(
+            "registry.example.com", "tok", "oauth2accesstoken"
+        ) as cfg:
            assert os.path.isdir(cfg)
        assert not os.path.exists(cfg)

    def test_different_registries(self):
-        with _docker_config_for_token("gcr.io", "token123") as cfg:
+        with _docker_config_for_token("gcr.io", "token123", "oauth2accesstoken") as cfg:
            with open(os.path.join(cfg, "config.json")) as f:
                data = json.load(f)
            assert "gcr.io" in data["auths"]
@@ -591,9 +610,9 @@ class TestDockerBuildCommand:
                False,
                DockerBuildCommand(
                    ("docker", "buildx", "build"),
-                    ("--platform", "linux/amd64", "--load", "--progress=quiet"),
+                    ("--platform", "linux/amd64", "--load", "--progress=plain"),
                ),
-                id="other_hosts_cross_build_quietly",
+                id="other_hosts_capture_plain_build_logs",
            ),
            pytest.param(
                "arm64",
@@ -614,10 +633,12 @@ class TestSelectSource:
    OPTIONS = {
        "push_to": None,
        "image": None,
+        "image_uri": None,
        "image_name": None,
        "tag": None,
        "remote_build_flag": None,
        "placement": RequestedPlacement(),
+        "image_pull_secrets": (),
        "selector": ByName("my-app"),
    }
    REPOSITORY = "registry.example.com/app"
@@ -629,9 +650,11 @@ class TestSelectSource:
                {"push_to": REPOSITORY},
                True,
                CustomerRegistrySource(
-                    reference=ImageReference(REPOSITORY, "latest"),
-                    prebuilt_image=None,
-                    requested_placement=RequestedPlacement(),
+                    image=BuildAndPush(
+                        reference=ImageReference(REPOSITORY, "latest"),
+                        prebuilt_image=None,
+                    ),
+                    create_only=CreateOnlySettings(RequestedPlacement()),
                ),
                id="push_to_selects_the_external_source_with_the_default_tag",
            ),
@@ -639,9 +662,11 @@ class TestSelectSource:
                {"push_to": f"{REPOSITORY}:v2"},
                True,
                CustomerRegistrySource(
-                    reference=ImageReference(REPOSITORY, "v2"),
-                    prebuilt_image=None,
-                    requested_placement=RequestedPlacement(),
+                    image=BuildAndPush(
+                        reference=ImageReference(REPOSITORY, "v2"),
+                        prebuilt_image=None,
+                    ),
+                    create_only=CreateOnlySettings(RequestedPlacement()),
                ),
                id="push_to_keeps_a_tag_given_in_the_reference",
            ),
@@ -649,9 +674,11 @@ class TestSelectSource:
                {"push_to": REPOSITORY, "tag": "v3"},
                True,
                CustomerRegistrySource(
-                    reference=ImageReference(REPOSITORY, "v3"),
-                    prebuilt_image=None,
-                    requested_placement=RequestedPlacement(),
+                    image=BuildAndPush(
+                        reference=ImageReference(REPOSITORY, "v3"),
+                        prebuilt_image=None,
+                    ),
+                    create_only=CreateOnlySettings(RequestedPlacement()),
                ),
                id="tag_flag_composes_with_push_to",
            ),
@@ -659,9 +686,11 @@ class TestSelectSource:
                {"push_to": REPOSITORY, "image": "app:dev"},
                False,
                CustomerRegistrySource(
-                    reference=ImageReference(REPOSITORY, "latest"),
-                    prebuilt_image="app:dev",
-                    requested_placement=RequestedPlacement(),
+                    image=BuildAndPush(
+                        reference=ImageReference(REPOSITORY, "latest"),
+                        prebuilt_image="app:dev",
+                    ),
+                    create_only=CreateOnlySettings(RequestedPlacement()),
                ),
                id="prebuilt_image_is_retagged_for_push_to_without_docker_checks",
            ),
@@ -672,12 +701,65 @@ class TestSelectSource:
                },
                True,
                CustomerRegistrySource(
-                    reference=ImageReference(REPOSITORY, "latest"),
-                    prebuilt_image=None,
-                    requested_placement=RequestedPlacement("listener-1", "agents"),
+                    image=BuildAndPush(
+                        reference=ImageReference(REPOSITORY, "latest"),
+                        prebuilt_image=None,
+                    ),
+                    create_only=CreateOnlySettings(
+                        RequestedPlacement("listener-1", "agents")
+                    ),
                ),
                id="push_to_carries_the_requested_placement",
            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {
+                    "push_to": REPOSITORY,
+                    "image_pull_secrets": ("regcred", "other-secret"),
+                },
+                True,
+                CustomerRegistrySource(
+                    image=BuildAndPush(
+                        reference=ImageReference(REPOSITORY, "latest"),
+                        prebuilt_image=None,
+                    ),
+                    create_only=CreateOnlySettings(
+                        RequestedPlacement(), ("regcred", "other-secret")
+                    ),
+                ),
+                id="push_to_carries_the_image_pull_secrets",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"image_uri": f"{REPOSITORY}@sha256:abc123"},
+                True,
+                CustomerRegistrySource(
+                    image=PublishedImage(f"{REPOSITORY}@sha256:abc123"),
+                    create_only=CreateOnlySettings(RequestedPlacement()),
+                ),
+                id="image_uri_selects_the_published_image_source_by_digest",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"image_uri": f"  {REPOSITORY}@sha256:abc123  "},
+                False,
+                CustomerRegistrySource(
+                    image=PublishedImage(f"{REPOSITORY}@sha256:abc123"),
+                    create_only=CreateOnlySettings(RequestedPlacement()),
+                ),
+                id="image_uri_needs_no_local_docker_and_is_trimmed",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {
+                    "image_uri": f"{REPOSITORY}@sha256:abc123",
+                    "placement": RequestedPlacement("listener-1", "agents"),
+                },
+                False,
+                CustomerRegistrySource(
+                    image=PublishedImage(f"{REPOSITORY}@sha256:abc123"),
+                    create_only=CreateOnlySettings(
+                        RequestedPlacement("listener-1", "agents")
+                    ),
+                ),
+                id="image_uri_carries_the_requested_placement",
+            ),
            pytest.param(
                {"remote_build_flag": True},
                True,
@@ -763,6 +845,51 @@ class TestSelectSource:
                "only apply when creating a deployment with --push-to",
                id="namespace_without_push_to",
            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"image_pull_secrets": ("regcred",)},
+                "only apply when creating a deployment with --push-to",
+                id="image_pull_secret_without_push_to",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"image_uri": REPOSITORY, "push_to": REPOSITORY},
+                "--image-uri cannot be combined with --push-to.",
+                id="image_uri_with_push_to",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"image_uri": REPOSITORY, "image": "app:dev"},
+                "--image-uri cannot be combined with --image.",
+                id="image_uri_with_image",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"image_uri": REPOSITORY, "tag": "v2"},
+                "--image-uri cannot be combined with --tag.",
+                id="image_uri_with_tag",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"image_uri": REPOSITORY, "remote_build_flag": True},
+                "--image-uri cannot be combined with --remote.",
+                id="image_uri_with_remote",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"image_uri": ""},
+                "--image-uri must not be empty.",
+                id="image_uri_empty",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"image_uri": "   "},
+                "--image-uri must not be empty.",
+                id="image_uri_blank",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"image_uri": f"{REPOSITORY}:v1.2.3"},
+                "--image-uri must pin a digest",
+                id="image_uri_with_a_mutable_tag",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"image_uri": REPOSITORY},
+                "--image-uri must pin a digest",
+                id="image_uri_without_any_tag_or_digest",
+            ),
        ],
    )
    def test_conflicting_flags_are_rejected(self, monkeypatch, flags, message):
@@ -1160,18 +1287,86 @@ def test_a_deployment_id_with_listener_flags_is_refused_without_probing_docker(

    monkeypatch.setattr(deploy_mod, "can_build_locally", explode)

-    with pytest.raises(click.UsageError, match="--deployment-id"):
+    with pytest.raises(click.UsageError, match="dep-1"):
        _select_source(
            push_to="registry.example.com/app",
            image=None,
+            image_uri=None,
            image_name=None,
            tag=None,
            remote_build_flag=None,
            placement=RequestedPlacement(listener_id="listener-1"),
+            image_pull_secrets=(),
            selector=ById("dep-1"),
        )


+def test_a_deployment_id_with_image_pull_secrets_is_refused_without_probing_docker(
+    monkeypatch,
+):
+    def explode() -> tuple[bool, str | None]:
+        raise AssertionError("docker must not be probed for an argv-only conflict")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(deploy_mod, "can_build_locally", explode)
+
+    with pytest.raises(click.UsageError, match="dep-1"):
+        _select_source(
+            push_to="registry.example.com/app",
+            image=None,
+            image_uri=None,
+            image_name=None,
+            tag=None,
+            remote_build_flag=None,
+            placement=RequestedPlacement(),
+            image_pull_secrets=("regcred",),
+            selector=ById("dep-1"),
+        )
+
+
+class TestResourceSpec:
+    def test_no_secrets_keeps_the_operator_default(self):
+        assert _resource_spec(()) == {}
+
+    def test_secrets_become_local_object_references_in_order(self):
+        assert _resource_spec(("regcred", "other-secret")) == {
+            "image_pull_secrets": [
+                {"name": "regcred"},
+                {"name": "other-secret"},
+            ],
+        }
+
+
+class TestCreateOnlySettings:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "name",
+        [
+            pytest.param("Bad_Name", id="uppercase_and_underscore"),
+            pytest.param("", id="empty"),
+            pytest.param("-leading-hyphen", id="leading_hyphen"),
+            pytest.param("a" * 254, id="too_long"),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_an_invalid_secret_name_is_rejected_up_front(self, name):
+        with pytest.raises(click.UsageError, match="not a valid Kubernetes"):
+            CreateOnlySettings(RequestedPlacement(), (name,))
+
+    def test_a_valid_secret_name_is_accepted(self):
+        CreateOnlySettings(RequestedPlacement(), ("regcred-1.example",))
+
+    def test_ensure_not_existing_mentions_the_api_and_ui_for_pull_secrets(self):
+        settings = CreateOnlySettings(RequestedPlacement(), ("regcred",))
+        with pytest.raises(click.UsageError, match="API or the LangSmith UI"):
+            settings.ensure_not_existing("dep-1")
+
+    def test_ensure_not_existing_keeps_the_placement_message_unchanged(self):
+        settings = CreateOnlySettings(RequestedPlacement(listener_id="listener-1"))
+        with pytest.raises(
+            click.UsageError,
+            match="Listener and namespace are fixed when a deployment is created",
+        ):
+            settings.ensure_not_existing("dep-1")
+
+
 class TestPlacementOnAKnownListener:
    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        ("request_", "listener", "expected"),
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import sys
+
+from langgraph_cli.exec import subp_exec
+
+
+async def test_verbose_prints_command_but_not_stdin(capsys):
+    await subp_exec(
+        sys.executable,
+        "-c",
+        "import sys; sys.stdin.read()",
+        input="registry-push-token\n",
+        verbose=True,
+    )
+
+    out = capsys.readouterr().out
+    assert out.startswith(f"+ {sys.executable} -c"), out
+    assert "registry-push-token" not in out, out
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ from unittest.mock import patch
 from langgraph_cli.deploy import (
    _extract_deployment_url,
    format_deployments_table,
+    format_listeners_table,
    format_revisions_table,
 )
 from langgraph_cli.util import clean_empty_lines, warn_non_wolfi_distro
@@ -255,3 +256,34 @@ def test_format_revisions_table():
    assert "rev-456" in output
    assert "rev-789" in output
    assert "REPLACED" in output
+
+
+def test_format_listeners_table():
+    output = format_listeners_table(
+        [
+            {
+                "id": "listener-1",
+                "compute_id": "prod-cluster",
+                "compute_config": {"k8s_namespaces": ["agents"]},
+            },
+            {
+                "id": "listener-2",
+                "compute_id": "multi-cluster",
+                "compute_config": {"k8s_namespaces": ["agents", "agents-staging"]},
+            },
+            {
+                "id": "listener-3",
+                "compute_id": "broken-cluster",
+            },
+        ]
+    )
+    assert "Listener ID" in output
+    assert "Compute ID" in output
+    assert "Namespaces" in output
+    assert "listener-1" in output
+    assert "prod-cluster" in output
+    assert "agents" in output
+    assert "listener-2" in output
+    assert "agents, agents-staging" in output
+    assert "listener-3" in output
+    assert "broken-cluster" in output
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ wheels = [

 [[package]]
 name = "certifi"
-version = "2026.2.25"
+version = "2026.10.19"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/af/2d/7bf41579a8986e348fa033a31cdd0e4121114f6bce2457e8876010b092dd/certifi-2026.2.25.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:e887ab5cee78ea814d3472169153c2d12cd43b14bd03329a39a9c6e2e80bfba7", size = 155029, upload-time = "2026-02-25T02:54:17.342Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a6/bd/1436c50cc46699de0230fbaacc1d1de7bfec413176099949e9d5112e88f2/certifi-2026.10.19.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:035c1e85572b141bf1c3a3eff0e33a8eb74917522f2559075ff8d2fea780a1ae", size = 137598, upload-time = "2026-10-20T02:24:16.604Z" }
 wheels = [
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 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -2376,7 +2375,7 @@ wheels = [

 [[package]]
 name = "virtualenv"
-version = "21.2.4"
+version = "21.7.13"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
    { name = "distlib" },
@@ -2385,9 +2384,9 @@ dependencies = [
    { name = "python-discovery" },
    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11'" },
 ]
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/0c/98/3a7e644e19cb26133488caff231be390579860bbbb3da35913c49a1d0a46/virtualenv-21.2.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b294ef68192638004d72524ce7ef303e9d0cf5a44c95ce2e54a7500a6381cada", size = 5850742, upload-time = "2026-04-14T22:15:31.438Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/13/50/c9b84eb106d0db420b9878dac0a386c5791726f127ce20b06897f6e3a1e9/virtualenv-21.7.13.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0355558b6f33619aab31347e43643b0ebc97f61ea3acf617b2b69e1f8a843d11", size = 5360306, upload-time = "2026-09-18T04:35:49.354Z" }
 wheels = [
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9a/ce/e74453531b0c49a58d0e8a4f9bab4495705859fee4a4f7de27d58f4a791a/virtualenv-21.7.13-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:1bea5af7463f59c4719db48fe739579a2a4f569c96f26c086edda85c96da9f59", size = 5328680, upload-time = "2026-09-18T04:35:47.194Z" },
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -43,14 +43,31 @@ start-services:
 stop-services:
 	docker compose -f tests/compose-postgres.yml -f tests/compose-redis.yml down -v

+DEV_SERVER_PYTHON ?= 3.12
+DEV_SERVER_ENV = $(CURDIR)/.venvs/dev-server
+
 start-dev-server:
-	LOG_LEVEL=warning uv run langgraph dev --config tests/example_app/langgraph.json --no-browser & echo "$$!" > .devserver.pid
-	@echo "Dev server started."
+	uv sync --frozen --group test --no-dev
+	UV_PROJECT_ENVIRONMENT=$(DEV_SERVER_ENV) uv sync --frozen --group test --no-dev --python $(DEV_SERVER_PYTHON)
+	@LOG_LEVEL=warning UV_PROJECT_ENVIRONMENT=$(DEV_SERVER_ENV) uv run --no-sync --python $(DEV_SERVER_PYTHON) langgraph dev --config tests/example_app/langgraph.json --no-browser --no-reload & \
+	PID=$$!; echo "$$PID" > .devserver.pid; \
+	for ATTEMPT in $$(seq 1 60); do \
+		if ! kill -0 $$PID 2>/dev/null; then break; fi; \
+		if curl --fail --silent --max-time 1 http://localhost:2024/ok >/dev/null; then \
+			echo "Dev server ready."; exit 0; \
+		fi; \
+		sleep 1; \
+	done; \
+	echo "Dev server failed to become ready." >&2; \
+	kill $$PID 2>/dev/null || true; \
+	wait $$PID 2>/dev/null || true; \
+	rm -f .devserver.pid; exit 1

 stop-dev-server:
 	@if [ -f .devserver.pid ]; then \
-		kill `cat .devserver.pid` && rm .devserver.pid; \
-		 echo "Dev server stopped."; \
+		kill $$(cat .devserver.pid) 2>/dev/null || true; \
+		rm -f .devserver.pid; \
+		echo "Dev server stopped."; \
 	else \
 		echo "No dev server PID file found."; \
 	fi
@@ -60,13 +77,12 @@ NO_DOCKER ?= $(sh command -v docker >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo "false" || echo "tru

 test:
 	if [ "$(NO_DOCKER)" = "false" ]; then \
-		make start-services &&\
-		make start-dev-server &&\
-		uv run pytest $(TEST); \
-		EXIT_CODE=$$?; \
-		make stop-services; \
-		make stop-dev-server; \
-		exit $$EXIT_CODE; \
+		trap '$(MAKE) stop-dev-server; $(MAKE) stop-services' EXIT; \
+		trap 'exit 130' INT; trap 'exit 143' TERM; \
+		$(MAKE) start-services &&\
+		$(MAKE) start-dev-server &&\
+		uv run --no-sync pytest $(TEST); \
+		exit $$?; \
 	else \
 		NO_DOCKER=true uv run pytest $(TEST) ; \
 		EXIT_CODE=$$?; \
@@ -74,13 +90,12 @@ test:
 	fi

 test_parallel:
-	make start-services &&\
-	make start-dev-server &&\
-	uv run pytest -n auto --dist worksteal $(TEST) -vv --lf; \
-	EXIT_CODE=$$?; \
-	make stop-services; \
-	make stop-dev-server; \
-	exit $$EXIT_CODE
+	trap '$(MAKE) stop-dev-server; $(MAKE) stop-services' EXIT; \
+	trap 'exit 130' INT; trap 'exit 143' TERM; \
+	$(MAKE) start-services &&\
+	$(MAKE) start-dev-server &&\
+	uv run --no-sync pytest -n auto --dist worksteal $(TEST) -vv --lf; \
+	exit $$?

 integration_tests:
 	uv run pytest integration_tests
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# Distributed DeltaChannel benchmark
+
+The coordinator (`delta_distributed.py`) creates one disposable LangSmith sandbox
+per `(frequency, payload)` pair: 40 shards for the default 25–500 step-25 grid.
+Each shard owns a local Postgres process and grows one graph to 10000 updates,
+recording the five prefix lengths. `GenericFakeChatModel` scripts are deterministic;
+no provider API is used. Parallelism changes wall time, not total benchmark work.
+
+## Snapshot contract
+
+Supply an existing, immutable LangSmith snapshot with:
+
+- Linux, Python 3.14, git, PostgreSQL 14 binaries (`initdb`, `pg_ctl`) on PATH;
+- a checkout at `/workspace/langgraph`, pinned to the intended revision;
+- dependencies installed using `uv sync --frozen --group dev` in
+  `/workspace/langgraph/libs/langgraph`;
+- `/workspace/langgraph/libs/langgraph/.venv/bin/python` available;
+- a writable `/tmp`; a non-root user able to run Postgres, or root plus `runuser`
+  and the `postgres` OS account;
+- no Postgres listener already occupying loopback port 5432;
+- **no secrets baked into the snapshot**. Credentials are needed only by the
+  coordinator, not the shard. Use a dedicated snapshot, not a personal workspace
+  image with unrelated processes or credentials.
+
+The coordinator uploads only the benchmark source and shard worker. Libraries,
+interpreter and dependency versions come from the supplied snapshot. Every job
+uses that same snapshot ID and explicit CPU/memory/disk configuration. Snapshot
+construction/provisioning is intentionally separate; no image or paid fleet has
+been created by this change. This is a normal standalone benchmark project using
+the LangSmith SDK, not a change to the Open SWE workspace image.
+
+## Create the snapshot
+
+`delta_snapshot.py` builds the required image from the dedicated
+`delta-snapshot/Dockerfile` context. Only that Dockerfile is uploaded, never your
+working directory, `.env`, git credentials or LangSmith key. It uses Postgres
+14.7, uv 0.13.4 and Python 3.14.3, checks out a full public LangGraph commit SHA,
+and syncs the frozen dev dependencies. OS packages and version-tagged base images
+are not digest/apt-repository pinned; reuse the resulting immutable snapshot ID
+for comparable measurements rather than rebuilding between shards.
+
+From `libs/langgraph`, after checking out this PR and syncing dependencies:
+
+```bash
+uv run python bench/delta_snapshot.py \
+  --name delta-bench --output ./snapshot-plan.json
+```
+
+This dry run creates no resources. By default, the revision is local HEAD: it must
+already be pushed and reachable in the public repository. Uncommitted local code
+is **not** included. For a paid build, use a fresh receipt path:
+
+```bash
+uv run python bench/delta_snapshot.py \
+  --name delta-bench --output ./snapshot.json --execute
+```
+
+Optional flags: `--revision FULL_40_CHAR_SHA --vcpus 2 --memory-gib 8 --disk-gib 30
+--timeout 1800`. The defaults are builder sizing, not fleet concurrency. The SDK
+creates one temporary billable builder sandbox and a persistent snapshot, using
+`LANGSMITH_API_KEY`/`LANGSMITH_ENDPOINT` only on the coordinator. It cleans up the
+builder when the call exits; verify cleanup in LangSmith after a crash or failed
+build. The snapshot remains until you explicitly delete it. This command does not
+launch benchmark shards or alter an Open SWE workspace image.
+
+On success, `snapshot.json` contains `snapshot_id`, revision and build parameters:
+
+```bash
+export SNAPSHOT_ID="$(python -c 'import json; print(json.load(open("snapshot.json"))["snapshot_id"])')"
+```
+
+Then use `--snapshot-id "$SNAPSHOT_ID"` in the pilot command below. Build failures
+leave a `building` receipt: inspect LangSmith before retrying with a new name/path;
+do not assume a timeout means no snapshot or builder was created. Remote image
+build and pilot have not yet been executed; local SDK-contract tests are not a
+substitute for that end-to-end verification.
+
+## Plan first
+
+From `libs/langgraph`:
+
+```bash
+uv run python bench/delta_distributed.py \
+  --snapshot-id YOUR_SNAPSHOT_ID --concurrency 4 --timeout 14400 \
+  --vcpus 2 --memory-gib 8 --disk-gib 30 --output /tmp/delta-fleet
+```
+
+Without `--execute`, this only writes `plan.json`; it does not instantiate an SDK
+client, require credentials or provision resources. Values above are **examples,
+not selected budgets**. Agree on them before executing. With 40 shards and a
+4-hour benchmark timeout, the benchmark allowance alone is 160 sandbox-hours;
+readiness and result collection add overhead. The printed allowance is an
+estimate, not a monetary billing cap. Concurrency is capped at 40 and each shard
+benchmark timeout at 24 hours. There is no automatic retry storm.
+
+Start with a small pilot (new output directory):
+
+```bash
+uv run python bench/delta_distributed.py \
+  --snapshot-id YOUR_SNAPSHOT_ID --concurrency 2 --timeout 900 \
+  --vcpus 2 --memory-gib 8 --disk-gib 30 --output /tmp/delta-pilot \
+  --frequencies 25 300 --lengths 50 200 --profiles mock700
+```
+
+Review the generated plan, then repeat the exact command with `--execute` to
+create billable resources. The SDK reads `LANGSMITH_API_KEY` and
+`LANGSMITH_ENDPOINT` from the coordinator's environment. Never pass keys in CLI
+arguments, commit them, or bake them into the snapshot.
+
+## Lifecycle, recovery and outputs
+
+- Bounded thread-pool concurrency; each worker has its own SDK client.
+- Readiness timeout 300 seconds, benchmark subprocess timeout from the plan,
+  and remote execution timeout 120 seconds longer for startup/cleanup.
+- Completed CSV and metadata are fetched before sandbox deletion. A shard is
+  marked successful only after its sandbox has been deleted.
+- A shard's `attempt.json` records its sandbox name **before** creation. On a
+  process crash, ambiguous create or failed deletion, inspect that named resource
+  in LangSmith and delete it if it exists. Do not bulk-delete other sandboxes.
+  After verifying it is absent, set this ledger's state to `deleted` to allow
+  retry. An unresolved ledger blocks retry rather than leaking more resources.
+- Idle stop is 10 minutes and deletion after stop is 10 minutes, providing a
+  fallback for coordinator crashes. This is **not** a strict hard lifetime cap:
+  verify sandbox cleanup after interruption. Active exec/SDK lease behavior can
+  affect idle detection.
+- A shard failure stops admission of further jobs; already-running jobs finish
+  and clean up. Exceptions shown by workers use only their type, avoiding
+  inadvertent credential exposure. Failed command stdout/stderr are not copied
+  into shared artifacts. Inspect the sandbox before cleanup separately if deep
+  diagnostics are needed; automatic cleanup prioritizes preventing spend.
+- Rerun the identical plan/output directory to skip successful shards. Failed
+  shards restart from zero; partial remote CSVs are not recovered. Each completed
+  shard is an independent resume unit.
+- Launch **only one coordinator per output directory**; no cross-process lock is
+  implemented. Do not modify benchmark/worker source during a run. Source hashes
+  and plan equality reject changed-source or changed-budget resume.
+- Merge requires every expected frequency/profile/length exactly once. Missing,
+  duplicate, foreign and nonfinite rows fail validation. `combined.csv` and SVG
+  plots are emitted only for a complete plan. Per-shard CSV/metadata stay available.
+
+## Interpretation and verification limits
+
+See [measurement semantics](delta-results/README.md) before interpreting results.
+The normalized Pareto compromise is a heuristic, not a universal default. Full
+state hydration and mock payload compression can dominate the apparent tradeoff.
+Keep the end-to-end graph as the reference; direct checkpointer seeding is not
+implemented because equivalence has not been demonstrated. Read sampling remains
+one read per update to avoid treating assumed snapshot phase as measured truth.
+
+The coordinator lifecycle and failure paths are locally tested with a fake SDK;
+the benchmark itself has run against local Postgres. A real remote pilot still
+needs a prepared snapshot and an agreed concurrency/runtime budget. Do not treat
+mocked orchestration tests as evidence that a remote fleet has run successfully.
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# DeltaChannel snapshot-frequency sweep
+
+## Status and recommendation
+
+The sequential Postgres grid was stopped in favor of the distributed coordinator.
+`postgres.csv` contains four completed prefixes from frequency 25 / mock700, not a
+complete grid. No default change is justified by these partial measurements alone.
+Until the long-thread grid finishes, retain existing defaults rather than selecting a
+frequency from short threads. Frequency 300 remains a candidate for both LangGraph
+and deepagents based on the supplied fleet evidence, not a conclusion of this run.
+The capped grid does not benchmark LangGraph's current 1000 setting.
+
+`pilot.csv` contains the initial 25/300/500-frequency, 50/200-update exploratory run.
+Its first read includes initialization overhead; do not use that maximum as a steady
+state result. `scaling-pilot.csv` contains 1000-update runs at frequency 300 with
+warmup. These are explicitly partial grids. `postgres.csv` contains completed points
+from the requested full grid as it progresses; missing rows are not measurements.
+
+## Reproduce
+
+From `libs/langgraph`, sync declared dependencies with `uv sync --frozen --group dev`.
+Use a **dedicated disposable Postgres database**, not a production database. For
+example, start `postgres:14.7` with a loopback-only published port and configure
+`LANGGRAPH_BENCH_POSTGRES_URI` in the environment. The benchmark creates checkpointer
+tables and deletes only its UUID-scoped threads when each scenario finishes.
+
+```bash
+uv run python tests/test_delta_channel_benchmark.py --snapshot-sweep \
+  --backend postgres --output bench/delta-results/postgres.csv
+uv run python tests/test_delta_channel_benchmark.py --snapshot-sweep \
+  --backend memory --output bench/delta-results/memory.csv
+```
+
+Default grid: frequencies 25, 50, ..., 500; lengths 50, 200, 1000, 5000,
+10000; profiles `mock700` and `tool_calls`. Select a smoke grid with
+`--frequencies 25 300 500 --lengths 50 200`. The original multi-channel benchmark
+remains available by omitting `--snapshot-sweep`.
+
+Every frequency/profile builds one growing thread; shorter lengths are prefixes.
+Thus each backend performs 20 × 2 × 10000 = 400000 graph invocations and the
+same number of measured reads, plus warmups and separate heap measurements.
+There are 200 output rows per complete backend grid. Resume with identical
+arguments, source, revision and environment metadata: completed rows are skipped.
+An interrupted scenario is rebuilt from its beginning up to remaining lengths;
+resuming does not restore a partially written graph. Abrupt process termination
+may leave the current thread in the disposable database.
+
+## Workload and measurement semantics
+
+- Each invocation runs a deterministic `GenericFakeChatModel` script. There are
+  **no provider requests**, sleeps or stochastic outputs. Message and tool-call
+  IDs derive from the update index. Checkpoint IDs and timing vary between runs.
+- `mock700`: 350 ASCII bytes of human content plus 350 of assistant content.
+  This is **700 content bytes**, not 700 serialized bytes: message envelopes,
+  checkpoint metadata and a file update add overhead.
+- `tool_calls`: human request, scripted assistant `read_file` call, approximately
+  3.7 KB tool result, then an approximately 600-byte scripted response. It is a
+  synthetic deepagents-style workload, not captured production traffic.
+- Both `messages` and `files` receive one update in the same node per invocation.
+  Files use deterministic content lines and timestamps, adding a new report path
+  each time. This deliberately models growing file history, not overwriting a
+  fixed set of paths. The reducer merges batches of file dictionaries.
+- An update is **one graph invocation**, not one individual message. Each
+  invocation has input/start/node checkpoint supersteps; only the node writes
+  the two delta channels. The 5000-superstep bound is retained and recorded via
+  `LANGGRAPH_DELTA_MAX_SUPERSTEPS_SINCE_SNAPSHOT`; the grid does not vary it.
+- Read statistics describe one warm-cache `get_state` after **every** invocation
+  from update 1 through the reported prefix. They are not repeated final-state
+  reads or a fixed-thread-length phase distribution. This captures pre-snapshot
+  phases as well as snapshots; the maximum is the **observed** slowest read and
+  may reflect system noise, not necessarily the deepest replay chain. Its update
+  and checkpoint ID are recorded. The measured checkpoint is later deleted.
+- Write statistics time end-to-end `graph.invoke`, including hydration, scripted
+  model CPU work and checkpoint writes; they are **not saver-only SQL latency**.
+- Heap peak comes from a separate traced read of the observed slowest checkpoint.
+  `tracemalloc` is off for all latency samples. This is Python heap, not RSS or
+  database memory. Reads and writes are sequential, with no concurrent clients.
+- Memory storage counts serialized checkpoint, metadata, blob and pending-write
+  payload bytes, not Python-object/key overhead. Postgres storage is the sum of
+  `pg_column_size(row)` across checkpoints, blobs and writes scoped to the thread.
+  It is an in-row/TOAST-sensitive estimate, **not total relation/index/WAL/disk
+  usage**, and is not directly interchangeable with the memory payload count.
+  Repeated mock text is highly compressible, especially in Postgres: absolute
+  storage numbers should not be compared with production chat without matching
+  entropy, serialization and storage accounting.
+- Metadata records interpreter, platform, git revision, script SHA-256, grid and
+  sampling semantics. Initial pilot artifacts predate the final script hash and
+  warmup additions; they are preserved as exploratory evidence, not pooled with
+  the full-grid results. Timings need repeat runs to assess variance.
+
+## Charts and selecting a frequency
+
+Each CSV produces an SVG per backend/profile/length. The left panel plots storage,
+p50 and maximum read latency against frequency, independently divided by each
+metric's maximum (0–1). These normalized curves **do not have shared units**;
+their crossing is not a physical optimum. The right panel plots storage bytes
+against actual p50/max milliseconds.
+
+A marked compromise point is selected separately for p50 and max: discard
+storage/latency-dominated points, min-max normalize each objective over that group,
+and choose the nondominated point nearest the ideal origin in Euclidean distance.
+This is an equal-weight heuristic, not a universal knee or recommended default.
+Changing the candidate range, latency statistic or storage/latency weighting can
+change it. Partial groups display their actual number of frequencies and must not
+be mistaken for completed sweeps. Frequency points above a short thread's update
+count can have identical snapshot behavior, making any apparent short-thread
+optimum particularly noisy.
+
+For a final recommendation, compare the compromise points across all five thread
+lengths and both workloads, apply an explicit latency budget, inspect tail noise,
+and repeat promising frequencies. Keep separate choices for growing message and
+file workloads if their access/update patterns differ. This suite currently varies
+both cadences together and cannot identify their independent optimum.
+
+## Fleet sanity check
+
+The supplied 10000-turn fleet simulation reports frequency 50: 2.9 GB / 44 ms;
+300: 488 MB / 244 ms; 500: 307 MB / 404 ms; 1000: 164 MB / 804 ms. Its delta DB time
+was about 35 ms and about 1% of fleet DB time. These are externally supplied
+context, **not measurements reproduced here**. Our local Postgres, full graph
+hydration, files, compressible scripted content and row-size estimate differ.
+Do not calibrate the results to force a match or equate local end-to-end latency
+with fleet database time. Storage reduction with less frequent snapshots is a
+useful directional sanity check, not evidence that absolute fleet values match.
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1100" height="420" viewBox="0 0 1100 420"><rect width="1100" height="420" fill="white"/><text x="20" y="25" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="16">postgres / mock700 / 200 updates (n=3 frequencies)</text><path d="M 60 60 V 340 H 510" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="60" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Frequency vs independently normalized metrics</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00 320.53,86.47 510.00,86.57" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">storage_bytes</text><polyline points="60.00,161.64 320.53,123.69 510.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00 320.53,293.43 510.00,289.76" fill="none" stroke="#6a378b" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="395" fill="#6a378b" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="60" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">frequency: 25 to 500; y: 0 to 1.00 normalized</text><path d="M 610 60 V 340 H 1060" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="610" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Storage vs latency (Pareto tradeoff)</text><polyline points="1060.00,327.56 616.92,324.92 610.00,321.87" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="616.9150288807352" cy="324.91598843036314" r="5" fill="#176baf"/><text x="622.9150288807352" y="316.91598843036314" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=300</text><text x="610" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="1060.00,80.00 616.92,293.43 610.00,289.76" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="616.9150288807352" cy="293.42895568807285" r="5" fill="#c14b14"/><text x="622.9150288807352" y="285.42895568807285" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=300</text><text x="610" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="610" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">storage_bytes: 1062349 to 1089876; y: 0 to 197.73 ms</text></svg>
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1100" height="420" viewBox="0 0 1100 420"><rect width="1100" height="420" fill="white"/><text x="20" y="25" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="16">postgres / mock700 / 50 updates (n=3 frequencies)</text><path d="M 60 60 V 340 H 510" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="60" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Frequency vs independently normalized metrics</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00 320.53,82.82 510.00,82.87" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">storage_bytes</text><polyline points="60.00,153.18 320.53,134.27 510.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00 320.53,325.79 510.00,329.51" fill="none" stroke="#6a378b" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="395" fill="#6a378b" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="60" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">frequency: 25 to 500; y: 0 to 1.00 normalized</text><path d="M 610 60 V 340 H 1060" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="610" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Storage vs latency (Pareto tradeoff)</text><polyline points="1060.00,335.24 617.01,334.76 610.00,333.38" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="617.005076142132" cy="334.7610466522907" r="5" fill="#176baf"/><text x="623.005076142132" y="326.7610466522907" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=300</text><text x="610" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="1060.00,80.00 617.01,325.79 610.00,329.51" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="329.50511620062144" r="5" fill="#c14b14"/><text x="616.0" y="321.50511620062144" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=500</text><text x="610" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="610" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">storage_bytes: 265018 to 267973; y: 0 to 197.73 ms</text></svg>
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1100" height="420" viewBox="0 0 1100 420"><rect width="1100" height="420" fill="white"/><text x="20" y="25" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="16">postgres / tool_calls / 200 updates (n=3 frequencies)</text><path d="M 60 60 V 340 H 510" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="60" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Frequency vs independently normalized metrics</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00 320.53,176.58 510.00,176.63" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">storage_bytes</text><polyline points="60.00,153.76 320.53,80.00 510.00,118.12" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00 320.53,171.19 510.00,179.72" fill="none" stroke="#6a378b" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="395" fill="#6a378b" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="60" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">frequency: 25 to 500; y: 0 to 1.00 normalized</text><path d="M 610 60 V 340 H 1060" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="610" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Storage vs latency (Pareto tradeoff)</text><polyline points="1060.00,288.02 610.24,267.43 610.00,278.07" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="278.0659453883102" r="5" fill="#176baf"/><text x="616.0" y="270.0659453883102" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=500</text><text x="610" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="1060.00,80.00 610.24,171.19 610.00,179.72" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="179.717130949707" r="5" fill="#c14b14"/><text x="616.0" y="171.717130949707" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=500</text><text x="610" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="610" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">storage_bytes: 1008416 to 1604911; y: 0 to 77.92 ms</text></svg>
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1100" height="420" viewBox="0 0 1100 420"><rect width="1100" height="420" fill="white"/><text x="20" y="25" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="16">postgres / tool_calls / 50 updates (n=3 frequencies)</text><path d="M 60 60 V 340 H 510" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="60" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Frequency vs independently normalized metrics</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00 320.53,123.32 510.00,123.41" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">storage_bytes</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00 320.53,92.09 510.00,96.96" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00 320.53,124.55 510.00,172.29" fill="none" stroke="#6a378b" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="395" fill="#6a378b" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="60" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">frequency: 25 to 500; y: 0 to 1.00 normalized</text><path d="M 610 60 V 340 H 1060" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="610" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Storage vs latency (Pareto tradeoff)</text><polyline points="1060.00,240.59 610.96,245.21 610.00,247.07" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="247.07101749792133" r="5" fill="#176baf"/><text x="616.0" y="239.07101749792133" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=500</text><text x="610" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="1060.00,80.00 610.96,124.55 610.00,172.29" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="172.28887735058402" r="5" fill="#c14b14"/><text x="616.0" y="164.28887735058402" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=500</text><text x="610" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="610" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">storage_bytes: 251530 to 301946; y: 0 to 17.90 ms</text></svg>
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+backend,profile,frequency,updates,read_samples,read_p50_ms,read_p95_ms,read_max_ms,slowest_update,slowest_checkpoint_id,write_p50_ms,write_p95_ms,write_max_ms,write_total_s,storage_bytes,slowest_read_peak_heap_bytes
+postgres,mock700,25,50,50,3.6180599999511287,6.390288000034161,197.7286589999494,1,1f1cf166-9dd2-6d00-8001-fc71abcfb90a,10.653302000037002,17.0728529999451,30.98109600000498,0.5811482070006377,267973,39327
+postgres,mock700,25,200,200,9.459105500070564,18.783542000051057,197.7286589999494,1,1f1cf166-9dd2-6d00-8001-fc71abcfb90a,17.477463499972146,30.98109600000498,168.95307799995862,3.8713906139998926,1089876,35220
+postgres,mock700,300,50,50,3.9841970000225047,6.104986000082135,10.80296499992528,44,1f1cf166-e019-6c30-8082-21934933f621,11.811886500026958,15.252276999945025,28.05887800002438,0.6044334389998767,265064,519513
+postgres,mock700,300,200,200,11.47131300001547,20.832925000036084,35.41703900009452,185,1f1cf167-0ea3-6a4c-8229-79b49eb7c9fe,19.905765000032716,28.92650700005106,37.699279999969804,3.95925508099981,1062772,2113173
+postgres,mock700,500,50,50,5.035277500041957,7.819561000019348,7.981305000043903,50,1f1cf167-1fc9-6f84-8094-7f8f188214b6,12.75971849997859,15.276644999971722,16.033585999934985,0.6406766549997656,265018,584506
+postgres,mock700,500,200,200,13.788552499988782,24.058938000052876,38.209428999948614,185,1f1cf167-5380-6b9e-8229-c84900f5a6db,21.95349900000565,32.21689399993011,39.65822100008154,4.354335682999022,1062349,2110890
+postgres,tool_calls,25,50,50,6.844815500016921,10.651568999946903,17.9017149999936,50,1f1cf167-6761-6981-8094-f53aeefe50f8,14.597708000053444,19.39097000001766,25.841881000019384,0.7417658820006636,301946,1922124
+postgres,tool_calls,25,200,200,15.580024999962916,28.78641699999207,77.9230529999495,180,1f1cf167-a207-6b8c-821a-1a5a322fa361,24.694384999975227,42.27366899999652,59.241608999968776,5.190335378001123,1604911,6679384
+postgres,tool_calls,300,50,50,6.526570999994874,13.39240200002223,14.834163999921657,50,1f1cf167-bca7-6808-8094-f7b7aea71f3d,14.862395000022843,21.3141539999242,43.96138599997812,0.808315155999594,251638,1910246
+postgres,tool_calls,300,200,200,21.750415999974848,33.799963999967986,50.59318900009657,86,1f1cf167-ce64-6010-8100-78d863dad859,31.301175500004774,48.37651699995149,165.45825800005787,6.2137166139996225,1008731,3276689
+postgres,tool_calls,500,50,50,6.39841599996771,10.550998999974581,11.547371999995448,49,1f1cf168-2162-68cd-8091-9494a54b4fdd,14.285579000045345,19.514858999968965,23.103371000047446,0.704547747000106,251530,1872876
+postgres,tool_calls,500,200,200,18.561887000032584,33.225987000037094,48.03742499996133,200,1f1cf168-70e7-6f69-8256-b1395c31fdf1,26.90513599998212,43.38257900008102,53.06229500001791,5.458913677999817,1008416,7571456
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+  "schema": 1,
+  "python": "3.14.3",
+  "platform": "Linux-6.1.166-x86_64-with-glibc2.43",
+  "revision": "eb066bd31a2bf01fc0cd58256df4800a3695c233",
+  "backend": "postgres",
+  "profiles": [
+    "mock700",
+    "tool_calls"
+  ],
+  "frequencies": [
+    25,
+    300,
+    500
+  ],
+  "lengths": [
+    50,
+    200
+  ],
+  "script": "deterministic, no provider; IDs follow update index",
+  "read_sampling": "one get_state after every invocation, prefix distribution",
+  "write_sampling": "end-to-end graph.invoke including hydrate, scripted model and checkpoint I/O",
+  "storage": "postgres pg_column_size row estimate (not relation disk bytes); memory serialized payloads across all stores",
+  "max_supersteps_since_snapshot": "5000"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1100" height="420" viewBox="0 0 1100 420"><rect width="1100" height="420" fill="white"/><text x="20" y="25" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="16">postgres / mock700 / 1000 updates (n=1 frequencies)</text><path d="M 60 60 V 340 H 510" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="60" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Frequency vs independently normalized metrics</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">storage_bytes</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#6a378b" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="395" fill="#6a378b" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="60" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">frequency: 25 to 25; y: 0 to 1.00 normalized</text><path d="M 610 60 V 340 H 1060" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="610" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Storage vs latency (Pareto tradeoff)</text><polyline points="610.00,270.42" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="270.41705212026505" r="5" fill="#176baf"/><text x="616.0" y="262.41705212026505" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=25</text><text x="610" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="610.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="80.0" r="5" fill="#c14b14"/><text x="616.0" y="72.0" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=25</text><text x="610" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="610" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">storage_bytes: 5864394 to 5864394; y: 0 to 88.08 ms</text></svg>
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1100" height="420" viewBox="0 0 1100 420"><rect width="1100" height="420" fill="white"/><text x="20" y="25" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="16">postgres / mock700 / 200 updates (n=1 frequencies)</text><path d="M 60 60 V 340 H 510" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="60" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Frequency vs independently normalized metrics</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">storage_bytes</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#6a378b" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="395" fill="#6a378b" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="60" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">frequency: 25 to 25; y: 0 to 1.00 normalized</text><path d="M 610 60 V 340 H 1060" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="610" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Storage vs latency (Pareto tradeoff)</text><polyline points="610.00,225.40" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="225.39966722149467" r="5" fill="#176baf"/><text x="616.0" y="217.39966722149467" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=25</text><text x="610" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="610.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="80.0" r="5" fill="#c14b14"/><text x="616.0" y="72.0" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=25</text><text x="610" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="610" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">storage_bytes: 1089890 to 1089890; y: 0 to 16.54 ms</text></svg>
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1100" height="420" viewBox="0 0 1100 420"><rect width="1100" height="420" fill="white"/><text x="20" y="25" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="16">postgres / mock700 / 50 updates (n=1 frequencies)</text><path d="M 60 60 V 340 H 510" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="60" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Frequency vs independently normalized metrics</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">storage_bytes</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#6a378b" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="395" fill="#6a378b" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="60" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">frequency: 25 to 25; y: 0 to 1.00 normalized</text><path d="M 610 60 V 340 H 1060" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="610" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Storage vs latency (Pareto tradeoff)</text><polyline points="610.00,184.65" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="184.6472608451244" r="5" fill="#176baf"/><text x="616.0" y="176.6472608451244" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=25</text><text x="610" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="610.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="80.0" r="5" fill="#c14b14"/><text x="616.0" y="72.0" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=25</text><text x="610" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="610" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">storage_bytes: 267967 to 267967; y: 0 to 5.21 ms</text></svg>
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1100" height="420" viewBox="0 0 1100 420"><rect width="1100" height="420" fill="white"/><text x="20" y="25" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="16">postgres / mock700 / 5000 updates (n=1 frequencies)</text><path d="M 60 60 V 340 H 510" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="60" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Frequency vs independently normalized metrics</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">storage_bytes</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#6a378b" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="395" fill="#6a378b" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="60" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">frequency: 25 to 25; y: 0 to 1.00 normalized</text><path d="M 610 60 V 340 H 1060" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="610" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Storage vs latency (Pareto tradeoff)</text><polyline points="610.00,274.30" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="274.2962318424321" r="5" fill="#176baf"/><text x="616.0" y="266.2962318424321" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=25</text><text x="610" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="610.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="80.0" r="5" fill="#c14b14"/><text x="616.0" y="72.0" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=25</text><text x="610" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="610" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">storage_bytes: 39599985 to 39599985; y: 0 to 302.30 ms</text></svg>
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+backend,profile,frequency,updates,read_samples,read_p50_ms,read_p95_ms,read_max_ms,slowest_update,slowest_checkpoint_id,write_p50_ms,write_p95_ms,write_max_ms,write_total_s,storage_bytes,slowest_read_peak_heap_bytes
+postgres,mock700,25,50,50,3.110554999921078,4.785336999930223,5.2058580001812516,46,1f1cf189-c1d7-643f-8088-2d4ca5a5b740,10.314074000007167,12.664818999837735,27.913941999941017,0.53071240700001,267967,483221
+postgres,mock700,25,200,200,7.288281000001007,13.18430499986789,16.53531900001326,190,1f1cf189-e494-60d8-8238-d44b3e1f2bf0,15.244594500018138,22.50665300016408,37.84130200006075,3.0723227170001337,1089890,1720217
+postgres,mock700,25,1000,1000,23.5726189999923,34.56026000003476,88.08021400000143,785,1f1cf18b-25f4-6d27-8931-fc21b750ad8c,32.47065949994976,51.13759799996842,134.2724809999254,31.385343082000187,5864394,5889532
+postgres,mock700,25,5000,5000,76.39274549990205,140.11053600006562,302.2979410000062,3412,1f1cf199-7e0d-6560-a7fa-9687f00ad7cc,90.85022650003793,170.46306499969432,414.5206420002978,459.44821525399425,39599985,22671874
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+{
+  "schema": 1,
+  "python": "3.14.3",
+  "platform": "Linux-6.1.166-x86_64-with-glibc2.43",
+  "script_sha256": "3a3cb80dde575f1f008c9078e285cc2e8f8a3bb8648da4c3817cb33f9e9a4aed",
+  "revision": "eb066bd31a2bf01fc0cd58256df4800a3695c233",
+  "backend": "postgres",
+  "profiles": [
+    "mock700",
+    "tool_calls"
+  ],
+  "frequencies": [
+    25,
+    50,
+    75,
+    100,
+    125,
+    150,
+    175,
+    200,
+    225,
+    250,
+    275,
+    300,
+    325,
+    350,
+    375,
+    400,
+    425,
+    450,
+    475,
+    500
+  ],
+  "lengths": [
+    50,
+    200,
+    1000,
+    5000,
+    10000
+  ],
+  "script": "deterministic, no provider; IDs follow update index",
+  "read_sampling": "one get_state after every invocation, prefix distribution",
+  "write_sampling": "end-to-end graph.invoke including hydrate, scripted model and checkpoint I/O",
+  "storage": "postgres pg_column_size row estimate (not relation disk bytes); memory serialized payloads across all stores",
+  "max_supersteps_since_snapshot": "5000"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1100" height="420" viewBox="0 0 1100 420"><rect width="1100" height="420" fill="white"/><text x="20" y="25" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="16">postgres / mock700 / 1000 updates (n=1 frequencies)</text><path d="M 60 60 V 340 H 510" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="60" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Frequency vs independently normalized metrics</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">storage_bytes</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#6a378b" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="395" fill="#6a378b" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="60" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">frequency: 300 to 300; y: 0 to 1.00 normalized</text><path d="M 610 60 V 340 H 1060" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="610" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Storage vs latency (Pareto tradeoff)</text><polyline points="610.00,278.82" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="278.815545790787" r="5" fill="#176baf"/><text x="616.0" y="270.815545790787" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=300</text><text x="610" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="610.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="80.0" r="5" fill="#c14b14"/><text x="616.0" y="72.0" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=300</text><text x="610" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="610" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">storage_bytes: 5365127 to 5365127; y: 0 to 123.55 ms</text></svg>
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1100" height="420" viewBox="0 0 1100 420"><rect width="1100" height="420" fill="white"/><text x="20" y="25" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="16">postgres / tool_calls / 1000 updates (n=1 frequencies)</text><path d="M 60 60 V 340 H 510" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="60" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Frequency vs independently normalized metrics</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">storage_bytes</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="60.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#6a378b" stroke-width="2"/><text x="60" y="395" fill="#6a378b" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="60" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">frequency: 300 to 300; y: 0 to 1.00 normalized</text><path d="M 610 60 V 340 H 1060" fill="none" stroke="black"/><text x="610" y="50" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12">Storage vs latency (Pareto tradeoff)</text><polyline points="610.00,281.99" fill="none" stroke="#176baf" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="281.9919586818079" r="5" fill="#176baf"/><text x="616.0" y="273.9919586818079" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=300</text><text x="610" y="365" fill="#176baf" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_p50_ms</text><polyline points="610.00,80.00" fill="none" stroke="#c14b14" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="610.0" cy="80.0" r="5" fill="#c14b14"/><text x="616.0" y="72.0" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">f=300</text><text x="610" y="380" fill="#c14b14" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="11">read_max_ms</text><text x="610" y="355" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10">storage_bytes: 6230423 to 6230423; y: 0 to 261.54 ms</text></svg>
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+backend,profile,frequency,updates,read_samples,read_p50_ms,read_p95_ms,read_max_ms,slowest_update,slowest_checkpoint_id,write_p50_ms,write_p95_ms,write_max_ms,write_total_s,storage_bytes,slowest_read_peak_heap_bytes
+postgres,mock700,300,1000,1000,29.075356000021202,49.26721499998621,123.55413900002077,339,1f1cf16e-fccf-68b6-83f7-54e1839f7866,38.3128815000191,57.815339000057975,117.20152399993822,37.95603520900272,5365127,3107507
+postgres,tool_calls,300,1000,1000,58.35261599997921,106.53731800005062,261.5444310000612,900,1f1cf175-2376-6bf5-8a8a-ce7f009ad20f,70.02236149997998,122.92945799993049,376.99114200006534,71.72656674900168,6230423,34206365
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "schema": 1,
+  "python": "3.14.3",
+  "platform": "Linux-6.1.166-x86_64-with-glibc2.43",
+  "script_sha256": "3a3cb80dde575f1f008c9078e285cc2e8f8a3bb8648da4c3817cb33f9e9a4aed",
+  "revision": "eb066bd31a2bf01fc0cd58256df4800a3695c233",
+  "backend": "postgres",
+  "profiles": [
+    "mock700",
+    "tool_calls"
+  ],
+  "frequencies": [
+    300
+  ],
+  "lengths": [
+    1000
+  ],
+  "script": "deterministic, no provider; IDs follow update index",
+  "read_sampling": "one get_state after every invocation, prefix distribution",
+  "write_sampling": "end-to-end graph.invoke including hydrate, scripted model and checkpoint I/O",
+  "storage": "postgres pg_column_size row estimate (not relation disk bytes); memory serialized payloads across all stores",
+  "max_supersteps_since_snapshot": "5000"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+FROM ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:0.13.4 AS uv
+FROM postgres:14.7
+COPY --from=uv /uv /usr/local/bin/uv
+ENV UV_PYTHON_INSTALL_DIR=/opt/python UV_PYTHON_PREFERENCE=only-managed
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends git ca-certificates \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+RUN uv python install 3.14.3
+ARG LANGGRAPH_REVISION
+RUN test "${#LANGGRAPH_REVISION}" -eq 40 \
+    && git clone https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph.git /workspace/langgraph \
+    && git -C /workspace/langgraph checkout --detach "$LANGGRAPH_REVISION" \
+    && test "$(git -C /workspace/langgraph rev-parse HEAD)" = "$LANGGRAPH_REVISION"
+WORKDIR /workspace/langgraph/libs/langgraph
+RUN uv sync --frozen --group dev --python 3.14.3 \
+    && uv cache clean \
+    && .venv/bin/python -c 'from langsmith.sandbox import SandboxClient; from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import PostgresSaver' \
+    && command -v initdb && command -v pg_ctl
+ENTRYPOINT []
+CMD ["/bin/bash"]
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+"""Plan, execute and merge isolated LangSmith sandbox benchmark shards."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import importlib.util
+import io
+import itertools
+import json
+import shlex
+import threading
+import uuid
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from langsmith.sandbox import SandboxClient
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+BENCHMARK = ROOT / "tests/test_delta_channel_benchmark.py"
+REMOTE = "/workspace/langgraph/libs/langgraph"
+PROFILES = ("mock700", "tool_calls")
+FREQUENCIES = tuple(range(25, 501, 25))
+LENGTHS = (50, 200, 1000, 5000, 10000)
+
+
+def _atomic_json(path: Path, value: Any) -> None:
+    temp = path.with_suffix(".tmp")
+    temp.write_text(json.dumps(value, indent=2) + "\n")
+    temp.replace(path)
+
+
+def make_plan(args: argparse.Namespace) -> dict:
+    """Bind every shard to source, snapshot, resource and runtime settings."""
+    return {
+        "schema": 1,
+        "snapshot_id": args.snapshot_id,
+        "concurrency": args.concurrency,
+        "timeout_seconds": args.timeout,
+        "vcpus": args.vcpus,
+        "mem_bytes": args.memory_gib * 1024**3,
+        "fs_capacity_bytes": args.disk_gib * 1024**3,
+        "source_sha256": hashlib.sha256(BENCHMARK.read_bytes()).hexdigest(),
+        "worker_sha256": hashlib.sha256(
+            Path(__file__).with_name("delta_shard.py").read_bytes()
+        ).hexdigest(),
+        "lengths": sorted(set(args.lengths)),
+        "shards": [
+            {"key": f"{profile}-{freq}", "profile": profile, "frequency": freq}
+            for profile, freq in itertools.product(args.profiles, args.frequencies)
+        ],
+    }
+
+
+def validate_csv(data: bytes, shard: dict, lengths: list[int]) -> list[dict]:
+    """Reject missing, duplicate, foreign or malformed measurement points."""
+    rows = list(csv.DictReader(io.StringIO(data.decode())))
+    actual = []
+    for row in rows:
+        if (
+            row["backend"] != "postgres"
+            or row["profile"] != shard["profile"]
+            or int(row["frequency"]) != shard["frequency"]
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("Foreign shard row")
+        actual.append(int(row["updates"]))
+        for metric in ("read_p50_ms", "read_p95_ms", "read_max_ms", "storage_bytes"):
+            value = float(row[metric])
+            if not 0 <= value < float("inf"):
+                raise ValueError("Nonfinite or negative metric")
+    if sorted(actual) != sorted(lengths):
+        raise ValueError("Incomplete or duplicate shard lengths")
+    return rows
+
+
+def run_shard(
+    plan: dict, shard: dict, directory: Path, client_factory=SandboxClient
+) -> None:
+    """Use a disposable sandbox and save validated outputs before deleting it."""
+    target = directory / shard["key"]
+    target.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+    success = target / "success.json"
+    if success.exists():
+        validate_csv((target / "results.csv").read_bytes(), shard, plan["lengths"])
+        if json.loads(success.read_text())["source_sha256"] != plan["source_sha256"]:
+            raise ValueError("Completed shard source differs")
+        return
+    ledger = target / "attempt.json"
+    if ledger.exists() and json.loads(ledger.read_text())["state"] != "deleted":
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"Inspect and clean up the previous sandbox in {ledger} before retrying"
+        )
+    sandbox_name = f"delta-bench-{uuid.uuid4().hex}"
+    _atomic_json(ledger, {"sandbox_name": sandbox_name, "state": "creating"})
+    with client_factory() as client:
+        sandbox = None
+        completed = False
+        try:
+            sandbox = client.create_sandbox(
+                snapshot_id=plan["snapshot_id"],
+                name=sandbox_name,
+                timeout=300,
+                idle_ttl_seconds=600,
+                delete_after_stop_seconds=600,
+                vcpus=plan["vcpus"],
+                mem_bytes=plan["mem_bytes"],
+                fs_capacity_bytes=plan["fs_capacity_bytes"],
+            )
+            _atomic_json(ledger, {"sandbox_name": sandbox_name, "state": "running"})
+            sandbox.write(
+                f"{REMOTE}/tests/test_delta_channel_benchmark.py",
+                BENCHMARK.read_bytes(),
+            )
+            sandbox.write(
+                "/tmp/delta_shard.py",
+                Path(__file__).with_name("delta_shard.py").read_bytes(),
+            )
+            sandbox.write(
+                "/tmp/delta-job.json",
+                json.dumps(
+                    {
+                        **shard,
+                        "lengths": plan["lengths"],
+                        "timeout_seconds": plan["timeout_seconds"],
+                    }
+                ),
+            )
+            result = sandbox.run(
+                shlex.join([f"{REMOTE}/.venv/bin/python", "/tmp/delta_shard.py"]),
+                timeout=plan["timeout_seconds"] + 120,
+                cwd=REMOTE,
+                kill_on_disconnect=True,
+            )
+            if result.exit_code != 0:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Shard command failed; sandbox logs withheld from shared output"
+                )
+            data = sandbox.read("/tmp/delta-results.csv")
+            metadata = json.loads(sandbox.read("/tmp/delta-results.metadata.json"))
+            if metadata["script_sha256"] != plan["source_sha256"]:
+                raise ValueError("Remote benchmark source differs")
+            validate_csv(data, shard, plan["lengths"])
+            (target / "results.csv.tmp").write_bytes(data)
+            (target / "results.csv.tmp").replace(target / "results.csv")
+            _atomic_json(target / "metadata.json", metadata)
+            completed = True
+        finally:
+            try:
+                client.delete_sandbox(sandbox_name)
+            except Exception:
+                _atomic_json(
+                    ledger, {"sandbox_name": sandbox_name, "state": "cleanup_required"}
+                )
+                raise RuntimeError(f"Sandbox cleanup required; see {ledger}") from None
+            _atomic_json(ledger, {"sandbox_name": sandbox_name, "state": "deleted"})
+        if completed:
+            _atomic_json(
+                success,
+                {"source_sha256": plan["source_sha256"], "sandbox_name": sandbox_name},
+            )
+
+
+def merge(plan: dict, directory: Path) -> Path:
+    """Require the entire planned grid before publishing a combined CSV."""
+    rows = []
+    for shard in plan["shards"]:
+        target = directory / shard["key"]
+        if not (target / "success.json").exists():
+            raise ValueError(f"Shard incomplete: {shard['key']}")
+        rows.extend(
+            validate_csv((target / "results.csv").read_bytes(), shard, plan["lengths"])
+        )
+    output = directory / "combined.csv"
+    temp = output.with_suffix(".tmp")
+    with temp.open("w", newline="") as handle:
+        writer = csv.DictWriter(handle, fieldnames=list(rows[0]), lineterminator="\n")
+        writer.writeheader()
+        writer.writerows(rows)
+    temp.replace(output)
+    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("delta_benchmark", BENCHMARK)
+    module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+    spec.loader.exec_module(module)
+    module._plot_sweep(output)
+    return output
+
+
+def execute(plan: dict, directory: Path, client_factory=SandboxClient) -> None:
+    """Bound active sandboxes and stop admitting shards after a failure."""
+    failed = threading.Event()
+
+    def run(shard: dict) -> None:
+        if failed.is_set():
+            return
+        try:
+            run_shard(plan, shard, directory, client_factory)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            failed.set()
+            print(f"{shard['key']}: {type(exc).__name__}; see shard ledger", flush=True)
+            raise
+
+    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=plan["concurrency"]) as pool:
+        list(pool.map(run, plan["shards"]))
+    merge(plan, directory)
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--snapshot-id", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--concurrency", type=int, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--timeout", type=int, required=True, help="Maximum benchmark seconds per shard"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("--vcpus", type=int, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--memory-gib", type=int, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--disk-gib", type=int, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--frequencies", nargs="+", type=int, default=list(FREQUENCIES))
+    parser.add_argument("--lengths", nargs="+", type=int, default=list(LENGTHS))
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--profiles", nargs="+", choices=PROFILES, default=list(PROFILES)
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--execute",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Create billable sandboxes; otherwise only write a plan",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if any(
+        n <= 0
+        for n in [
+            args.concurrency,
+            args.timeout,
+            args.vcpus,
+            args.memory_gib,
+            args.disk_gib,
+            *args.frequencies,
+            *args.lengths,
+        ]
+    ):
+        parser.error("Resource limits, frequencies and lengths must be positive")
+    if args.concurrency > 40 or args.timeout > 86400:
+        parser.error("Concurrency must be <=40 and shard timeout <=86400 seconds")
+    if len(set(args.frequencies)) != len(args.frequencies) or len(
+        set(args.profiles)
+    ) != len(args.profiles):
+        parser.error("Duplicate shard parameters")
+    directory = args.output.resolve()
+    directory.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    plan = make_plan(args)
+    plan_path = directory / "plan.json"
+    if plan_path.exists() and json.loads(plan_path.read_text()) != plan:
+        parser.error("Existing plan differs; use a new output directory")
+    _atomic_json(plan_path, plan)
+    print(
+        f"{len(plan['shards'])} shards; concurrency {args.concurrency}; upper bound {len(plan['shards']) * (args.timeout + 420) / 3600:.2f} sandbox-hours excluding deletion; execute={args.execute}"
+    )
+    if args.execute:
+        execute(plan, directory)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+"""Execute one scripted benchmark with a sandbox-local disposable Postgres."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+ROOT = Path("/workspace/langgraph/libs/langgraph")
+PGDATA = Path("/tmp/delta-bench-pg")
+
+
+def checked(command: list[str], **kwargs) -> None:
+    subprocess.run(command, check=True, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, **kwargs)
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    job = json.loads(Path("/tmp/delta-job.json").read_text())
+    prefix = ["runuser", "-u", "postgres", "--"] if os.getuid() == 0 else []
+    for binary in ("initdb", "pg_ctl"):
+        if shutil.which(binary) is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Snapshot must provide {binary} on PATH")
+    PGDATA.mkdir(mode=0o700)
+    if prefix:
+        checked(["chown", "postgres:postgres", str(PGDATA)])
+    checked(
+        [
+            *prefix,
+            "initdb",
+            "-D",
+            str(PGDATA),
+            "--auth-local=trust",
+            "--auth-host=trust",
+            "-U",
+            "postgres",
+        ]
+    )
+    started = False
+    try:
+        checked(
+            [
+                *prefix,
+                "pg_ctl",
+                "-D",
+                str(PGDATA),
+                "-l",
+                "/tmp/delta-postgres.log",
+                "-o",
+                "-h 127.0.0.1 -p 5432 -k /tmp",
+                "-w",
+                "start",
+            ]
+        )
+        started = True
+        command = [
+            sys.executable,
+            str(ROOT / "tests/test_delta_channel_benchmark.py"),
+            "--snapshot-sweep",
+            "--backend",
+            "postgres",
+            "--frequencies",
+            str(job["frequency"]),
+            "--profiles",
+            job["profile"],
+            "--lengths",
+            *map(str, job["lengths"]),
+            "--output",
+            "/tmp/delta-results.csv",
+        ]
+        env = {
+            **os.environ,
+            "LANGGRAPH_BENCH_POSTGRES_URI": "postgresql://postgres@127.0.0.1:5432/postgres?sslmode=disable",
+            "LANGSMITH_TRACING": "false",
+            "LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2": "false",
+            "NO_COLOR": "1",
+        }
+        subprocess.run(
+            command, cwd=ROOT, env=env, timeout=job["timeout_seconds"], check=True
+        )
+    finally:
+        if started:
+            checked(
+                [*prefix, "pg_ctl", "-D", str(PGDATA), "-m", "immediate", "-w", "stop"]
+            )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+"""Build a dedicated LangSmith benchmark snapshot from a minimal Docker context."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+import re
+import subprocess
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from langsmith.sandbox import SandboxClient
+
+CONTEXT = Path(__file__).resolve().with_name("delta-snapshot")
+
+
+def snapshot_plan(args: argparse.Namespace) -> dict:
+    """Validate resource bounds and pin the public repository to a full SHA."""
+    if not re.fullmatch(r"[0-9a-f]{40}", args.revision):
+        raise ValueError("Revision must be a full lowercase 40-character commit SHA")
+    if not re.fullmatch(r"[a-z0-9][a-z0-9-]{0,62}", args.name):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Name must contain only lowercase letters, numbers and hyphens"
+        )
+    if not (
+        1 <= args.vcpus <= 16
+        and 1 <= args.memory_gib <= 64
+        and 10 <= args.disk_gib <= 100
+        and 60 <= args.timeout <= 7200
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Build limits: CPU 1–16, memory 1–64 GiB, disk 10–100 GiB, timeout 60–7200 seconds"
+        )
+    if sorted(p.name for p in CONTEXT.iterdir()) != ["Dockerfile"]:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Build context must contain only Dockerfile; refusing other files"
+        )
+    return {
+        "name": args.name,
+        "revision": args.revision,
+        "dockerfile_sha256": hashlib.sha256(
+            (CONTEXT / "Dockerfile").read_bytes()
+        ).hexdigest(),
+        "vcpus": args.vcpus,
+        "mem_bytes": args.memory_gib * 1024**3,
+        "fs_capacity_bytes": args.disk_gib * 1024**3,
+        "timeout": args.timeout,
+    }
+
+
+def build_snapshot(plan: dict, client_factory=SandboxClient) -> dict:
+    """Create a billable builder, then return the reusable snapshot receipt."""
+    with client_factory() as client:
+        snapshot = client.create_snapshot_from_dockerfile(
+            name=plan["name"],
+            dockerfile="Dockerfile",
+            context=CONTEXT,
+            fs_capacity_bytes=plan["fs_capacity_bytes"],
+            build_args={"LANGGRAPH_REVISION": plan["revision"]},
+            vcpus=plan["vcpus"],
+            mem_bytes=plan["mem_bytes"],
+            timeout=plan["timeout"],
+        )
+    return {**plan, "snapshot_id": snapshot.id, "status": snapshot.status}
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--name", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--revision",
+        default=None,
+        help="Full public langgraph commit SHA; defaults to local HEAD",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("--vcpus", type=int, default=2)
+    parser.add_argument("--memory-gib", type=int, default=8)
+    parser.add_argument("--disk-gib", type=int, default=30)
+    parser.add_argument("--timeout", type=int, default=1800)
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--execute",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Create a billable builder and persistent snapshot",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if args.output.exists():
+        parser.error(
+            "Output already exists; use a fresh receipt path to avoid duplicate builds"
+        )
+    if args.revision is None:
+        args.revision = subprocess.check_output(
+            ["git", "-C", str(CONTEXT), "rev-parse", "HEAD"], text=True
+        ).strip()
+    try:
+        plan = snapshot_plan(args)
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        parser.error(str(exc))
+    args.output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    args.output.write_text(json.dumps({**plan, "state": "planned"}, indent=2) + "\n")
+    print(json.dumps(plan, indent=2))
+    if not args.execute:
+        print(
+            "Dry run: no resources created. Use --execute and a fresh receipt path to build."
+        )
+        return
+    args.output.write_text(json.dumps({**plan, "state": "building"}, indent=2) + "\n")
+    receipt = build_snapshot(plan)
+    args.output.write_text(json.dumps(receipt, indent=2) + "\n")
+    print(f"Snapshot ready: {receipt['snapshot_id']}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ RETURN = sys.intern("__return__")
 # for writes of a task where we simply record the return value
 PREVIOUS = sys.intern("__previous__")
 # the implicit branch that handles each node's Control values
+SNAPSHOT_BUMPS = sys.intern("__snapshot_bumps__")
+# `versions_seen` key recording which entries a snapshot-only version bump
+# advanced, and the versions those nodes really read


 # --- Reserved cache namespaces ---
@@ -116,6 +119,7 @@ RESERVED = {
    ERROR,
    ERROR_SOURCE_NODE,
    NO_WRITES,
+    SNAPSHOT_BUMPS,
    # reserved config.configurable keys
    CONFIG_KEY_SEND,
    CONFIG_KEY_READ,
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import collections.abc
 from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
 from typing import Any, Generic

+from langgraph.checkpoint.serde.types import _DeltaSnapshot
 from typing_extensions import NotRequired, Required, Self

 from langgraph._internal._constants import OVERWRITE
@@ -116,6 +117,9 @@ class BinaryOperatorAggregate(Generic[Value], BaseChannel[Value, Value, Value]):
    def from_checkpoint(self, checkpoint: Value) -> Self:
        empty = self.__class__(self.typ, self.operator)
        empty.key = self.key
+        # A thread written while this field was a DeltaChannel stores snapshots.
+        if isinstance(checkpoint, _DeltaSnapshot):
+            checkpoint = checkpoint.value
        if checkpoint is not MISSING:
            empty.value = checkpoint
        return empty
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ __all__ = (
    "ParentCommand",
    "EmptyInputError",
    "TaskNotFound",
+    "is_invalid_resume",
 )


@@ -239,3 +240,21 @@ class NodeTimeoutError(Exception):
        self.kind = kind
        self.idle_timeout = idle_timeout
        self.run_timeout = run_timeout
+
+
+_INVALID_RESUME = "_langgraph_invalid_resume"
+
+
+def _mark_invalid_resume(error: BaseException) -> None:
+    setattr(error, _INVALID_RESUME, True)
+
+
+def is_invalid_resume(error: BaseException) -> bool:
+    """Whether `error` was raised because a resume value didn't match `response_schema`.
+
+    `interrupt()` raises a `pydantic.ValidationError` in that case. `ToolNode` uses
+    this to tell it apart from invalid tool arguments when a tool calls `interrupt()`
+    or runs a graph that does, so the resume fails and the interrupt can be answered
+    again.
+    """
+    return getattr(error, _INVALID_RESUME, False) is True
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ from typing_extensions import TypedDict, deprecated

 from langgraph._internal._constants import CONF, CONFIG_KEY_SEND, NS_SEP
 from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph
+from langgraph.pregel._messages import (
+    _messages_delta_reducer as _messages_delta_reducer,
+)
 from langgraph.warnings import LangGraphDeprecatedSinceV10

 __all__ = (
@@ -235,7 +238,7 @@ def add_messages(

    if format == "langchain-openai":
        merged = _format_messages(merged)
-    elif format:
+    elif cast(str | None, format):
        msg = f"Unrecognized {format=}. Expected one of 'langchain-openai', None."
        raise ValueError(msg)
    else:
@@ -244,71 +247,6 @@ def add_messages(
    return merged


-def _messages_delta_reducer(
-    state: list[AnyMessage], writes: list[list[AnyMessage]]
-) -> list[AnyMessage]:
-    """**Experimental.** Batch reducer for use with `DeltaChannel`.
-
-    Processes all writes in one pass — dedup by ID, `RemoveMessage`
-    tombstoning — without calling `add_messages`.
-
-    This reducer is batching-invariant, as required by `DeltaChannel`:
-    `reducer(reducer(state, xs), ys) == reducer(state, xs + ys)`.
-
-    Raw dict / string / tuple inputs are coerced to typed `BaseMessage`
-    objects so that HTTP-driven graphs work without a separate coercion
-    step. This is not full `add_messages` parity — `REMOVE_ALL_MESSAGES`,
-    unknown-id `RemoveMessage` errors, missing-id UUID assignment, and
-    `BaseMessageChunk` conversion are not handled here.
-
-    Example::
-
-        from typing import Annotated
-        from langgraph.channels.delta import DeltaChannel
-        from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
-
-        class State(TypedDict):
-            messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer)]
-    """
-
-    # Each write is either a list of message-likes or a single message-like
-    # (BaseMessage / dict / str / tuple). Only lists flatten; everything
-    # else is one message.
-    flat: list[Any] = []
-    for w in writes:
-        if isinstance(w, list):
-            flat.extend(w)
-        else:
-            flat.append(w)
-    # Steady state: the reducer's own output is already typed, so skip
-    # `convert_to_messages` on state when the first element is a BaseMessage.
-    # Only raw input (initial dicts, deserialized blobs) hits the slow path.
-    if state and isinstance(state[0], BaseMessage):
-        state_msgs = state
-    else:
-        state_msgs = cast("list[AnyMessage]", convert_to_messages(state))
-    msgs = cast("list[AnyMessage]", convert_to_messages(flat))
-
-    index: dict[str, int] = {
-        m.id: i for i, m in enumerate(state_msgs) if m.id is not None
-    }
-    result: list[AnyMessage | None] = list(state_msgs)
-    for msg in msgs:
-        mid = msg.id
-        if mid is None:
-            result.append(msg)
-        elif isinstance(msg, RemoveMessage):
-            if mid in index:
-                result[index[mid]] = None
-                del index[mid]
-        elif mid in index:
-            result[index[mid]] = msg
-        else:
-            index[mid] = len(result)
-            result.append(msg)
-    return [m for m in result if m is not None]
-
-
@deprecated(
    "MessageGraph is deprecated in langgraph 1.0.0, to be removed in 2.0.0. Please use StateGraph with a `messages` key instead.",
    category=None,
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
    Checkpoint,
    PendingWrite,
    V,
+    writes_sort_key,
 )
 from langgraph.store.base import BaseStore
 from xxhash import xxh3_128_hexdigest
@@ -251,9 +252,7 @@ def apply_writes(
        Set of channels that were updated in this step.
    """
    # sort tasks on path, to ensure deterministic order for update application
-    # any path parts after the 3rd are ignored for sorting
-    # (we use them for eg. task ids which aren't good for sorting)
-    tasks = sorted(tasks, key=lambda t: task_path_str(t.path[:3]))
+    tasks = sorted(tasks, key=lambda t: writes_sort_key(task_path_str(t.path)))
    # if no task has triggers this is applying writes from the null task only
    # so we don't do anything other than update the channels written to
    bump_step = any(t.triggers for t in tasks)
@@ -1,22 +1,39 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 import uuid
-from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Mapping
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
-from typing import Any, cast
+from inspect import signature
+from typing import Any, Literal

 from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
 from langgraph.checkpoint.base import (
    BaseCheckpointSaver,
+    ChannelVersions,
    Checkpoint,
+    CheckpointTuple,
+    DeltaChannelHistory,
+    PendingWrite,
 )
 from langgraph.checkpoint.base.id import uuid6
 from langgraph.checkpoint.serde.types import _DeltaSnapshot

-from langgraph._internal._config import DELTA_MAX_SUPERSTEPS_SINCE_SNAPSHOT
-from langgraph._internal._constants import PUSH
+from langgraph._internal._config import (
+    DELTA_MAX_SUPERSTEPS_SINCE_SNAPSHOT,
+    patch_configurable,
+)
+from langgraph._internal._constants import (
+    CONF,
+    CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_ID,
+    NS_END,
+    NS_SEP,
+    NULL_TASK_ID,
+    PUSH,
+    SNAPSHOT_BUMPS,
+)
 from langgraph._internal._typing import MISSING
 from langgraph.channels.base import BaseChannel
+from langgraph.channels.binop import BinaryOperatorAggregate, _get_overwrite
 from langgraph.channels.delta import DeltaChannel
 from langgraph.managed.base import ManagedValueMapping, ManagedValueSpec

@@ -36,31 +53,60 @@ def empty_checkpoint() -> Checkpoint:
    )


+def put_writes_accepts_task_path(put_writes: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    """Whether a saver's `put_writes` or `aput_writes` takes `task_path`.
+
+    Savers written before the parameter existed don't, so it is passed only
+    when this is true.
+    """
+    return signature(put_writes).parameters.get("task_path") is not None
+
+
 def exit_delta_task_id(step: int, task_id: str) -> str:
    """Synthetic task id for exit-mode DeltaChannel writes.

    Embeds the superstep in the first UUID group so `ORDER BY task_id, idx`
    preserves chronological order while remaining a valid RFC UUID (required by
-    Postgres `checkpoint_writes.task_id uuid` columns).
+    Postgres `checkpoint_writes.task_id uuid` columns). Never `NULL_TASK_ID`:
+    readers apply writes under it as the anchor checkpoint's own pending writes.
    """
    parts = str(uuid.UUID(task_id)).split("-")
-    return f"{step:08d}-{parts[1]}-{parts[2]}-{parts[3]}-{parts[4]}"
+    synthetic = f"{step:08d}-{parts[1]}-{parts[2]}-{parts[3]}-{parts[4]}"
+    if synthetic == NULL_TASK_ID:
+        return f"{step:08d}-0000-0000-0000-000000000001"
+    return synthetic
+
+
+def exit_delta_late_task_id(step: int, task_id: str) -> str:
+    """Synthetic task id for exit-mode writes of a superstep after the anchor's own.
+
+    Sorts after every real task id, in step order, so replay keeps them after
+    the anchor's own superstep whether a saver orders by task path or task id.
+    """
+    parts = str(uuid.UUID(task_id)).split("-")
+    return f"ffffffff-{step >> 16:04x}-{step & 0xFFFF:04x}-{parts[3]}-{parts[4]}"


 def delta_channels_to_snapshot(
    channels: Mapping[str, BaseChannel],
    counters_since_delta_snapshot: Mapping[str, tuple[int, int]],
+    channel_versions: ChannelVersions,
 ) -> set[str]:
    """Return the set of DeltaChannel names that should snapshot now.

    A channel snapshots when EITHER its accumulated update count reaches
    `snapshot_frequency` OR the total supersteps since its last snapshot
-    reaches `DELTA_MAX_SUPERSTEPS_SINCE_SNAPSHOT`. This is a pure
-    predicate — no mutation.
+    reaches `DELTA_MAX_SUPERSTEPS_SINCE_SNAPSHOT`. A channel without a version
+    was never written on this branch, so it has nothing to snapshot. This is a
+    pure predicate — no mutation.
    """
    result: set[str] = set()
    for name, ch in channels.items():
-        if not isinstance(ch, DeltaChannel) or not ch.is_available():
+        if (
+            not isinstance(ch, DeltaChannel)
+            or not ch.is_available()
+            or name not in channel_versions
+        ):
            continue
        updates, supersteps = counters_since_delta_snapshot.get(name, (0, 0))
        if (
@@ -80,15 +126,80 @@ def get_updated_channels_from_tasks(

 def get_delta_channels_from_all_channels(
    channels: Mapping[str, BaseChannel],
+    channel_versions: ChannelVersions,
 ) -> set[str]:
-    """DeltaChannels to snapshot on the first update_state of a fresh thread."""
+    """DeltaChannels to snapshot on the first update_state of a fresh thread:
+    the ones it wrote, as the rest have no version and nothing to store."""
    return {
        k
        for k, ch in channels.items()
-        if isinstance(ch, DeltaChannel) and ch.is_available()
+        if isinstance(ch, DeltaChannel) and ch.is_available() and k in channel_versions
    }


+def delta_channels_with_pending_writes(
+    specs: Mapping[str, Any],
+    pending_writes: Iterable[PendingWrite] | None,
+) -> set[str]:
+    """DeltaChannels a branch starting from this checkpoint must snapshot.
+
+    A checkpoint's pending writes belong to the child that consumed them, and
+    nothing records which child that was. A new branch snapshots every delta
+    channel they touch, so its ancestor walk never replays them.
+    """
+    return {
+        ch
+        for _, ch, _ in pending_writes or ()
+        if isinstance(specs.get(ch), DeltaChannel)
+    }
+
+
+def delta_channels_overwritten(
+    specs: Mapping[str, Any], writes: Iterable[tuple[str, Any]]
+) -> set[str]:
+    """Return the names of the DeltaChannels that `writes` set with an `Overwrite`.
+
+    `update_state` saves a full snapshot of these channels in the checkpoint it
+    creates, like the loop does when a node returns an `Overwrite`. Otherwise,
+    reading the channel later starts from an older snapshot and replays the
+    writes the `Overwrite` threw away.
+    """
+    return {
+        ch
+        for ch, value in writes
+        if isinstance(specs.get(ch), DeltaChannel) and _get_overwrite(value)[0]
+    }
+
+
+def checkpoint_superseded(
+    saver: BaseCheckpointSaver, config: RunnableConfig, saved: CheckpointTuple
+) -> bool:
+    """Whether the thread has moved past `saved`, the checkpoint `config` addressed.
+
+    A checkpoint with a child is never the latest put, so this misses none. A
+    leaf of an abandoned branch counts as well; telling it apart would mean
+    listing the thread to look for children, which the saver can't do cheaply.
+    """
+    if not config[CONF].get(CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_ID):
+        return False
+    latest = saver.get_tuple(
+        patch_configurable(config, {CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_ID: None})
+    )
+    return latest is not None and latest.checkpoint["id"] != saved.checkpoint["id"]
+
+
+async def acheckpoint_superseded(
+    saver: BaseCheckpointSaver, config: RunnableConfig, saved: CheckpointTuple
+) -> bool:
+    """Async `checkpoint_superseded`."""
+    if not config[CONF].get(CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_ID):
+        return False
+    latest = await saver.aget_tuple(
+        patch_configurable(config, {CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_ID: None})
+    )
+    return latest is not None and latest.checkpoint["id"] != saved.checkpoint["id"]
+
+
 def create_metadata_for_update_state_api(
    channels: Mapping[str, BaseChannel],
    updated_channels: set[str],
@@ -118,26 +229,34 @@ def create_checkpoint_plan_for_update_state_api(
    channels: Mapping[str, BaseChannel],
    updated_channels: set[str],
    *,
+    source: Literal["update", "input"],
    step: int,
    parents: dict[str, Any],
    saved_metadata: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
    is_fresh_thread: bool,
+    fork_channels: set[str],
+    channel_versions: ChannelVersions,
 ) -> tuple[set[str], dict[str, Any]]:
    """Return ``(channels_to_snapshot, metadata)`` for an update_state head."""
    metadata: dict[str, Any] = {
-        "source": "update",
+        "source": source,
        "step": step,
        "parents": parents,
    }
    if is_fresh_thread:
-        return get_delta_channels_from_all_channels(channels), metadata
+        return get_delta_channels_from_all_channels(
+            channels, channel_versions
+        ), metadata

    new_counters = create_metadata_for_update_state_api(
        channels,
        updated_channels,
        prev_metadata=saved_metadata,
    )
-    channels_to_snapshot = delta_channels_to_snapshot(channels, new_counters)
+    channels_to_snapshot = (
+        delta_channels_to_snapshot(channels, new_counters, channel_versions)
+        | fork_channels
+    )
    for k in channels_to_snapshot:
        new_counters[k] = (0, 0)
    non_zero = {k: v for k, v in new_counters.items() if v != (0, 0)}
@@ -155,6 +274,8 @@ def create_checkpoint(
    updated_channels: set[str] | None = None,
    get_next_version: GetNextVersion | None = None,
    channels_to_snapshot: set[str] | None = None,
+    stored_versions: ChannelVersions | None = None,
+    trigger_to_nodes: Mapping[str, Sequence[str]] | None = None,
 ) -> Checkpoint:
    """Build a new Checkpoint from the previous one and live channel state.

@@ -164,9 +285,14 @@ def create_checkpoint(
    from `checkpoint_writes`. Callers compute the set via
    `delta_channels_to_snapshot(channels, counters)`; defaults to empty
    (no snapshots) when not provided.
+
+    `stored_versions` are the channel versions of the last checkpoint the
+    saver stored. A snapshotted channel whose version has not moved since
+    then is bumped.
    """
    ts = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
    channels_to_snapshot = channels_to_snapshot or set()
+    bumped: dict[str, tuple[Any, Any]] = {}
    if channels is None:
        values = checkpoint["channel_values"]
        channel_versions = checkpoint["channel_versions"]
@@ -174,30 +300,29 @@ def create_checkpoint(
        values = {}
        channel_versions = dict(checkpoint["channel_versions"])
        for k in channels:
-            if k not in channel_versions:
-                continue
            ch = channels[k]
+            if k not in channel_versions:
+                # A forced snapshot of a never-written channel still has to
+                # land to stop the ancestor walk, and `put` only stores blobs
+                # for versioned channels.
+                if k in channels_to_snapshot and get_next_version is not None:
+                    channel_versions[k] = get_next_version(None, None)
+                    bumped[k] = (None, channel_versions[k])
+                    values[k] = _DeltaSnapshot(ch.get())
+                continue
            if k in channels_to_snapshot:
-                # Callers force a full snapshot blob here: exit mode when a
-                # delta channel reaches its snapshot cadence, and update_state
-                # on a fresh thread (no ancestor to replay writes from). The
-                # manual version-bump below only applies to the exit-mode case.
-                #
-                # In exit mode, the snapshot decision is deferred to exit
-                # time (intermediate steps have do_checkpoint=False). The
-                # channel's count may have reached snapshot_frequency over
-                # several supersteps, but the LAST superstep may not have
-                # written to this channel. In that case apply_writes()
-                # (in _algo.py) didn't bump this channel's version, so
-                # saver.put() wouldn't include it in new_versions and
-                # the snapshot blob would be silently dropped. The manual
-                # bump below closes the gap. In sync/async durability this
-                # branch is effectively dead code (the step that pushes
-                # the count to freq always writes the channel).
-                if get_next_version is not None and (
-                    updated_channels is None or k not in updated_channels
+                # `put` only stores a blob for a channel whose version moved,
+                # so snapshotting a channel this step did not write needs a
+                # bump: exit mode reaching the cadence on a superstep that
+                # skipped the channel, and a fork's first checkpoint.
+                if (
+                    get_next_version is not None
+                    and stored_versions is not None
+                    and channel_versions[k] == stored_versions.get(k)
                ):
-                    channel_versions[k] = get_next_version(channel_versions[k], None)
+                    old = channel_versions[k]
+                    channel_versions[k] = get_next_version(old, None)
+                    bumped[k] = (old, channel_versions[k])
                values[k] = _DeltaSnapshot(ch.get())
            else:
                v = ch.checkpoint()
@@ -209,21 +334,125 @@ def create_checkpoint(
        id=id or str(uuid6(clock_seq=step)),
        channel_values=values,
        channel_versions=channel_versions,
-        versions_seen=checkpoint["versions_seen"],
+        versions_seen=_mark_bumps_seen(
+            checkpoint["versions_seen"], bumped, trigger_to_nodes or {}
+        ),
        updated_channels=None if updated_channels is None else sorted(updated_channels),
    )


-def _needs_replay(spec: BaseChannel, stored: object) -> bool:
-    """True if `spec` is a `DeltaChannel` and no value is stored at this
-    checkpoint, requiring an ancestor walk to reconstruct.
+def _mark_bumps_seen(
+    versions_seen: dict[str, ChannelVersions],
+    bumped: Mapping[str, tuple[Any, Any]],
+    trigger_to_nodes: Mapping[str, Sequence[str]],
+) -> dict[str, ChannelVersions]:
+    """Advance whoever had seen a bumped channel's old version to the new one.

-    `_DeltaSnapshot` blobs and plain values (migration) resolve directly via
-    `from_checkpoint` — only absence (`MISSING`) triggers replay.
+    A bump that only stores a snapshot is not a write. Left unseen, it would
+    re-fire `interrupt_before` and rerun the channel's subscribers. A channel
+    bumped from no version was never written, so it also goes to the
+    subscribers that never ran: they have no entry, and would start on the bump.
+    For each entry it advances, `SNAPSHOT_BUMPS` keeps the new version and the
+    one the node really read, so `versions_seen_without_bumps` can put the read
+    back.
    """
-    if not isinstance(spec, DeltaChannel):
-        return False
-    return stored is MISSING
+    if not bumped:
+        return versions_seen
+    out = dict(versions_seen)
+    for k, (old, _) in bumped.items():
+        if old is None:
+            for node in trigger_to_nodes.get(k, ()):
+                out.setdefault(node, {})
+    marks = dict(versions_seen.get(SNAPSHOT_BUMPS, {}))
+    for node, seen in out.items():
+        if node == SNAPSHOT_BUMPS:
+            continue
+        for k, (old, new) in bumped.items():
+            if seen.get(k) != old:
+                continue
+            advanced, read = _bump_keys(node, k)
+            # If an earlier bump set `old`, the real read is already recorded.
+            if old is not None and marks.get(advanced) != old:
+                marks[read] = old
+            marks[advanced] = new
+            out[node] = {**out[node], k: new}
+    if marks:
+        out[SNAPSHOT_BUMPS] = marks
+    return out
+
+
+def _bump_keys(node: str, channel: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    # Node names can't contain either separator, so the keys can't collide.
+    return f"{node}{NS_SEP}{channel}", f"{node}{NS_END}{channel}"
+
+
+def versions_seen_without_bumps(
+    versions_seen: dict[str, ChannelVersions],
+) -> dict[str, ChannelVersions]:
+    """`versions_seen` as the nodes read it: an entry a bump advanced goes back
+    to the version the node really read, or away if it never read one."""
+    if not (marks := versions_seen.get(SNAPSHOT_BUMPS)):
+        return versions_seen
+    out: dict[str, ChannelVersions] = {}
+    for node, seen in versions_seen.items():
+        if node == SNAPSHOT_BUMPS:
+            continue
+        out[node] = {}
+        for k, v in seen.items():
+            advanced, read = _bump_keys(node, k)
+            if marks.get(advanced) != v:
+                out[node][k] = v
+            elif read in marks:
+                out[node][k] = marks[read]
+    return out
+
+
+def _delta_channels_to_replay(
+    specs: Mapping[str, BaseChannel], checkpoint: Checkpoint
+) -> list[str]:
+    """Channels whose value at `checkpoint` the ancestor walk rebuilds.
+
+    A `_DeltaSnapshot` blob or a plain value (migration) resolves directly via
+    `from_checkpoint`, so only a channel with nothing stored here needs the
+    walk. A channel with no version was never written, so it is empty without
+    one; a walk for it would find no snapshot to stop at and read every
+    ancestor, every time the thread is loaded.
+
+    A `BinaryOperatorAggregate` stores its value at every version, so one with
+    nothing stored was written as a `DeltaChannel` before its annotation
+    changed, and is rebuilt the same way.
+    """
+    return [
+        k
+        for k, spec in specs.items()
+        if isinstance(spec, (DeltaChannel, BinaryOperatorAggregate))
+        and k in checkpoint["channel_versions"]
+        and checkpoint["channel_values"].get(k, MISSING) is MISSING
+    ]
+
+
+def _replay(spec: BaseChannel, history: DeltaChannelHistory) -> BaseChannel:
+    ch = spec.from_checkpoint(history.get("seed", MISSING))
+    if isinstance(ch, DeltaChannel):
+        ch.replay_writes(history["writes"])
+    else:
+        # One update per write: the writes span many supersteps, and a single
+        # call would reject a second Overwrite and drop the writes after one.
+        for _, _, value in history["writes"]:
+            ch.update([value])
+    return ch
+
+
+def _require_saver_for_history(
+    delta_channels: list[str],
+    saver: BaseCheckpointSaver | None,
+    config: RunnableConfig | None,
+) -> None:
+    if delta_channels and (saver is None or config is None):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"DeltaChannel {delta_channels} has history to replay but no "
+            "checkpointer or config was passed to read it"
+        )


 def channels_from_checkpoint(
@@ -251,12 +480,9 @@ def channels_from_checkpoint(
        else:
            managed_specs[k] = v

-    delta_channels: list[str] = [
-        k
-        for k, spec in channel_specs.items()
-        if _needs_replay(spec, checkpoint["channel_values"].get(k, MISSING))
-    ]
-    histories: Mapping[str, Any] = {}
+    delta_channels = _delta_channels_to_replay(channel_specs, checkpoint)
+    _require_saver_for_history(delta_channels, saver, config)
+    histories: Mapping[str, DeltaChannelHistory] = {}
    if delta_channels and saver is not None and config is not None:
        histories = saver.get_delta_channel_history(
            config=config, channels=delta_channels
@@ -266,11 +492,7 @@ def channels_from_checkpoint(
    for k, spec in channel_specs.items():
        ch: BaseChannel
        if k in histories:
-            delta_spec = cast(DeltaChannel, spec)
-            history = histories[k]
-            replay_ch = delta_spec.from_checkpoint(history.get("seed", MISSING))
-            replay_ch.replay_writes(history["writes"])
-            ch = replay_ch
+            ch = _replay(spec, histories[k])
        else:
            ch = spec.from_checkpoint(checkpoint["channel_values"].get(k, MISSING))
        channels[k] = ch
@@ -293,12 +515,9 @@ async def achannels_from_checkpoint(
        else:
            managed_specs[k] = v

-    delta_channels: list[str] = [
-        k
-        for k, spec in channel_specs.items()
-        if _needs_replay(spec, checkpoint["channel_values"].get(k, MISSING))
-    ]
-    histories: Mapping[str, Any] = {}
+    delta_channels = _delta_channels_to_replay(channel_specs, checkpoint)
+    _require_saver_for_history(delta_channels, saver, config)
+    histories: Mapping[str, DeltaChannelHistory] = {}
    if delta_channels and saver is not None and config is not None:
        histories = await saver.aget_delta_channel_history(
            config=config, channels=delta_channels
@@ -308,11 +527,7 @@ async def achannels_from_checkpoint(
    for k, spec in channel_specs.items():
        ch: BaseChannel
        if k in histories:
-            delta_spec = cast(DeltaChannel, spec)
-            history = histories[k]
-            replay_ch = delta_spec.from_checkpoint(history.get("seed", MISSING))
-            replay_ch.replay_writes(history["writes"])
-            ch = replay_ch
+            ch = _replay(spec, histories[k])
        else:
            ch = spec.from_checkpoint(checkpoint["channel_values"].get(k, MISSING))
        channels[k] = ch
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ from contextlib import (
    ExitStack,
 )
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
-from inspect import signature
 from types import TracebackType
 from typing import (
    Any,
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ from typing import (
    TypeVar,
    cast,
 )
+from uuid import UUID, uuid5

 from langchain_core.callbacks import AsyncParentRunManager, ParentRunManager
 from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
@@ -98,12 +98,17 @@ from langgraph.pregel._algo import (
 )
 from langgraph.pregel._checkpoint import (
    achannels_from_checkpoint,
+    acheckpoint_superseded,
    channels_from_checkpoint,
+    checkpoint_superseded,
    copy_checkpoint,
    create_checkpoint,
    delta_channels_to_snapshot,
+    delta_channels_with_pending_writes,
    empty_checkpoint,
+    exit_delta_late_task_id,
    exit_delta_task_id,
+    put_writes_accepts_task_path,
 )
 from langgraph.pregel._executor import (
    AsyncBackgroundExecutor,
@@ -119,6 +124,7 @@ from langgraph.pregel._io import (
 )
 from langgraph.pregel._messages import ensure_message_ids
 from langgraph.pregel._read import PregelNode
+from langgraph.pregel._task_status import read_task_statuses
 from langgraph.pregel._utils import get_new_channel_versions, is_xxh3_128_hexdigest
 from langgraph.pregel.debug import (
    map_debug_checkpoint,
@@ -155,6 +161,12 @@ def DuplexStream(*streams: StreamProtocol) -> StreamProtocol:
    return StreamProtocol(__call__, {mode for s in streams for mode in s.modes})


+def _cacheable(writes: WritesT) -> bool:
+    # A cache hit skips the node, so a cached error would skip it without
+    # raising: only a node that finished goes to the cache.
+    return not any(c in (INTERRUPT, ERROR) for c, _ in writes)
+
+
 class PregelLoop:
    config: RunnableConfig
    store: BaseStore | None
@@ -186,6 +198,7 @@ class PregelLoop:
        Callable[
            [
                concurrent.futures.Future | None,
+                Sequence[Any],
                RunnableConfig,
                Checkpoint,
                str,
@@ -199,11 +212,13 @@ class PregelLoop:
    submit: Submit
    channels: Mapping[str, BaseChannel]
    # Futures from `checkpointer.put_writes` calls that produced delta-channel
-    # writes. `_checkpointer_put_after_previous` drains this list (swap to a
-    # local `futs` then reset to `[]` and wait/gather) before putting the
-    # next checkpoint, so a checkpoint never becomes durable before the
-    # writes that produced it. Initialised to `[]` in both sync and async
-    # `__enter__`; stays `None` only when no checkpointer.
+    # writes. `_put_checkpoint` hands this list to the save it submits, which
+    # waits for them first, so a checkpoint never becomes durable before the
+    # writes that produced it. If a write or the previous save failed, the
+    # save fails too: a DeltaChannel is rebuilt from its writes along the
+    # parent chain, so a checkpoint saved past either gap reads back short
+    # for good. Initialised to `[]` in both sync and async `__enter__`;
+    # stays `None` only when no checkpointer.
    _delta_write_futs: list[Any] | None = None

    # Same pattern as `_delta_write_futs` but for error-handler writes.
@@ -217,15 +232,36 @@ class PregelLoop:
    # `after_tick`). At exit, `_put_exit_delta_writes` filters out channels
    # that will snapshot, then persists the rest under an anchor parent.
    # `None` when not in exit mode (so the capture sites are no-ops).
-    # Each tuple is `(step, task_id, channel, value)` — `step` drives the
-    # synthetic step-prefixed task_id used to preserve chronological order
-    # under the saver's `ORDER BY task_id, idx` sorting.
-    _exit_delta_writes: list[tuple[int, str, str, Any]] | None = None
+    # Each tuple is `(step, task_id, task_path, channel, value)`; see
+    # `_put_exit_delta_writes` for how they are ordered.
+    _exit_delta_writes: list[tuple[int, str, str, str, Any]] | None = None

-    # Delta channels that saw an Overwrite since the last checkpoint. These
-    # channels must snapshot after live update applies overwrite semantics so
-    # sparse replay starts from the same post-overwrite value.
-    _delta_channels_with_overwrite: set[str]
+    # The (task_id, channel) pairs whose delta writes are stored on the loaded
+    # checkpoint, which a resume addressed by `checkpoint_id` can rerun; this
+    # run's `Command` delta writes, kept apart from the NULL_TASK_ID writes
+    # loaded with the checkpoint; and the checkpoint's own superstep, the
+    # first one this run ticks.
+    _stored_delta_writes: set[tuple[str, str]]
+    _exit_command_writes: list[tuple[str, Any]]
+    _exit_first_step: int | None = None
+
+    # Delta channels that must snapshot at the next checkpoint, whatever their
+    # cadence counters say:
+    # * an Overwrite arrived since the last checkpoint, so sparse replay has to
+    #   start from the post-overwrite value;
+    # * the checkpoint this run starts from has pending writes to them; see
+    #   `delta_channels_with_pending_writes`.
+    _delta_channels_forced_snapshot: set[str]
+    # Set by `_first` for a resume: the writes it loaded with the checkpoint,
+    # which `after_tick` checks against the ones reapply handed back.
+    _resume_loaded_writes: Sequence[PendingWrite] = ()
+    # Tasks `_reapply_writes_to_succeeded_nodes` handed loaded writes back to.
+    _reapplied_task_ids: set[str]
+    # Tasks that wrote during this run, the only ones exit mode saves at exit.
+    _written_task_ids: set[str]
+    # A checkpoint addressed by `checkpoint_id` that the thread has moved past,
+    # so it may already have children.
+    _addressed_checkpoint_superseded: bool = False

    # The checkpoint_config that points at the parent loaded at `__enter__`
    # (or the synthetic-empty checkpoint, on first run). We capture it
@@ -242,6 +278,9 @@ class PregelLoop:
    # `_put_exit_delta_writes` uses this to decide between anchoring on
    # the existing parent (True) or creating a lazy stub (False).
    _has_persisted_parent: bool = False
+    # True iff `__enter__` loaded the thread's latest checkpoint, not one a
+    # `checkpoint_id` addressed, so nothing has been built on it yet.
+    _loaded_latest: bool = False

    managed: ManagedValueMapping
    checkpoint: Checkpoint
@@ -312,7 +351,6 @@ class PregelLoop:
        self.interrupt_before = interrupt_before
        self.manager = manager
        self.is_nested = CONFIG_KEY_TASK_ID in self.config.get(CONF, {})
-        self.is_replaying = CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_ID in config[CONF]
        self._migrate_checkpoint = migrate_checkpoint
        self.trigger_to_nodes = trigger_to_nodes
        self.retry_policy = retry_policy
@@ -370,6 +408,14 @@ class PregelLoop:
            else ()
        )
        self.prev_checkpoint_config = None
+        # Whether the run points this loop at a checkpoint: a truthy
+        # `checkpoint_id`, this graph's `checkpoint_map` entry, or a replaying
+        # parent. Every task config carries `checkpoint_id: None`, so a key
+        # check would count every subgraph.
+        self._addressed = bool(
+            self.checkpoint_config[CONF].get(CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_ID)
+            or self.config[CONF].get(CONFIG_KEY_REPLAY_STATE)
+        )
        runtime = self.config[CONF].get(CONFIG_KEY_RUNTIME)
        self.control = runtime.control if isinstance(runtime, Runtime) else None

@@ -412,13 +458,19 @@ class PregelLoop:
            return None
        return self._graph_lifecycle_events.popleft()

-    def put_writes(self, task_id: str, writes: WritesT) -> None:
+    def put_writes(
+        self, task_id: str, writes: WritesT, *, cached: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
        """Put writes for a task, to be read by the next tick."""
        if not writes:
            return
+        self._written_task_ids.add(task_id)
        # deduplicate writes to special channels, last write wins
        if all(w[0] in WRITES_IDX_MAP for w in writes):
            writes = list({w[0]: w for w in writes}.values())
+        # Before the writes are saved, kept in `checkpoint_pending_writes` or
+        # applied, so all of them hold the same message ids.
+        ensure_message_ids(self.specs, writes)
        if task_id == NULL_TASK_ID:
            # writes for the null task are accumulated
            self.checkpoint_pending_writes = [
@@ -426,6 +478,11 @@ class PregelLoop:
                for w in self.checkpoint_pending_writes
                if w[0] != task_id or w[1] not in WRITES_IDX_MAP
            ]
+            # Savers key a regular write by its position in the list, and the
+            # special ones dropped above won't be there next time, so they go
+            # last: a resume saved ahead of an update would move it to a new
+            # slot once the list is saved again, and it would apply twice.
+            writes = sorted(writes, key=lambda w: w[0] in WRITES_IDX_MAP)
            writes_to_save: WritesT = [
                w[1:] for w in self.checkpoint_pending_writes if w[0] == task_id
            ] + list(writes)
@@ -455,14 +512,6 @@ class PregelLoop:

        # save writes
        self.checkpoint_pending_writes.extend((task_id, c, v) for c, v in writes)
-        # Assign stable IDs to any id=None BaseMessages in DeltaChannel writes
-        # before the background thread serialises them. Without this, reducers
-        # that assign IDs inside apply_writes() race with serialisation and
-        # store id=None, causing get_state() replays to produce a different UUID
-        # on every call.
-        for c, v in writes_to_save:
-            if isinstance(self.specs.get(c), DeltaChannel):
-                ensure_message_ids(v)
        if self.durability != "exit" and self.checkpointer_put_writes is not None:
            config = patch_configurable(
                self.checkpoint_config,
@@ -505,7 +554,7 @@ class PregelLoop:
                self._error_handler_write_futs.append(fut)
        # output writes
        if hasattr(self, "tasks"):
-            self.output_writes(task_id, writes)
+            self.output_writes(task_id, writes, cached=cached)

    def _put_pending_writes(self) -> None:
        if self.checkpointer_put_writes is None:
@@ -522,10 +571,12 @@ class PregelLoop:
                CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_ID: self.checkpoint["id"],
            },
        )
-        # group by task id
+        # Writes loaded with the checkpoint are stored on it already. Saving them
+        # again can file them under new indexes, and then they apply twice.
        by_task = defaultdict(list)
        for task_id, channel, value in self.checkpoint_pending_writes:
-            by_task[task_id].append((channel, value))
+            if task_id in self._written_task_ids:
+                by_task[task_id].append((channel, value))
        # submit writes to checkpointer
        for task_id, writes in by_task.items():
            if self.checkpointer_put_writes_accepts_task_path and hasattr(
@@ -581,7 +632,7 @@ class PregelLoop:
            # save the new task
            self.tasks[pushed.id] = pushed
            # match any pending writes to the new task
-            if not self.is_replaying:
+            if self._reapplies_pending_writes:
                self._reapply_writes_to_succeeded_nodes({pushed.id: pushed})
            # return the new task, to be started if not run before
            return pushed
@@ -654,12 +705,8 @@ class PregelLoop:
            self.status = "done"
            return False

-        if self.control is not None and self.control.drain_requested:
-            self.status = "draining"
-            return False
-
        # if there are pending writes from a previous loop, apply them
-        if not self.is_replaying and self.checkpoint_pending_writes:
+        if self._reapplies_pending_writes and self.checkpoint_pending_writes:
            self._reapply_writes_to_succeeded_nodes(self.tasks)
            self._resume_error_handlers_if_applicable()

@@ -670,6 +717,13 @@ class PregelLoop:
            self.status = "interrupt_before"
            raise GraphInterrupt()

+        # stop before running the next tasks if a drain was requested. after
+        # the breakpoint check: a resume passes the next step's breakpoints,
+        # so draining in front of one would skip it
+        if self.control is not None and self.control.drain_requested:
+            self.status = "draining"
+            return False
+
        # produce debug output
        self._emit("tasks", map_debug_tasks, self.tasks.values())

@@ -683,11 +737,26 @@ class PregelLoop:
    def after_tick(self) -> None:
        # finish superstep
        writes = [w for t in self.tasks.values() for w in t.writes]
-        self._delta_channels_with_overwrite.update(
+        self._delta_channels_forced_snapshot.update(
            ch
            for ch, v in writes
            if isinstance(self.specs.get(ch), DeltaChannel) and _get_overwrite(v)[0]
        )
+        if self._resume_loaded_writes:
+            # A loaded write reapply didn't hand back belongs to a task this run
+            # drops or reruns: a `Send` that `Command(goto=...)` replaced, or an
+            # error handler that runs again.
+            self._delta_channels_forced_snapshot.update(
+                delta_channels_with_pending_writes(
+                    self.specs,
+                    [
+                        w
+                        for w in self._resume_loaded_writes
+                        if w[0] not in self._reapplied_task_ids
+                    ],
+                )
+            )
+            self._resume_loaded_writes = ()
        # all tasks have finished
        self.updated_channels = apply_writes(
            self.checkpoint,
@@ -707,9 +776,25 @@ class PregelLoop:
            )
        # capture delta-channel writes for exit-mode accumulator before clearing
        if self._exit_delta_writes is not None:
+            # On the first tick the pending writes still hold the ones loaded
+            # with the checkpoint, which are already stored on it.
+            first = self._exit_first_step is None
+            if first:
+                self._exit_first_step = self.step
+                self._exit_delta_writes.extend(
+                    (self.step, NULL_TASK_ID, "", ch, v)
+                    for ch, v in self._exit_command_writes
+                )
            for tid, ch, v in self.checkpoint_pending_writes:
-                if isinstance(self.specs.get(ch), DeltaChannel):
-                    self._exit_delta_writes.append((self.step, tid, ch, v))
+                if not isinstance(self.specs.get(ch), DeltaChannel):
+                    continue
+                if first and (
+                    tid == NULL_TASK_ID or (tid, ch) in self._stored_delta_writes
+                ):
+                    continue
+                task = self.tasks.get(tid)
+                path = task_path_str(task.path) if task else ""
+                self._exit_delta_writes.append((self.step, tid, path, ch, v))
        # clear pending writes
        self.checkpoint_pending_writes.clear()
        # only replay (re-execute) done tasks on the first tick
@@ -733,20 +818,24 @@ class PregelLoop:

    # private

+    @property
+    def _reapplies_pending_writes(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the writes loaded with the checkpoint go back to the tasks
+        that made them, instead of those tasks rerunning."""
+        return not self.is_replaying
+
    def _reapply_writes_to_succeeded_nodes(
        self, tasks: Mapping[str, PregelExecutableTask]
    ) -> None:
-        """Restore successful channel writes from checkpoint to in-memory tasks.
+        """Restore the output of finished tasks from checkpoint to in-memory tasks.

-        Skips control signals (ERROR, ERROR_SOURCE_NODE, INTERRUPT, RESUME)
-        so that failed/interrupted tasks remain with empty writes and will be
-        re-executed (or routed to error handlers) by the runner.
+        Unfinished (failed or interrupted) tasks keep empty writes, so the
+        runner re-executes them or routes them to error handlers.
        """
-        for tid, k, v in self.checkpoint_pending_writes:
-            if k in (ERROR, ERROR_SOURCE_NODE, INTERRUPT, RESUME):
-                continue
+        for tid, status in read_task_statuses(self.checkpoint_pending_writes).items():
            if task := tasks.get(tid):
-                task.writes.append((k, v))
+                task.writes.extend(status.output)
+                self._reapplied_task_ids.add(tid)

    def _resume_error_handlers_if_applicable(self) -> None:
        """On resume, schedule error handlers for tasks that failed in a prior run.
@@ -816,38 +905,23 @@ class PregelLoop:
                self.tasks[handler_task.id] = handler_task

    def _pending_interrupts(self) -> set[str]:
-        """Return the set of interrupt ids that are pending without corresponding resume values."""
-        # mapping of task ids to interrupt ids
-        pending_interrupts: dict[str, str] = {}
-
-        # set of resume task ids
-        pending_resumes: set[str] = set()
-
-        for task_id, write_type, value in self.checkpoint_pending_writes:
-            if write_type == INTERRUPT:
-                # interrupts is always a list, but there should only be one element
-                pending_interrupts[task_id] = value[0].id
-            elif write_type == RESUME:
-                pending_resumes.add(task_id)
-
-        resumed_interrupt_ids = {
-            pending_interrupts[task_id]
-            for task_id in pending_resumes
-            if task_id in pending_interrupts
+        """Return the ids of interrupts that are still waiting for an answer."""
+        return {
+            interrupt.id
+            for status in read_task_statuses(self.checkpoint_pending_writes).values()
+            for interrupt in status.pending_interrupts
        }

-        # Keep only interrupts whose interrupt_id is not resumed
-        hanging_interrupts: set[str] = {
-            interrupt_id
-            for interrupt_id in pending_interrupts.values()
-            if interrupt_id not in resumed_interrupt_ids
-        }
-
-        return hanging_interrupts
-
    def _first(
        self, *, input_keys: str | Sequence[str], updated_channels: set[str] | None
    ) -> set[str] | None:
+        self._stored_delta_writes = {
+            (tid, ch)
+            for tid, ch, _ in self.checkpoint_pending_writes
+            if tid != NULL_TASK_ID and isinstance(self.specs.get(ch), DeltaChannel)
+        }
+        self._exit_command_writes = []
+        self._written_task_ids = set()
        # Resuming from a previous checkpoint requires two things:
        # 1. A prior checkpoint exists (channel_versions is non-empty)
        # 2. The input signals continuation (not a fresh run with new input)
@@ -875,7 +949,7 @@ class PregelLoop:
        # writes so that interrupt() calls re-fire instead of returning
        # stale values. But if we're actively resuming, keep them —
        # multi-interrupt scenarios need previously resolved values preserved.
-        is_time_traveling = self.is_replaying and (
+        is_time_traveling = self._addressed and (
            # Time-travel to a subgraph checkpoint: the parent sets
            # RESUMING=True (it can't distinguish time-travel from resume),
            # so we check if this subgraph's own ns is in checkpoint_map.
@@ -894,10 +968,47 @@ class PregelLoop:
                or configurable.get(CONFIG_KEY_RESUMING, False)
            )
        )
+        # Finished tasks rerun only on time travel, or on a resume at a
+        # checkpoint the thread has moved past. A resume addressed at the
+        # thread's latest checkpoint hands their writes back, as without an id.
+        self.is_replaying = is_time_traveling or self._addressed_checkpoint_superseded
        if is_time_traveling:
            self.checkpoint_pending_writes = [
                w for w in self.checkpoint_pending_writes if w[1] != RESUME
            ]
+        # The parent checkpoint subgraphs replay from, when a fork below would
+        # otherwise move it
+        replay_bound: RunnableConfig | None = None
+        # Whether this run saves a fork checkpoint (below) to start its branch.
+        # The fork carries a `Command`'s writes itself, so nothing this run
+        # writes is stored on the checkpoint it addressed, which may have
+        # children that replay it.
+        forks = (
+            is_resuming
+            and is_time_traveling
+            and (
+                self.checkpoint_metadata.get("source") not in ("update", "fork")
+                or self._addressed_checkpoint_superseded
+            )
+        )
+        carried: list[PendingWrite] = []
+        # A resume that reapplies the head's pending writes only learns which
+        # of them go back to their tasks once those are scheduled, so
+        # `after_tick` seals the rest. Kept apart from the writes this run adds.
+        reapplies = is_resuming and self._reapplies_pending_writes
+        self._resume_loaded_writes = (
+            [w for w in self.checkpoint_pending_writes if w[0] != NULL_TASK_ID]
+            if reapplies
+            else ()
+        )
+        self._reapplied_task_ids = set()
+        self._delta_channels_forced_snapshot = (
+            set()
+            if reapplies
+            else delta_channels_with_pending_writes(
+                self.specs, self.checkpoint_pending_writes
+            )
+        )

        # map command to writes
        if input_is_command:
@@ -928,10 +1039,26 @@ class PregelLoop:
                raise EmptyInputError("Received empty Command input")
            # save writes
            for tid, ws in writes.items():
-                self.put_writes(tid, ws)
+                if forks:
+                    # These skip `put_writes`, which gives messages their ids.
+                    ensure_message_ids(self.specs, ws)
+                    carried.extend((tid, c, v) for c, v in ws)
+                else:
+                    self.put_writes(tid, ws)
+                    if self._exit_delta_writes is not None and tid == NULL_TASK_ID:
+                        self._exit_command_writes.extend(
+                            (c, v)
+                            for c, v in ws
+                            if isinstance(self.specs.get(c), DeltaChannel)
+                        )
+            self._delta_channels_forced_snapshot.update(
+                delta_channels_with_pending_writes(self.specs, carried)
+            )
        # apply NULL writes
        if null_writes := [
-            w[1:] for w in self.checkpoint_pending_writes if w[0] == NULL_TASK_ID
+            w[1:]
+            for w in (*self.checkpoint_pending_writes, *carried)
+            if w[0] == NULL_TASK_ID
        ]:
            null_updated_channels = apply_writes(
                self.checkpoint,
@@ -956,11 +1083,15 @@ class PregelLoop:
            # the parent's latest checkpoint remains the old one and
            # subsequent resumes load the wrong state.
            # Skip for update_state forks (source=update/fork) since they
-            # already have their own fork checkpoint.
-            if is_time_traveling and self.checkpoint_metadata.get("source") not in (
-                "update",
-                "fork",
-            ):
+            # already have their own fork checkpoint, unless the thread moved
+            # past it: its other children would replay whatever this run
+            # stores on it.
+            if forks:
+                if (
+                    self.checkpoint_metadata.get("source") in ("update", "fork")
+                    and self.prev_checkpoint_config
+                ):
+                    replay_bound = self.prev_checkpoint_config
                # Clear old INTERRUPT writes from the loaded checkpoint.
                # The fork will have a new checkpoint_id which changes
                # task IDs — stale interrupt writes would accumulate and
@@ -975,6 +1106,9 @@ class PregelLoop:
            )
        # map inputs to channel updates
        elif input_writes := deque(map_input(input_keys, self.input)):
+            # Before the input is applied, so this run reads the message ids
+            # that are saved with it.
+            ensure_message_ids(self.specs, input_writes)
            # discard any unfinished tasks from previous checkpoint
            discard_tasks = prepare_next_tasks(
                self.checkpoint,
@@ -991,7 +1125,7 @@ class PregelLoop:
                manager=None,
                updated_channels=updated_channels,
            )
-            self._delta_channels_with_overwrite.update(
+            self._delta_channels_forced_snapshot.update(
                c
                for c, v in input_writes
                if isinstance(self.specs.get(c), DeltaChannel) and _get_overwrite(v)[0]
@@ -1017,17 +1151,29 @@ class PregelLoop:
            if self._exit_delta_writes is not None:
                for c, v in input_writes:
                    if isinstance(self.specs.get(c), DeltaChannel):
-                        self._exit_delta_writes.append((self.step, NULL_TASK_ID, c, v))
-            # Persist delta-channel input writes so sub-freq inputs are
-            # recoverable via ancestor walk (mirrors the Command input path).
+                        self._exit_delta_writes.append(
+                            (self.step, NULL_TASK_ID, "", c, v)
+                        )
+            # A DeltaChannel reads its input from the writes stored on the
+            # checkpoint this run starts from, under a task id of their own:
+            # readers apply a checkpoint's NULL_TASK_ID writes as its own state.
+            # A new thread has no checkpoint to store them on, and one a
+            # `checkpoint_id` addressed may have children that would read them,
+            # so then the input checkpoint snapshots the channel instead.
            if self.durability != "exit":
                delta_input = [
                    (c, v)
                    for c, v in input_writes
                    if isinstance(self.specs.get(c), DeltaChannel)
                ]
-                if delta_input:
-                    self.put_writes(NULL_TASK_ID, delta_input)
+                if delta_input and self._has_persisted_parent and self._loaded_latest:
+                    self.put_writes(
+                        str(uuid5(UUID(self.checkpoint["id"]), INPUT)), delta_input
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self._delta_channels_forced_snapshot.update(
+                        c for c, _ in delta_input
+                    )
            # save input checkpoint
            self.updated_channels = updated_channels
            self._put_checkpoint({"source": "input"})
@@ -1041,11 +1187,11 @@ class PregelLoop:
            # checkpoint ID since the fork was created after the subgraph's
            # checkpoints from the original execution.
            #
-            # Only gate on is_time_traveling (not is_replaying). When the
+            # Only gate on is_time_traveling (not _addressed). When the
            # client resumes with an explicit checkpoint_id that happens to
            # point at the current head (e.g. LangGraph Studio sending
            # `checkpoint: {checkpoint_id}` alongside Command(resume=...)),
-            # is_replaying is True but is_time_traveling is False. In that
+            # the run is addressed but not time traveling. In that
            # case subgraphs should load their latest checkpoint normally,
            # not go through ReplayState's before-bound lookup which would
            # miss subgraph checkpoints created during processing of the
@@ -1053,7 +1199,11 @@ class PregelLoop:
            replay_state: ReplayState | None = None
            if is_time_traveling:
                replay_checkpoint_id = self.checkpoint["id"]
-                if (
+                if replay_bound is not None:
+                    replay_checkpoint_id = replay_bound[CONF].get(
+                        CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_ID, replay_checkpoint_id
+                    )
+                elif (
                    self.checkpoint_metadata.get("source")
                    in (
                        "update",
@@ -1135,8 +1285,10 @@ class PregelLoop:
        )
        # create new checkpoint
        channels_to_snapshot = (
-            delta_channels_to_snapshot(self.channels, new_counters)
-            | self._delta_channels_with_overwrite
+            delta_channels_to_snapshot(
+                self.channels, new_counters, self.checkpoint["channel_versions"]
+            )
+            | self._delta_channels_forced_snapshot
            if do_checkpoint
            else set()
        )
@@ -1150,11 +1302,13 @@ class PregelLoop:
            if do_checkpoint
            else None,
            channels_to_snapshot=channels_to_snapshot,
+            stored_versions=self.checkpoint_previous_versions,
+            trigger_to_nodes=self.trigger_to_nodes,
        )
        for k in channels_to_snapshot:
            new_counters[k] = (0, 0)
        if do_checkpoint:
-            self._delta_channels_with_overwrite.difference_update(channels_to_snapshot)
+            self._delta_channels_forced_snapshot.difference_update(channels_to_snapshot)
        non_zero = {k: v for k, v in new_counters.items() if v != (0, 0)}
        if non_zero:
            self.checkpoint_metadata["counters_since_delta_snapshot"] = non_zero
@@ -1196,12 +1350,17 @@ class PregelLoop:
            )
            self.checkpoint_previous_versions = channel_versions

+            # Take this checkpoint's writes now: saves run in the background
+            # and can start out of order, so a save that took them itself
+            # could get another checkpoint's writes.
+            delta_write_futs, self._delta_write_futs = self._delta_write_futs, []
            # save it, without blocking
            # if there's a previous checkpoint save in progress, wait for it
            # ensuring checkpointers receive checkpoints in order
            self._put_checkpoint_fut = self.submit(
                self._checkpointer_put_after_previous,
                getattr(self, "_put_checkpoint_fut", None),
+                delta_write_futs,
                self.checkpoint_config,
                copy_checkpoint(self.checkpoint),
                self.checkpoint_metadata,
@@ -1234,18 +1393,26 @@ class PregelLoop:
        ):
            return

+        # A checkpoint a `checkpoint_id` addressed may already have children,
+        # which read the writes stored on it, so then the channels this run
+        # wrote snapshot instead.
+        if self._has_persisted_parent and not self._loaded_latest:
+            self._delta_channels_forced_snapshot.update(
+                w[3] for w in self._exit_delta_writes
+            )
+
        counters = dict(
            self.checkpoint_metadata.get("counters_since_delta_snapshot") or {}
        )
        channels_to_snapshot = (
-            delta_channels_to_snapshot(self.channels, counters)
-            | self._delta_channels_with_overwrite
+            delta_channels_to_snapshot(
+                self.channels, counters, self.checkpoint["channel_versions"]
+            )
+            | self._delta_channels_forced_snapshot
        )

        pending = [
-            (step, tid, ch, v)
-            for (step, tid, ch, v) in self._exit_delta_writes
-            if ch not in channels_to_snapshot
+            w for w in self._exit_delta_writes if w[3] not in channels_to_snapshot
        ]
        if not pending:
            return
@@ -1271,6 +1438,7 @@ class PregelLoop:
            self._put_checkpoint_fut = self.submit(
                self._checkpointer_put_after_previous,
                getattr(self, "_put_checkpoint_fut", None),
+                (),
                stub_put_config,
                stub_cp,
                {"step": -2},
@@ -1280,11 +1448,21 @@ class PregelLoop:
            # sees the stub as its parent.
            self.checkpoint_config = anchor_config

-        # Step-prefixed synthetic task_id preserves chronological superstep
-        # order under the saver's ORDER BY task_id, idx sorting.
-        grouped: dict[tuple[int, str], list[tuple[str, Any]]] = {}
-        for step, tid, ch, v in pending:
-            grouped.setdefault((step, tid), []).append((ch, v))
+        # The checkpoint's own superstep keeps its real task paths, so it
+        # interleaves with the writes a resume loaded from it. Its task ids stay
+        # synthetic: under the real id, a run whose final checkpoint fails to
+        # save would leave the resumed task looking done to the next resume.
+        # Later supersteps sort after every real task path and task id, in step
+        # order, so this holds whether a saver orders by path or by id.
+        grouped: dict[tuple[str, str], list[tuple[str, Any]]] = {}
+        for step, tid, path, ch, v in pending:
+            if tid == NULL_TASK_ID:
+                key = (exit_delta_task_id(step, tid), "")
+            elif step == self._exit_first_step:
+                key = (exit_delta_task_id(step, tid), path)
+            else:
+                key = (exit_delta_late_task_id(step, tid), f"~~{step:010d}{path}")
+            grouped.setdefault(key, []).append((ch, v))
        anchor_write_config = patch_configurable(
            anchor_config,
            {
@@ -1294,22 +1472,21 @@ class PregelLoop:
                CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_ID: anchor_config[CONF][CONFIG_KEY_CHECKPOINT_ID],
            },
        )
-        for (step, tid), entries in grouped.items():
-            synth_tid = exit_delta_task_id(step, tid)
+        for (tid, path), entries in grouped.items():
            if self.checkpointer_put_writes_accepts_task_path:
                fut = self.submit(
                    self.checkpointer_put_writes,
                    anchor_write_config,
                    entries,
-                    synth_tid,
-                    "",
+                    tid,
+                    path,
                )
            else:
                fut = self.submit(
                    self.checkpointer_put_writes,
                    anchor_write_config,
                    entries,
-                    synth_tid,
+                    tid,
                )
            if self._delta_write_futs is not None:
                self._delta_write_futs.append(fut)
@@ -1518,8 +1695,7 @@ class SyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractContextManager):
            self.checkpointer_get_next_version = checkpointer.get_next_version
            self.checkpointer_put_writes = checkpointer.put_writes
            self.checkpointer_put_writes_accepts_task_path = (
-                signature(checkpointer.put_writes).parameters.get("task_path")
-                is not None
+                put_writes_accepts_task_path(checkpointer.put_writes)
            )
        else:
            self.checkpointer_get_next_version = increment
@@ -1530,21 +1706,19 @@ class SyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractContextManager):
    def _checkpointer_put_after_previous(
        self,
        prev: concurrent.futures.Future | None,
+        delta_write_futs: Sequence[concurrent.futures.Future],
        config: RunnableConfig,
        checkpoint: Checkpoint,
        metadata: CheckpointMetadata,
        new_versions: ChannelVersions,
    ) -> RunnableConfig:
-        if self._delta_write_futs:
-            futs, self._delta_write_futs = self._delta_write_futs, []
-            concurrent.futures.wait(futs)
-        try:
-            if prev is not None:
-                prev.result()
-        finally:
-            cast(BaseCheckpointSaver, self.checkpointer).put(
-                config, checkpoint, metadata, new_versions
-            )
+        for fut in delta_write_futs:
+            fut.result()
+        if prev is not None:
+            prev.result()
+        cast(BaseCheckpointSaver, self.checkpointer).put(
+            config, checkpoint, metadata, new_versions
+        )

    def match_cached_writes(self) -> Sequence[PregelExecutableTask]:
        if self.cache is None:
@@ -1566,7 +1740,7 @@ class SyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractContextManager):
    ) -> PregelExecutableTask | None:
        if pushed := super().accept_push(task, write_idx, call):
            for task in self.match_cached_writes():
-                self.output_writes(task.id, task.writes, cached=True)
+                self.put_writes(task.id, task.writes, cached=True)
        return pushed

    def schedule_error_handler(
@@ -1600,19 +1774,21 @@ class SyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractContextManager):
        if handler_task is None:
            return None
        self.tasks[handler_task.id] = handler_task
-        if not self.is_replaying:
+        if self._reapplies_pending_writes:
            self._reapply_writes_to_succeeded_nodes({handler_task.id: handler_task})
        for task in self.match_cached_writes():
-            self.output_writes(task.id, task.writes, cached=True)
+            self.put_writes(task.id, task.writes, cached=True)
        return handler_task

-    def put_writes(self, task_id: str, writes: WritesT) -> None:
+    def put_writes(
+        self, task_id: str, writes: WritesT, *, cached: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
        """Put writes for a task, to be read by the next tick."""
-        super().put_writes(task_id, writes)
-        if not writes or self.cache is None or not hasattr(self, "tasks"):
+        super().put_writes(task_id, writes, cached=cached)
+        if cached or not writes or self.cache is None or not hasattr(self, "tasks"):
            return
        task = self.tasks.get(task_id)
-        if task is None or task.cache_key is None:
+        if task is None or task.cache_key is None or not _cacheable(writes):
            return
        self.submit(
            self.cache.set,
@@ -1635,6 +1811,10 @@ class SyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractContextManager):
            # This covers both normal replay and subgraphs resolved via
            # checkpoint_map during time-travel.
            saved = self.checkpointer.get_tuple(self.checkpoint_config)
+            if saved is not None:
+                self._addressed_checkpoint_superseded = checkpoint_superseded(
+                    self.checkpointer, self.checkpoint_config, saved
+                )
        elif replay_state := self.config[CONF].get(CONFIG_KEY_REPLAY_STATE):
            # Subgraph replay: the parent is replaying and passed us a
            # replay_state with its checkpoint_id. Look up our checkpoint
@@ -1652,6 +1832,7 @@ class SyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractContextManager):
            # Normal case: fetch the most recent checkpoint for this
            # graph/thread. Returns None on first invocation.
            saved = self.checkpointer.get_tuple(self.checkpoint_config)
+            self._loaded_latest = True

        # Capture before the synthetic-empty fallback below overwrites `saved`.
        # `_put_exit_delta_writes` uses this on first run (no persisted parent)
@@ -1684,7 +1865,6 @@ class SyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractContextManager):
        )
        self._delta_write_futs = []
        self._error_handler_write_futs = []
-        self._delta_channels_with_overwrite = set()
        self._exit_delta_writes = (
            [] if self.durability == "exit" and self.checkpointer is not None else None
        )
@@ -1771,8 +1951,7 @@ class AsyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractAsyncContextManager):
            self.checkpointer_get_next_version = checkpointer.get_next_version
            self.checkpointer_put_writes = checkpointer.aput_writes
            self.checkpointer_put_writes_accepts_task_path = (
-                signature(checkpointer.aput_writes).parameters.get("task_path")
-                is not None
+                put_writes_accepts_task_path(checkpointer.aput_writes)
            )
        else:
            self.checkpointer_get_next_version = increment
@@ -1783,23 +1962,19 @@ class AsyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractAsyncContextManager):
    async def _checkpointer_put_after_previous(
        self,
        prev: asyncio.Task | None,
+        delta_write_futs: Sequence[asyncio.Future],
        config: RunnableConfig,
        checkpoint: Checkpoint,
        metadata: CheckpointMetadata,
        new_versions: ChannelVersions,
    ) -> RunnableConfig:
-        # Drain DeltaChannel write futures before committing the checkpoint so
-        # ancestor walks never see a checkpoint without its backing writes.
-        if self._delta_write_futs:
-            futs, self._delta_write_futs = self._delta_write_futs, []
-            await asyncio.gather(*futs)
-        try:
-            if prev is not None:
-                await prev
-        finally:
-            await cast(BaseCheckpointSaver, self.checkpointer).aput(
-                config, checkpoint, metadata, new_versions
-            )
+        if delta_write_futs:
+            await asyncio.gather(*delta_write_futs)
+        if prev is not None:
+            await prev
+        await cast(BaseCheckpointSaver, self.checkpointer).aput(
+            config, checkpoint, metadata, new_versions
+        )

    async def amatch_cached_writes(self) -> Sequence[PregelExecutableTask]:
        if self.cache is None:
@@ -1821,7 +1996,7 @@ class AsyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractAsyncContextManager):
    ) -> PregelExecutableTask | None:
        if pushed := super().accept_push(task, write_idx, call):
            for task in await self.amatch_cached_writes():
-                self.output_writes(task.id, task.writes, cached=True)
+                self.put_writes(task.id, task.writes, cached=True)
        return pushed

    async def aschedule_error_handler(
@@ -1855,22 +2030,21 @@ class AsyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractAsyncContextManager):
        if handler_task is None:
            return None
        self.tasks[handler_task.id] = handler_task
-        if not self.is_replaying:
+        if self._reapplies_pending_writes:
            self._reapply_writes_to_succeeded_nodes({handler_task.id: handler_task})
        for task in await self.amatch_cached_writes():
-            self.output_writes(task.id, task.writes, cached=True)
+            self.put_writes(task.id, task.writes, cached=True)
        return handler_task

-    def put_writes(self, task_id: str, writes: WritesT) -> None:
+    def put_writes(
+        self, task_id: str, writes: WritesT, *, cached: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
        """Put writes for a task, to be read by the next tick."""
-        super().put_writes(task_id, writes)
-        if not writes or self.cache is None or not hasattr(self, "tasks"):
+        super().put_writes(task_id, writes, cached=cached)
+        if cached or not writes or self.cache is None or not hasattr(self, "tasks"):
            return
        task = self.tasks.get(task_id)
-        if task is None or task.cache_key is None:
-            return
-        if writes[0][0] in (INTERRUPT, ERROR):
-            # only cache successful tasks
+        if task is None or task.cache_key is None or not _cacheable(writes):
            return
        self.submit(
            self.cache.aset,
@@ -1893,6 +2067,10 @@ class AsyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractAsyncContextManager):
            # This covers both normal replay and subgraphs resolved via
            # checkpoint_map during time-travel.
            saved = await self.checkpointer.aget_tuple(self.checkpoint_config)
+            if saved is not None:
+                self._addressed_checkpoint_superseded = await acheckpoint_superseded(
+                    self.checkpointer, self.checkpoint_config, saved
+                )
        elif replay_state := self.config[CONF].get(CONFIG_KEY_REPLAY_STATE):
            # Subgraph replay: the parent is replaying and passed us a
            # replay_state with its checkpoint_id. Look up our checkpoint
@@ -1910,6 +2088,7 @@ class AsyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractAsyncContextManager):
            # Normal case: fetch the most recent checkpoint for this
            # graph/thread. Returns None on first invocation.
            saved = await self.checkpointer.aget_tuple(self.checkpoint_config)
+            self._loaded_latest = True

        # Capture before the synthetic-empty fallback below overwrites `saved`.
        # `_put_exit_delta_writes` uses this on first run (no persisted parent)
@@ -1942,7 +2121,6 @@ class AsyncPregelLoop(PregelLoop, AbstractAsyncContextManager):
        )
        self._delta_write_futs = []
        self._error_handler_write_futs = []
-        self._delta_channels_with_overwrite = set()
        self._exit_delta_writes = (
            [] if self.durability == "exit" and self.checkpointer is not None else None
        )
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

-from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Callable, Iterator, Sequence
+from collections.abc import (
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Callable,
+    Iterator,
+    Mapping,
+    MutableSequence,
+    Sequence,
+)
 from dataclasses import fields, is_dataclass
 from typing import (
    Any,
@@ -10,16 +17,18 @@ from typing import (
 from uuid import UUID, uuid4

 from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackHandler
-from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, ToolMessage
+from langchain_core.messages import AnyMessage, BaseMessage, RemoveMessage, ToolMessage
 from langchain_core.messages.utils import convert_to_messages
 from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration, ChatGenerationChunk, LLMResult
 from pydantic import BaseModel

 from langgraph._internal._config import filter_to_user_tags
 from langgraph._internal._constants import NS_SEP
+from langgraph.channels.binop import _get_overwrite
+from langgraph.channels.delta import DeltaChannel
 from langgraph.constants import TAG_HIDDEN, TAG_NOSTREAM
 from langgraph.pregel.protocol import StreamChunk
-from langgraph.types import Command
+from langgraph.types import Command, Overwrite

 try:
    from langchain_core.tracers._streaming import _StreamingCallbackHandler
@@ -408,6 +417,74 @@ class StreamMessagesHandlerV2(StreamMessagesHandler, _V2StreamingCallbackHandler
            self.stream((meta[0], "messages", (event, v2_meta)))


+# Defined here rather than in `langgraph.graph.message`, which re-exports it:
+# `ensure_message_ids` has to recognize it, and importing that module from the
+# loop would be an import cycle.
+def _messages_delta_reducer(
+    state: list[AnyMessage], writes: list[list[AnyMessage]]
+) -> list[AnyMessage]:
+    """**Experimental.** Batch reducer for use with `DeltaChannel`.
+
+    Processes all writes in one pass — dedup by ID, `RemoveMessage`
+    tombstoning — without calling `add_messages`.
+
+    This reducer is batching-invariant, as required by `DeltaChannel`:
+    `reducer(reducer(state, xs), ys) == reducer(state, xs + ys)`.
+
+    Raw dict / string / tuple inputs are coerced to typed `BaseMessage`
+    objects so that HTTP-driven graphs work without a separate coercion
+    step. This is not full `add_messages` parity — `REMOVE_ALL_MESSAGES`,
+    unknown-id `RemoveMessage` errors, missing-id UUID assignment, and
+    `BaseMessageChunk` conversion are not handled here.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from typing import Annotated
+        from langgraph.channels.delta import DeltaChannel
+        from langgraph.graph.message import _messages_delta_reducer
+
+        class State(TypedDict):
+            messages: Annotated[list, DeltaChannel(_messages_delta_reducer)]
+    """
+
+    # Each write is either a list of message-likes or a single message-like
+    # (BaseMessage / dict / str / tuple). Only lists flatten; everything
+    # else is one message.
+    flat: list[Any] = []
+    for w in writes:
+        if isinstance(w, list):
+            flat.extend(w)
+        else:
+            flat.append(w)
+    # Steady state: the reducer's own output is already typed, so skip
+    # `convert_to_messages` on state when the first element is a BaseMessage.
+    # Only raw input (initial dicts, deserialized blobs) hits the slow path.
+    if state and isinstance(state[0], BaseMessage):
+        state_msgs = state
+    else:
+        state_msgs = cast("list[AnyMessage]", convert_to_messages(state))
+    msgs = cast("list[AnyMessage]", convert_to_messages(flat))
+
+    index: dict[str, int] = {
+        m.id: i for i, m in enumerate(state_msgs) if m.id is not None
+    }
+    result: list[AnyMessage | None] = list(state_msgs)
+    for msg in msgs:
+        mid = msg.id
+        if mid is None:
+            result.append(msg)
+        elif isinstance(msg, RemoveMessage):
+            if mid in index:
+                result[index[mid]] = None
+                del index[mid]
+        elif mid in index:
+            result[index[mid]] = msg
+        else:
+            index[mid] = len(result)
+            result.append(msg)
+    return [m for m in result if m is not None]
+
+
 # Known role values (OpenAI-style) and type values (LangChain serialisation)
 # that identify a dict as a message. Checked before coercing to BaseMessage so
 # we don't accidentally touch unrelated dicts that happen to have a "role" key.
@@ -423,39 +500,103 @@ def _is_message_dict(item: dict) -> bool:
    return item.get("role") in _MESSAGE_ROLES or item.get("type") in _MESSAGE_TYPES


-def ensure_message_ids(value: Any) -> None:
-    """Coerce message-like write values to typed BaseMessages with stable IDs.
+def ensure_message_ids(
+    channels: Mapping[str, Any], writes: Sequence[tuple[str, Any]]
+) -> None:
+    """Give the messages written to DeltaChannels stable ids.

-    Called in put_writes() before DeltaChannel writes are submitted to the
-    checkpointer. Without this the checkpoint may store raw dicts or id=None
-    BaseMessages; every get_state() replay then produces a different UUID and
-    the same message appears with a different ID in each LangSmith trace.
+    A `DeltaChannel` replays its saved writes on every read, and its reducer
+    may not assign missing ids (`_messages_delta_reducer` doesn't), so a
+    message saved without an id comes back without one, or with a new one on
+    every read, and nothing can target it by id, for example `RemoveMessage`.

-    Handles three input shapes:
-    - BaseMessage objects: assign a UUID if id is None.
-    - Dicts with a known "role" (OpenAI-style) or "type" (LangChain format) at
-      the root level: stamp "id" into the dict in-place. The reducer's
-      convert_to_messages call will forward the id to the resulting BaseMessage.
-    - Lists of the above: apply the same logic to each element, replacing dict
-      items with coerced BaseMessages so the shared list reference seen by
-      checkpoint_pending_writes and the background thread both get typed messages.
+    In a channel whose reducer is `_messages_delta_reducer`, every message-like
+    it accepts (a message, a dict, a string, a `(role, content)` tuple; alone,
+    in a list or in an `Overwrite`) becomes a message with an id. Other
+    DeltaChannels may hold other data, so there only message objects get ids,
+    plus message dicts outside an `Overwrite`: one in a list becomes a message.
+    Anything that can't become a message is left as it is, so it fails where
+    it always has: a message dict in a list raises here, anything else when
+    the reducer reads it. An empty id counts as missing.

-    Mutating synchronously here (before the background thread is submitted) is
-    safe: the serialised bytes always reflect the post-coercion state.
+    A write that changes is replaced in `writes`: lists and dicts the caller
+    passed in are never changed, only the ids of message objects.
    """
-    if isinstance(value, BaseMessage):
-        if value.id is None:
-            value.id = str(uuid4())
-    elif isinstance(value, dict) and _is_message_dict(value):
-        if not value.get("id"):
-            value["id"] = str(uuid4())
-    elif isinstance(value, list):
-        for i, item in enumerate(value):
-            if isinstance(item, BaseMessage):
-                if item.id is None:
-                    item.id = str(uuid4())
-            elif isinstance(item, dict) and _is_message_dict(item):
-                msg = convert_to_messages([item])[0]
-                if msg.id is None:
-                    msg.id = str(uuid4())
-                value[i] = msg
+    for i, (ch, value) in enumerate(writes):
+        spec = channels.get(ch)
+        if not isinstance(spec, DeltaChannel):
+            continue
+        if spec.reducer is _messages_delta_reducer:
+            new_value = _with_message_ids(value)
+        else:
+            new_value = _with_base_message_ids(value)
+        if new_value is not value:
+            cast(MutableSequence[tuple[str, Any]], writes)[i] = (ch, new_value)
+
+
+def _with_message_ids(value: Any) -> Any:
+    is_overwrite, overwrite_value = _get_overwrite(value)
+    if not is_overwrite:
+        if isinstance(value, list):
+            return _map_messages(value, _list_item_with_id)
+        return _message_with_id(value)
+    if isinstance(overwrite_value, (list, tuple)):
+        items = _map_messages(overwrite_value, _message_with_id)
+        if items is not overwrite_value:
+            return Overwrite(items)
+    return value
+
+
+def _with_base_message_ids(value: Any) -> Any:
+    is_overwrite, overwrite_value = _get_overwrite(value)
+    if is_overwrite:
+        if isinstance(overwrite_value, (list, tuple)):
+            for item in overwrite_value:
+                _stamp_message_id(item)
+        return value
+    if isinstance(value, list):
+        return _map_messages(value, _base_list_item_with_id)
+    if isinstance(value, dict) and _is_message_dict(value) and not value.get("id"):
+        return {**value, "id": str(uuid4())}
+    _stamp_message_id(value)
+    return value
+
+
+def _map_messages(items: list | tuple, fn: Callable[[Any], Any]) -> list | tuple:
+    mapped = [fn(item) for item in items]
+    if all(new is old for new, old in zip(mapped, items)):
+        return items
+    return mapped if isinstance(items, list) else tuple(mapped)
+
+
+def _list_item_with_id(item: Any) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(item, dict) and _is_message_dict(item):
+        return _message_with_id(item, strict=True)
+    return _message_with_id(item)
+
+
+def _base_list_item_with_id(item: Any) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(item, dict) and _is_message_dict(item):
+        return _message_with_id(item, strict=True)
+    _stamp_message_id(item)
+    return item
+
+
+def _message_with_id(item: Any, *, strict: bool = False) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(item, BaseMessage):
+        _stamp_message_id(item)
+        return item
+    try:
+        message = convert_to_messages([item])[0]
+    except Exception:
+        if strict:
+            raise
+        return item
+    if not message.id:
+        message.id = str(uuid4())
+    return message
+
+
+def _stamp_message_id(item: Any) -> None:
+    if isinstance(item, BaseMessage) and item.id is None:
+        item.id = str(uuid4())
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import sys
 import threading
 import time
 import weakref
-from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
 from contextlib import suppress
 from dataclasses import dataclass, replace
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
@@ -686,8 +686,6 @@ async def arun_with_retry(
    task: PregelExecutableTask,
    retry_policy: Sequence[RetryPolicy] | None,
    stream: bool = False,
-    match_cached_writes: Callable[[], Awaitable[Sequence[PregelExecutableTask]]]
-    | None = None,
    configurable: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> None:
    """Run a task asynchronously with retries."""
@@ -711,11 +709,6 @@ async def arun_with_retry(
                )
            },
        )
-    if match_cached_writes is not None and task.cache_key is not None:
-        for t in await match_cached_writes():
-            if t is task:
-                # if the task is already cached, return
-                return
    while True:
        runtime = config.get(CONF, {}).get(CONFIG_KEY_RUNTIME)
        if isinstance(runtime, Runtime):
@@ -41,10 +41,11 @@ from langgraph._internal._future import chain_future, run_coroutine_threadsafe
 from langgraph._internal._scratchpad import PregelScratchpad
 from langgraph._internal._typing import MISSING
 from langgraph.constants import TAG_HIDDEN
-from langgraph.errors import GraphBubbleUp, GraphInterrupt
+from langgraph.errors import GraphBubbleUp, GraphInterrupt, is_invalid_resume
 from langgraph.pregel._algo import Call
 from langgraph.pregel._executor import Submit
 from langgraph.pregel._retry import arun_with_retry, run_with_retry
+from langgraph.pregel._task_status import CONTROL_WRITES
 from langgraph.types import (
    CachePolicy,
    PregelExecutableTask,
@@ -606,8 +607,9 @@ class PregelRunner:
                task.config is None or TAG_HIDDEN not in task.config.get("tags", [])
            ):
                self.node_finished(task.name)
-            if not task.writes:
-                # add no writes marker
+            if all(chan in CONTROL_WRITES for chan, _ in task.writes):
+                # record that the task finished, even if it produced no output
+                # (see `langgraph.pregel._task_status`)
                task.writes.append((NO_WRITES, None))
            # save task writes to checkpointer
            self.put_writes()(task.id, task.writes)  # type: ignore[misc]
@@ -619,7 +621,11 @@ def _should_stop_others(
    handled_exception_ids: set[int] | None = None,
 ) -> bool:
    """Check if any task failed, if so, cancel all other tasks.
-    GraphInterrupts are not considered failures."""
+    GraphInterrupts are not considered failures.
+
+    Neither is an invalid resume value: it's raised once the other tasks finish, so a
+    task answered in the same resume isn't cut off after its side effects and then run
+    again with its saved answer."""
    for fut in done:
        if fut.cancelled():
            continue
@@ -627,6 +633,7 @@ def _should_stop_others(
            if (
                id(exc) not in (handled_exception_ids or set())
                and not isinstance(exc, GraphBubbleUp)
+                and not is_invalid_resume(exc)
                and fut not in SKIP_RERAISE_SET
            ):
                return True
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
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